diff --git a/basic_concepts/index.html b/basic_concepts/index.html
index f938450eb73d16cb736bcea3656c030266f1d9ed..d43518e540deb60da28ace9448b9354caed037a6 100644
--- a/basic_concepts/index.html
+++ b/basic_concepts/index.html
@@ -6,28 +6,28 @@
<br>
-##Basic concepts
+##Basic concepts
-A good starting point for newcomers in the electronics field looking for what is they must to learn is the flowchart depicted in the image below:
+A good starting point for newcomers in the electronics field looking for what is they must to learn is the flowchart depicted in the image below:
- ### Current
+ ### Current
- - total charge that passes through some cross-sectional area A per unit time
+ - total charge that passes through some cross-sectional area A per unit time
- 
+ 
- - negative electrons going one way are equivalent to positive charges going in the opposite direction
- - all basic eqns in electronics such as Ohm's law: V=IR "pretend" that the current I is made up of positive charge carriers
- - when we see the term "electron flow", we have to realize that the "convenbtional current flow" is moving on the other way
+ - negative electrons going one way are equivalent to positive charges going in the opposite direction
+ - all basic eqns in electronics such as Ohm's law: V=IR "pretend" that the current I is made up of positive charge carriers
+ - when we see the term "electron flow", we have to realize that the "convenbtional current flow" is moving on the other way
- Currents in perspective:
- a 100 W light bulb draws about 1 A
- a laptop 2-3 A
- - a typical LED 10 mA
+ - a typical LED 10 mA
- a mobile (smart) phone accesing the web ~ 200 mA
- a sufficient amount of current to induce cardiac/repsiratory arrest around 100 mA to 1A
@@ -35,36 +35,36 @@ A good starting point for newcomers in the electronics field looking for what is
- to get electric current flow between two points you need a voltage across them
- a voltage causes an Electromotive Force (EMF)
- - Technical Note: "voltage" known as "potential difference" or just "potential"
+ - Technical Note: "voltage" known as "potential difference" or just "potential"
- 
+ 
- 1 volt (V) = 1 Joule (J) / 1 coulomb (C)
- - two points with a avoltage of 1V across them have enough EMF or "pressure" to perform 1 Joule worth of work
+ - two points with a avoltage of 1V across them have enough EMF or "pressure" to perform 1 Joule worth of work
while moving 1C worth of charge between the two points
- for example an ideal 1.5 V battery is capable of moving 1C of charge through a circuit while performing 1.5 J worth of work
- - we can define volts in terms of power using the "generalized power law": P = VI
+ - we can define volts in terms of power using the "generalized power law": P = VI
- 
+ 
- the above law can be used to determine the power loss of any circuit, given only the voltage applied across it and teh current drawn
- - both of which you can measure using a voltmeter and an ammeter
+ - both of which you can measure using a voltmeter and an ammeter
- Water Analogy Explanation of Voltage
- 
+ 
- ### Resistance
+ ### Resistance
- R = V/I
- 
+ 
- sometimes we see or we write Ohm's law : V = I x R
- - you don't define V in terms of I and R
- - you define R ub terms of V and I
- - HOWEVER, in electronics we frequently use Ohm's law to predict what V must exist across a known R given a measured current
+ - you don't define V in terms of I and R
+ - you define R ub terms of V and I
+ - HOWEVER, in electronics we frequently use Ohm's law to predict what V must exist across a known R given a measured current
### Wire Gauges
@@ -72,104 +72,104 @@ A good starting point for newcomers in the electronics field looking for what is
- doubling the length of a wire doubles the resistance allowing half of the current to flow
- doubling the cross-sectional area ==> opposite effect ==> the resistance is cut in half and twice as much current will flow
- assuming for both cases similar applied voltages.
+ assuming for both cases similar applied voltages.
- current density (J=1/A): the rate of current flows per unit area
-
- 
+
+ 
- there is a point at which J becomes so large resulting in wire melt down (laso known as "fusion point")
- - NOTE: It is important to select the appropriate wire size for anticipated current levels
+ - NOTE: It is important to select the appropriate wire size for anticipated current levels
- 
+ 
- ### Circuits
+ ### Circuits
- an arrangement of resistors, wires, or other electrical components (capacitors, inductors, transistors, lamps, motors, etc.) connected together that has some level of current flowing through it.
- 
+ 
- 
+ 
### Circuit Analysis
- - Goal: volatge and current prediction within a purely resistive powered by a direct current (dc) source such as a battery
+ - Goal: volatge and current prediction within a purely resistive powered by a direct current (dc) source such as a battery
- #### Ohm's Law and Resistors
+ #### Ohm's Law and Resistors
- - Resistors: limit current flow or set voltages levels within circuits
+ - Resistors: limit current flow or set voltages levels within circuits
- 
+ 
#### Example:
- You have a resistor 100 Ohm resistor which is placed across a 12 V battery. How much current flows through the resistor ? How much power does the resistor dissipate?
- - Answer:
- 
+ - Answer:
+ 
- #### Resistor Power ratings:
+ #### Resistor Power ratings:
- how much power does a resitor dissipate?
- max allowable power ratings
- typically resistors in 1/8-, 1/4-, 1/2- and 1-W power ratings
- high power resistors: 2 - 100s of Watts
- NOTE: Always select a resistor that has a pwer rating at least twice the maximum value anticipated
- - In our previous examples a 2W resistor would work, a 3-W would be safer
+ - In our previous examples a 2W resistor would work, a 3-W would be safer
- as resistance decreases, the power raitng o fthe transistor must increase, otherwise you will burn up the resistor
- 
+ 
- #### Resistors in Parallel
+ #### Resistors in Parallel
- voltage across each resistor is the same
- current through each resistor will vary with resistance
- 
+ 
- #### Resistors in Series
+ #### Resistors in Series
- total resistance = sum of the individual resistancies
- - current flowing through each resistor is the same
- - voltage across each resistor varies with resistance
+ - current flowing through each resistor is the same
+ - voltage across each resistor varies with resistance
- 
+ 
- Examples
- the input of an IC requires a constant 5V, but the supply voltage you have is 9V. Assumming that the IC draws no current due to high input resistance, you can use directly the voltage divider equation.
- - The 10% Rule
+ - The 10% Rule
+
+ 
- 
+ ### Voltage and Current Sources
- ### Voltage and Current Sources
+ 
- 
-
### Circuit Analysis - Important Laws
- - Kirchoff's Voltage Law (or Loop Rule)
+ - Kirchoff's Voltage Law (or Loop Rule)
- 
+ 
- - Kirchoff's Current Law (or Junction Rule)
+ - Kirchoff's Current Law (or Junction Rule)
- - Example:
+ - Example:
- 
+ 
- Thevenin's Theorem
- - Norton's Theorem
+ - Norton's Theorem
- ### Connectors, wires, traces
+ ### Connectors, wires, traces
- headers and connectors. Ribbon cable.
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/connector-basics#connector-terminology-
@@ -179,80 +179,77 @@ A good starting point for newcomers in the electronics field looking for what is
- Use of breadboards.
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a-breadboard
-
+
### Switches
- - switch: a mechanical device that interrupts or diverts electric current flow within a circuit
+ - switch: a mechanical device that interrupts or diverts electric current flow within a circuit
- 
+ 
- two slider-type switches shown below
- format of switch description: (number of poles)"P" and (number of throws)"T"
- LEFT: switch acting as an interrupter, SPST
- - RIGHT: switch acting as a diverter, SPDT
+ - RIGHT: switch acting as a diverter, SPDT
- 
+ 
- - pulldown circuit with switch and resistor:
- https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/pull-up-resistors
-
- - A very nice tutorial from Sparkfun on Switches:
+ - A very nice tutorial from Sparkfun on Switches:
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/switch-basics
### Diodes
- - Diode: is a two-semiconductor device that acts as a one-waygate to electric current flow
- - Mechanism:
+ - Diode: is a two-semiconductor device that acts as a one-waygate to electric current flow
+ - Mechanism:
- "OPEN DOOR": when anode lead more positive in Voltagethan the the cathode lead ==> "forward biasing" and current is permitted to flow through the device
- - "CLOSED DOOR": opposite phenomenon: "reversed biasing"
+ - "CLOSED DOOR": opposite phenomenon: "reversed biasing"
- 
+ 
- - Diode Water Analogy:
- 
+ - Diode Water Analogy:
+ 
- A diode (or rectifier) acts as a one- way gate to current flow—see the water analogy in
- current flows in the direction of the arrow, from anode (+) to cathode (−),
- - "forward voltage" VF across it exceeds what’s called the "junction threshold voltage"
+ - "forward voltage" VF across it exceeds what’s called the "junction threshold voltage"
- For example: germanium diodes have a 0.2- V threshold, and Schottky diodes a 0.4- V threshold.
- real- life components may be a few tenths of a volt off
- Check IV curve for limits:
- IF: forward current
- Io: peak current rating
- - PIV: peak inverse voltage
+ - PIV: peak inverse voltage
- 
+ 
- A very nice tutorial from Sparkfun on Diodes:
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/diodes
-
+
### Capacitors
- basic concept
- 
+ 
- Capacitance: the ratio of charge on one of the plates of a capacitor to the voltage that exists between the plates
C = Q/V, Units: Farads, 1F = 1C/1V
- 
+ 
- - we could content with this limited knowledge. However, if you want
+ - we could content with this limited knowledge. However, if you want
- to build your own capacitors
- understand time-dependent behavior such as displacement current and capacitive reactance
- - a deeper understanding of capacitance is needed:
+ - a deeper understanding of capacitance is needed:
- 
+ 
- A very nice Sparkfun tutorial on capacitors and their applicaitons:
- https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/capacitors/introduction
+ https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/capacitors/introduction
- RC time constant. Time domain behavior.
- 
+ 
- Alternating Current in a Capacitor
@@ -260,7 +257,7 @@ A good starting point for newcomers in the electronics field looking for what is
- DC circuit:
- block current flow (except during short time of charging and discharging)
- AC circuit:
- - pass or limit current flow depending on frequency
+ - pass or limit current flow depending on frequency
- capacitor; stores electrical energy and returns it ot the circuit
@@ -277,7 +274,7 @@ A good starting point for newcomers in the electronics field looking for what is
- 2 Major Ctaegories:
- Bipolar Transistorsv (BTs)
- Field-Effect transistors (FETs)
- - Major Difference:
+ - Major Difference:
- BTs rewuire input current at their control leads
- FETs require only a voltage
@@ -287,16 +284,16 @@ A good starting point for newcomers in the electronics field looking for what is
- switches
- amplifier controls
- - On a bi-polar junction transistor (BJT), those pins are labeled collector (C), base (B), and emitter (E). The circuit symbols for both the NPN and PNP BJT are below:
+ - On a bi-polar junction transistor (BJT), those pins are labeled collector (C), base (B), and emitter (E). The circuit symbols for both the NPN and PNP BJT are below:
+
+ 
- 
-
- 
+ 
- 2 configurations:
- The only difference between an NPN and PNP is the direction of the arrow on the base. The arrow on an NPN points out, and on the PNP it points in
- NPN (Not-Pointing-In): small input current and positive V (relatiuve its emmiter) at its base to control a much larger collector-to-emmiter current
- - PNP: small output base current and negative base V (relative its emmiter) to control a larger emmiter-to-collector current
+ - PNP: small output base current and negative base V (relative its emmiter) to control a larger emmiter-to-collector current
- Extending the water analogy
- On – Short Circuit
@@ -308,15 +305,15 @@ A good starting point for newcomers in the electronics field looking for what is
- Unsurprisingly, the water analogy can be extended to transistors as well: a transistor is like a water valve – a mechanism we can use to control the flow rate.
- 
+ 
- Modes:
- 
+ 
- A nice tutorial on BJTs from Sparkfun:
- https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/transistors#applications-i-switches
+ https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/transistors#applications-i-switches
- Controlling high voltage power devices using transistors:
https://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Tutorial-Handling-High-Power-Devices/
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 70ed9cd1b1e5e8b2869d30d89d1c6bf3297617ae..d368d191ae140d23cfda2488d0002a7ca101c00b 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
## Electronics 101
-How do components work in circuits? What are their symbols? What do they look like?
+What is in the [fab inventory](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1U-jcBWOJEjBT5A0N84IUubtcHKMEMtndQPLCkZCkVsU/pub?single=true&gid=0&output=html)?
+ How do these components work in circuits? What are their symbols? What do they look like?
Some practical considerations about power supplies and use of fab inventory
connectors on circuitboards. Datasheets.
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ ___
###Outline.
-- [Basic Concepts.](basic_concepts/index.html)
+- [Basic Concepts.](basic_concepts/index.html)
- Current, Voltage, Resistance
- Wire Gauges
- Circuits & Circuit Analysis