diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5671bc08030e5bb1349b500b7e817ebbb615ec6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# Created by https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore/api/vim,altium,freecad,kicad
+# Edit at https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore?templates=vim,altium,freecad,kicad
+
+### Altium ###
+# Previews Folders
+**/__Previews/
+
+# History Folders
+**/History/*
+
+# Project Logs
+Project\ Logs*/
+
+# Project Outputs
+Project\ Outputs*/
+
+# Auto-conversion notices
+*.PcbDoc.htm
+
+# Access lock file for dbLib sources
+**/*.ldb
+
+
+### FreeCad ###
+*.pyc
+*.fcstd1
+*.FCStd1
+*.fcstd2
+*.FCStd2
+
+### KiCad ###
+# For PCBs designed using KiCad: https://www.kicad.org/
+# Format documentation: https://kicad.org/help/file-formats/
+
+# Temporary files
+*.000
+*.bak
+*.bck
+*.kicad_pcb-bak
+*.kicad_sch-bak
+*-backups
+*.kicad_prl
+*.sch-bak
+*~
+_autosave-*
+*.tmp
+*-save.pro
+*-save.kicad_pcb
+fp-info-cache
+
+# Netlist files (exported from Eeschema)
+*.net
+
+# Autorouter files (exported from Pcbnew)
+*.dsn
+*.ses
+
+# Exported BOM files
+*.xml
+*.csv
+
+### KiCad Patch ###
+rescue-backup/
+
+*.tsv
+bom/
+
+# Gerber export output
+out/
+
+### Vim ###
+# Swap
+[._]*.s[a-v][a-z]
+!*.svg  # comment out if you don't need vector files
+[._]*.sw[a-p]
+[._]s[a-rt-v][a-z]
+[._]ss[a-gi-z]
+[._]sw[a-p]
+
+# Session
+Session.vim
+Sessionx.vim
+
+# Temporary
+.netrwhist
+# Auto-generated tag files
+tags
+# Persistent undo
+[._]*.un~
+
+# End of https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore/api/vim,altium,freecad,kicad
+
+### SolidWorks ###
+# used chatgpt for help here
+
+# SolidWorks Temporary files
+~$*
+*.swp
+*.swo
+*.swm
+*.sl~d*
+*.tmp
+*.bak
+*.bkw
+*.tts
+
+# SolidWorks AutoRecover files
+*.swar
+
+# SolidWorks Backup files
+*backup*.sldprt
+*backup*.sldasm
+*backup*.slddrw
+
+### Jekyll/Ruby ###
+# originally from Moonwalk theme
+
+*.gem
+.bundle
+.jekyll-cache
+.sass-cache
+_site
+/vendor
+
+### user defined
+
+**/local/
+*.Identifier
+**/secret/
+**/export/  # avoid accidentally committing raw exports; have a separate folder for deliberate files for sharing
+
+public/
+Gemfile.lock
+
+*/*/notes.md
+
+topics/05_processing
diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ca20fc8846e802f9f445e352526bffdd517a38b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+pages:
+  stage: deploy
+  script:
+    - jekyll build -d public  # Use `bundle exec` to ensure the command runs within Bundler's context
+    - echo "The site will be deployed to $CI_PAGES_URL"
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      - public
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH
diff --git a/_config.yml b/_config.yml
index 431c4ec4d4b588b90d2bfeafa3f1c9237c2846ac..26a0cb46ffcc6219ae09c93a7a49a92f95855ebd 100644
--- a/_config.yml
+++ b/_config.yml
@@ -14,3 +14,6 @@ callouts:
   note:
     title: Note
     color: purple
+
+url: https://quentinbolsee.pages.cba.mit.edu
+baseurl: fab-in-a-box-beta
diff --git a/_site/LICENSE b/_site/LICENSE
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d510d02f7a7a2da49269a742d02d8f1b02dc3f5..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/LICENSE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2022 just-the-docs
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-dark.css b/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-dark.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 310d3d974479d37339462fae8bd8f94666870639..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-dark.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7687 +0,0 @@
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-.highlight .err {
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-/* Document
-   ========================================================================== */
-/**
- * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers.
- * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS.
- */
-html {
-  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */
-  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
-}
-
-/* Sections
-   ========================================================================== */
-/**
- * Remove the margin in all browsers.
- */
-body {
-  margin: 0;
-}
-
-/**
- * Render the `main` element consistently in IE.
- */
-main {
-  display: block;
-}
-
-/**
- * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and
- * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.
- */
-h1 {
-  font-size: 2em;
-  margin: 0.67em 0;
-}
-
-/* Grouping content
-   ========================================================================== */
-/**
- * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox.
- * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE.
- */
-hr {
-  box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */
-  height: 0; /* 1 */
-  overflow: visible; /* 2 */
-}
-
-/**
- * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers.
- * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers.
- */
-pre {
-  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */
-  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */
-}
-
-/* Text-level semantics
-   ========================================================================== */
-/**
- * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10.
- */
-a {
-  background-color: transparent;
-}
-
-/**
- * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57-
- * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari.
- */
-abbr[title] {
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-  text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */
-  text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */
-}
-
-/**
- * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari.
- */
-b,
-strong {
-  font-weight: bolder;
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-
-/**
- * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers.
- * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers.
- */
-code,
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-  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */
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-
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- * Add the correct font size in all browsers.
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-small {
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-}
-
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-sub,
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-  font-size: 75%;
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- */
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-/* Forms
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-button,
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-
-/**
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- */
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-  /* 1 */
-  text-transform: none;
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-
-/**
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- */
-button,
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-  -webkit-appearance: button;
-}
-
-/**
- * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox.
- */
-button::-moz-focus-inner,
-[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,
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-  border-style: none;
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-
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-button:-moz-focusring,
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-[type=reset]:-moz-focusring,
-[type=submit]:-moz-focusring {
-  outline: 1px dotted ButtonText;
-}
-
-/**
- * Correct the padding in Firefox.
- */
-fieldset {
-  padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;
-}
-
-/**
- * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE.
- * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE.
- * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out
- *    `fieldset` elements in all browsers.
- */
-legend {
-  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
-  color: inherit; /* 2 */
-  display: table; /* 1 */
-  max-width: 100%; /* 1 */
-  padding: 0; /* 3 */
-  white-space: normal; /* 1 */
-}
-
-/**
- * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera.
- */
-progress {
-  vertical-align: baseline;
-}
-
-/**
- * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+.
- */
-textarea {
-  overflow: auto;
-}
-
-/**
- * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10.
- * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10.
- */
-[type=checkbox],
-[type=radio] {
-  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
-  padding: 0; /* 2 */
-}
-
-/**
- * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome.
- */
-[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
-[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
-  height: auto;
-}
-
-/**
- * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari.
- * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari.
- */
-[type=search] {
-  -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */
-  outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */
-}
-
-/**
- * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS.
- */
-[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration {
-  -webkit-appearance: none;
-}
-
-/**
- * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari.
- * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari.
- */
-::-webkit-file-upload-button {
-  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */
-  font: inherit; /* 2 */
-}
-
-/* Interactive
-   ========================================================================== */
-/*
- * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox.
- */
-details {
-  display: block;
-}
-
-/*
- * Add the correct display in all browsers.
- */
-summary {
-  display: list-item;
-}
-
-/* Misc
-   ========================================================================== */
-/**
- * Add the correct display in IE 10+.
- */
-template {
-  display: none;
-}
-
-/**
- * Add the correct display in IE 10.
- */
-[hidden] {
-  display: none;
-}
-
-:root {
-  color-scheme: dark;
-}
-
-* {
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-
-html {
-  font-size: 0.875rem !important;
-  scroll-behavior: smooth;
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  html {
-    font-size: 1rem !important;
-  }
-}
-
-body {
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-  .mx-xs-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-3 {
-    margin-right: -0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.75rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-4 {
-    margin: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-4 {
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-4 {
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-4 {
-    margin-right: -1rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-5 {
-    margin: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-5 {
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-5 {
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-5 {
-    margin-right: -1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-6 {
-    margin: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-6 {
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-6 {
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-6 {
-    margin-right: -2rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-7 {
-    margin: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-7 {
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-7 {
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-7 {
-    margin-right: -2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-8 {
-    margin: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-8 {
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-8 {
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-8 {
-    margin-right: -3rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-9 {
-    margin: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-9 {
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-9 {
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-9 {
-    margin-right: -3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-10 {
-    margin: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-10 {
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-10 {
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-10 {
-    margin-right: -4rem !important;
-    margin-left: -4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-0 {
-    margin: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-0 {
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-0 {
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-0 {
-    margin-right: -0 !important;
-    margin-left: -0 !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-1 {
-    margin: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-1 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-1 {
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-1 {
-    margin-right: -0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.25rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-2 {
-    margin: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-2 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-2 {
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-2 {
-    margin-right: -0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-3 {
-    margin: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-3 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-3 {
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-3 {
-    margin-right: -0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.75rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-4 {
-    margin: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-4 {
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-4 {
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-4 {
-    margin-right: -1rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-5 {
-    margin: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-5 {
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-5 {
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-5 {
-    margin-right: -1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-6 {
-    margin: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-6 {
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-6 {
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-6 {
-    margin-right: -2rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-7 {
-    margin: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-7 {
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-7 {
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-7 {
-    margin-right: -2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-8 {
-    margin: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-8 {
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-8 {
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-8 {
-    margin-right: -3rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-9 {
-    margin: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-9 {
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-9 {
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-9 {
-    margin-right: -3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-10 {
-    margin: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-10 {
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-10 {
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-10 {
-    margin-right: -4rem !important;
-    margin-left: -4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-0 {
-    margin: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-0 {
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-0 {
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-0 {
-    margin-right: -0 !important;
-    margin-left: -0 !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-1 {
-    margin: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-1 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-1 {
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-1 {
-    margin-right: -0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.25rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-2 {
-    margin: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-2 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-2 {
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-2 {
-    margin-right: -0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-3 {
-    margin: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-3 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-3 {
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-3 {
-    margin-right: -0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.75rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-4 {
-    margin: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-4 {
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-4 {
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-4 {
-    margin-right: -1rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-5 {
-    margin: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-5 {
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-5 {
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-5 {
-    margin-right: -1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-6 {
-    margin: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-6 {
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-6 {
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-6 {
-    margin-right: -2rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-7 {
-    margin: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-7 {
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-7 {
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-7 {
-    margin-right: -2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-8 {
-    margin: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-8 {
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-8 {
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
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-.px-3 {
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-  padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
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-.py-3 {
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-  padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
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-.pt-4 {
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-.pr-4 {
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-.pb-4 {
-  padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
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-.pl-4 {
-  padding-left: 1rem !important;
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-.px-4 {
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-  padding-left: 1rem !important;
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-.py-4 {
-  padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
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-.p-5 {
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-.pt-5 {
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-.pr-5 {
-  padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
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-.pb-5 {
-  padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
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-.pl-5 {
-  padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
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-.px-5 {
-  padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
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-.py-5 {
-  padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
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-.p-6 {
-  padding: 2rem !important;
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-.pt-6 {
-  padding-top: 2rem !important;
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-.pr-6 {
-  padding-right: 2rem !important;
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-.pb-6 {
-  padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
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-.pl-6 {
-  padding-left: 2rem !important;
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-.px-6 {
-  padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  padding-left: 2rem !important;
-}
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-.py-6 {
-  padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-}
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-.p-7 {
-  padding: 2.5rem !important;
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-.pt-7 {
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-.pr-7 {
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-.pb-7 {
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-.pl-7 {
-  padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
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-.px-7 {
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-  padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
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-.py-7 {
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-  padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
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-.p-8 {
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-.pt-8 {
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-.pb-8 {
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-.pl-8 {
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-.px-8 {
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-.pb-9 {
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-.pl-9 {
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-.px-9 {
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-.py-9 {
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-.p-10 {
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-.pt-10 {
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-.pr-10 {
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-.pb-10 {
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-.pl-10 {
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-.px-10 {
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-.py-10 {
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-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
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-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
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-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 0 !important;
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-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
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-  }
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-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
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-  }
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-  }
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-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
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-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
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-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
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-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
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-}
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-  }
-  .pb-md-0 {
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-  }
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-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
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-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-1 {
-    padding: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
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-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
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-  }
-  .pl-md-1 {
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-2 {
-    padding: 0.5rem !important;
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-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
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-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
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-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 66.5rem) {
-  .p-lg-0 {
-    padding: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-0 {
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-0 {
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-1 {
-    padding: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-1 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-1 {
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-2 {
-    padding: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-2 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 87.5rem) {
-  .p-xl-0 {
-    padding: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-0 {
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-0 {
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-1 {
-    padding: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-1 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-1 {
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-2 {
-    padding: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-2 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media print {
-  .site-footer,
-  .site-button,
-  #edit-this-page,
-  #back-to-top,
-  .site-nav,
-  .main-header {
-    display: none !important;
-  }
-  .side-bar {
-    width: 100%;
-    height: auto;
-    border-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .site-header {
-    border-bottom: 1px solid #44434d;
-  }
-  .site-title {
-    font-size: 1rem !important;
-    font-weight: 700 !important;
-  }
-  .text-small {
-    font-size: 8pt !important;
-  }
-  pre.highlight {
-    border: 1px solid #44434d;
-  }
-  .main {
-    max-width: none;
-    margin-left: 0;
-  }
-}
-a.skip-to-main {
-  left: -999px;
-  position: absolute;
-  top: auto;
-  width: 1px;
-  height: 1px;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  z-index: -999;
-}
-
-a.skip-to-main:focus,
-a.skip-to-main:active {
-  color: #2c84fa;
-  background-color: #27262b;
-  left: auto;
-  top: auto;
-  width: 30%;
-  height: auto;
-  overflow: auto;
-  margin: 10px 35%;
-  padding: 5px;
-  border-radius: 15px;
-  border: 4px solid #264caf;
-  text-align: center;
-  font-size: 1.2em;
-  z-index: 999;
-}
-
-div.opaque {
-  background-color: #27262b;
-}
-
-p.warning, blockquote.warning {
-  background: rgba(221, 46, 46, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #f77e7e;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-  padding: 0.8rem;
-}
-p.warning::before, blockquote.warning::before {
-  color: #f77e7e;
-  content: "Warning";
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-p.warning > .warning-title, blockquote.warning > .warning-title {
-  color: #f77e7e;
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-
-p.warning-title, blockquote.warning-title {
-  background: rgba(221, 46, 46, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #f77e7e;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-  padding: 0.8rem;
-}
-p.warning-title > p:first-child, blockquote.warning-title > p:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-  color: #f77e7e;
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-
-blockquote.warning {
-  margin-left: 0;
-  margin-right: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning > p:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning > p:last-child {
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-}
-
-blockquote.warning-title {
-  margin-left: 0;
-  margin-right: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning-title > p:nth-child(2) {
-  margin-top: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning-title > p:last-child {
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-}
-
-p.note, blockquote.note {
-  background: rgba(56, 24, 133, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #7253ed;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-  padding: 0.8rem;
-}
-p.note::before, blockquote.note::before {
-  color: #7253ed;
-  content: "Note";
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-p.note > .note-title, blockquote.note > .note-title {
-  color: #7253ed;
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
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Correct the line height in all browsers.\n * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS.\n */\n\nhtml {\n  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */\n  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/* Sections\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Remove the margin in all browsers.\n */\n\nbody {\n  margin: 0;\n}\n\n/**\n * Render the `main` element consistently in IE.\n */\n\nmain {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and\n * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.\n */\n\nh1 {\n  font-size: 2em;\n  margin: 0.67em 0;\n}\n\n/* Grouping content\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox.\n * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE.\n */\n\nhr {\n  box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */\n  height: 0; /* 1 */\n  overflow: visible; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers.\n * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers.\n */\n\npre {\n  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */\n  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/* Text-level semantics\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10.\n */\n\na {\n  background-color: transparent;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57-\n * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari.\n */\n\nabbr[title] {\n  border-bottom: none; /* 1 */\n  text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */\n  text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari.\n */\n\nb,\nstrong {\n  font-weight: bolder;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers.\n * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers.\n */\n\ncode,\nkbd,\nsamp {\n  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */\n  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct font size in all browsers.\n */\n\nsmall {\n  font-size: 80%;\n}\n\n/**\n * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in\n * all browsers.\n */\n\nsub,\nsup {\n  font-size: 75%;\n  line-height: 0;\n  position: relative;\n  vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nsub {\n  bottom: -0.25em;\n}\n\nsup {\n  top: -0.5em;\n}\n\n/* Embedded content\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10.\n */\n\nimg {\n  border-style: none;\n}\n\n/* Forms\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers.\n * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari.\n */\n\nbutton,\ninput,\noptgroup,\nselect,\ntextarea {\n  font-family: inherit; /* 1 */\n  font-size: 100%; /* 1 */\n  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */\n  margin: 0; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Show the overflow in IE.\n * 1. Show the overflow in Edge.\n */\n\nbutton,\ninput {\n  /* 1 */\n  overflow: visible;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE.\n * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox.\n */\n\nbutton,\nselect {\n  /* 1 */\n  text-transform: none;\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari.\n */\n\nbutton,\n[type=\"button\"],\n[type=\"reset\"],\n[type=\"submit\"] {\n  -webkit-appearance: button;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox.\n */\n\nbutton::-moz-focus-inner,\n[type=\"button\"]::-moz-focus-inner,\n[type=\"reset\"]::-moz-focus-inner,\n[type=\"submit\"]::-moz-focus-inner {\n  border-style: none;\n  padding: 0;\n}\n\n/**\n * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule.\n */\n\nbutton:-moz-focusring,\n[type=\"button\"]:-moz-focusring,\n[type=\"reset\"]:-moz-focusring,\n[type=\"submit\"]:-moz-focusring {\n  outline: 1px dotted ButtonText;\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the padding in Firefox.\n */\n\nfieldset {\n  padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE.\n * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE.\n * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out\n *    `fieldset` elements in all browsers.\n */\n\nlegend {\n  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */\n  color: inherit; /* 2 */\n  display: table; /* 1 */\n  max-width: 100%; /* 1 */\n  padding: 0; /* 3 */\n  white-space: normal; /* 1 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera.\n */\n\nprogress {\n  vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+.\n */\n\ntextarea {\n  overflow: auto;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10.\n * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10.\n */\n\n[type=\"checkbox\"],\n[type=\"radio\"] {\n  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */\n  padding: 0; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome.\n */\n\n[type=\"number\"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,\n[type=\"number\"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {\n  height: auto;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari.\n * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari.\n */\n\n[type=\"search\"] {\n  -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */\n  outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS.\n */\n\n[type=\"search\"]::-webkit-search-decoration {\n  -webkit-appearance: none;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari.\n * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari.\n */\n\n::-webkit-file-upload-button {\n  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */\n  font: inherit; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/* Interactive\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/*\n * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox.\n */\n\ndetails {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n/*\n * Add the correct display in all browsers.\n */\n\nsummary {\n  display: list-item;\n}\n\n/* Misc\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Add the correct display in IE 10+.\n */\n\ntemplate {\n  display: none;\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct display in IE 10.\n */\n\n[hidden] {\n  display: none;\n}\n","// Base element style overrides\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id\n\n:root {\n  color-scheme: $color-scheme;\n}\n\n* {\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nhtml {\n  @include fs-4;\n\n  scroll-behavior: smooth;\n}\n\nbody {\n  font-family: $body-font-family;\n  font-size: inherit;\n  line-height: $body-line-height;\n  color: $body-text-color;\n  background-color: $body-background-color;\n  overflow-wrap: break-word;\n}\n\nol,\nul,\ndl,\npre,\naddress,\nblockquote,\ntable,\ndiv,\nhr,\nform,\nfieldset,\nnoscript .table-wrapper {\n  margin-top: 0;\n}\n\nh1,\nh2,\nh3,\nh4,\nh5,\nh6,\n#toctitle {\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: 1em;\n  font-weight: 500;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n  color: $body-heading-color;\n}\n\np {\n  margin-top: 1em;\n  margin-bottom: 1em;\n}\n\na {\n  color: $link-color;\n  text-decoration: none;\n}\n\na:not([class]) {\n  text-decoration: underline;\n  text-decoration-color: $border-color;\n  text-underline-offset: 2px;\n\n  &:hover {\n    text-decoration-color: rgba($link-color, 0.45);\n  }\n}\n\ncode {\n  font-family: $mono-font-family;\n  font-size: 0.75em;\n  line-height: $body-line-height;\n}\n\nfigure,\npre {\n  margin: 0;\n}\n\nli {\n  margin: 0.25em 0;\n}\n\nimg {\n  max-width: 100%;\n  height: auto;\n}\n\nhr {\n  height: 1px;\n  padding: 0;\n  margin: $sp-6 0;\n  background-color: $border-color;\n  border: 0;\n}\n\n// adds a GitHub-style sidebar to blockquotes\nblockquote {\n  margin: 10px 0;\n\n  // resets user-agent stylesheets for blockquotes\n  margin-block-start: 0;\n  margin-inline-start: 0;\n  padding-left: 1rem;\n  border-left: 3px solid $border-color;\n}\n","$color-scheme: dark;\n$body-background-color: $grey-dk-300;\n$body-heading-color: $grey-lt-000;\n$body-text-color: $grey-lt-300;\n$link-color: $blue-000;\n$nav-child-link-color: $grey-dk-000;\n$sidebar-color: $grey-dk-300;\n$base-button-color: $grey-dk-250;\n$btn-primary-color: $blue-200;\n$code-background-color: #31343f; // OneDarkJekyll default for syntax-one-dark-vivid\n$code-linenumber-color: #dee2f7; // OneDarkJekyll .nf for syntax-one-dark-vivid\n$feedback-color: darken($sidebar-color, 3%);\n$table-background-color: $grey-dk-250;\n$search-background-color: $grey-dk-250;\n$search-result-preview-color: $grey-dk-000;\n$border-color: $grey-dk-200;\n\n@import \"./vendor/OneDarkJekyll/syntax\"; // this is the one-dark-vivid atom syntax theme\n","@mixin fs-1 {\n  font-size: $font-size-1 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-1-sm !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-2 {\n  font-size: $font-size-2 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-3 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-3 {\n  font-size: $font-size-3 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-4 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-4 {\n  font-size: $font-size-4 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-5 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-5 {\n  font-size: $font-size-5 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-6 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-6 {\n  font-size: $font-size-6 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-7 !important;\n    line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-7 {\n  font-size: $font-size-7 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-8 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-8 {\n  font-size: $font-size-8 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-9 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-9 {\n  font-size: $font-size-9 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-10 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-10 {\n  font-size: $font-size-10 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-10-sm !important;\n  }\n}\n","// Media query\n\n// Media query mixin\n// Usage:\n// @include mq(md) {\n//   ..medium and up styles\n// }\n@mixin mq($name) {\n  // Retrieves the value from the key\n  $value: map-get($media-queries, $name);\n\n  // If the key exists in the map\n  @if $value {\n    // Prints a media query based on the value\n    @media (min-width: $value) {\n      @content;\n    }\n  } @else {\n    @warn \"No value could be retrieved from `#{$media-query}`. Please make sure it is defined in `$media-queries` map.\";\n  }\n}\n\n// Responsive container\n\n@mixin container {\n  padding-right: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  padding-left: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-right: $gutter-spacing;\n    padding-left: $gutter-spacing;\n  }\n}\n","// Typography\n\n// prettier-ignore\n$body-font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, \"Segoe UI\",\n  roboto, \"Helvetica Neue\", arial, sans-serif, \"Segoe UI Emoji\" !default;\n$mono-font-family: \"SFMono-Regular\", menlo, consolas, monospace !default;\n$root-font-size: 16px !default; // DEPRECATED: previously base font-size for rems\n$body-line-height: 1.4 !default;\n$content-line-height: 1.6 !default;\n$body-heading-line-height: 1.25 !default;\n\n// Font size\n// `-sm` suffix is the size at the small (and above) media query\n\n$font-size-1: 0.5625rem !default;\n$font-size-1-sm: 0.625rem !default;\n$font-size-2: 0.6875rem !default; // h4 - uppercased!, h6 not uppercased, text-small\n$font-size-3: 0.75rem !default; // h5\n$font-size-4: 0.875rem !default;\n$font-size-5: 1rem !default; // h3\n$font-size-6: 1.125rem !default; // h2\n$font-size-7: 1.5rem !default;\n$font-size-8: 2rem !default; // h1\n$font-size-9: 2.25rem !default;\n$font-size-10: 2.625rem !default;\n$font-size-10-sm: 3rem !default;\n\n// Colors\n\n$white: #fff !default;\n$grey-dk-000: #959396 !default;\n$grey-dk-100: #5c5962 !default;\n$grey-dk-200: #44434d !default;\n$grey-dk-250: #302d36 !default;\n$grey-dk-300: #27262b !default;\n$grey-lt-000: #f5f6fa !default;\n$grey-lt-100: #eeebee !default;\n$grey-lt-200: #ecebed !default;\n$grey-lt-300: #e6e1e8 !default;\n$purple-000: #7253ed !default;\n$purple-100: #5e41d0 !default;\n$purple-200: #4e26af !default;\n$purple-300: #381885 !default;\n$blue-000: #2c84fa !default;\n$blue-100: #2869e6 !default;\n$blue-200: #264caf !default;\n$blue-300: #183385 !default;\n$green-000: #41d693 !default;\n$green-100: #11b584 !default;\n$green-200: #009c7b !default;\n$green-300: #026e57 !default;\n$yellow-000: #ffeb82 !default;\n$yellow-100: #fadf50 !default;\n$yellow-200: #f7d12e !default;\n$yellow-300: #e7af06 !default;\n$red-000: #f77e7e !default;\n$red-100: #f96e65 !default;\n$red-200: #e94c4c !default;\n$red-300: #dd2e2e !default;\n\n// Spacing\n\n$spacing-unit: 1rem; // 1rem == 16px\n\n$spacers: (\n  sp-0: 0,\n  sp-1: $spacing-unit * 0.25,\n  sp-2: $spacing-unit * 0.5,\n  sp-3: $spacing-unit * 0.75,\n  sp-4: $spacing-unit,\n  sp-5: $spacing-unit * 1.5,\n  sp-6: $spacing-unit * 2,\n  sp-7: $spacing-unit * 2.5,\n  sp-8: $spacing-unit * 3,\n  sp-9: $spacing-unit * 3.5,\n  sp-10: $spacing-unit * 4,\n) !default;\n$sp-1: map-get($spacers, sp-1) !default; // 0.25 rem == 4px\n$sp-2: map-get($spacers, sp-2) !default; // 0.5  rem == 8px\n$sp-3: map-get($spacers, sp-3) !default; // 0.75 rem == 12px\n$sp-4: map-get($spacers, sp-4) !default; // 1    rem == 16px\n$sp-5: map-get($spacers, sp-5) !default; // 1.5  rem == 24px\n$sp-6: map-get($spacers, sp-6) !default; // 2    rem == 32px\n$sp-7: map-get($spacers, sp-7) !default; // 2.5  rem == 40px\n$sp-8: map-get($spacers, sp-8) !default; // 3    rem == 48px\n$sp-9: map-get($spacers, sp-9) !default; // 3.5  rem == 56px\n$sp-10: map-get($spacers, sp-10) !default; // 4  rem == 64px\n\n// Borders\n\n$border: 1px solid !default;\n$border-radius: 4px !default;\n$border-color: $grey-lt-100 !default;\n\n// Grid system\n\n$gutter-spacing: $sp-6 !default;\n$gutter-spacing-sm: $sp-4 !default;\n$nav-width: 16.5rem !default;\n$nav-width-md: 15.5rem !default;\n$nav-list-item-height: $sp-6 !default;\n$nav-list-item-height-sm: $sp-8 !default;\n$nav-list-expander-right: true;\n$content-width: 50rem !default;\n$header-height: 3.75rem !default;\n$search-results-width: $content-width - $nav-width !default;\n$transition-duration: 400ms;\n\n// Media queries in pixels\n\n$media-queries: (\n  xs: 20rem,\n  sm: 31.25rem,\n  md: $content-width,\n  lg: $content-width + $nav-width,\n  xl: 87.5rem,\n) !default;\n","// The basic two column layout\n\n.side-bar {\n  z-index: 0;\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  background-color: $sidebar-color;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    flex-flow: column nowrap;\n    position: fixed;\n    width: $nav-width-md;\n    height: 100%;\n    border-right: $border $border-color;\n    align-items: flex-end;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(lg) {\n    width: calc((100% - #{$nav-width + $content-width}) / 2 + #{$nav-width});\n    min-width: $nav-width;\n  }\n}\n\n.main {\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: relative;\n    max-width: $content-width;\n    margin-left: $nav-width-md;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(lg) {\n    // stylelint-disable function-name-case\n    // disable for Max(), we want to use the CSS max() function\n    margin-left: Max(\n      #{$nav-width},\n      calc((100% - #{$nav-width + $content-width}) / 2 + #{$nav-width})\n    );\n    // stylelint-enable function-name-case\n  }\n}\n\n.main-content-wrap {\n  @include container;\n\n  padding-top: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  padding-bottom: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-top: $gutter-spacing;\n    padding-bottom: $gutter-spacing;\n  }\n}\n\n.main-header {\n  z-index: 0;\n  display: none;\n  background-color: $sidebar-color;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    height: $header-height;\n    background-color: $body-background-color;\n    border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  }\n\n  &.nav-open {\n    display: block;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      display: flex;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.site-nav,\n.site-header,\n.site-footer {\n  width: 100%;\n\n  @include mq(lg) {\n    width: $nav-width;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-nav {\n  display: none;\n\n  &.nav-open {\n    display: block;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    display: block;\n    padding-top: $sp-8;\n    padding-bottom: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n    overflow-y: auto;\n    flex: 1 1 auto;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-header {\n  display: flex;\n  min-height: $header-height;\n  align-items: center;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    height: $header-height;\n    max-height: $header-height;\n    border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-title {\n  @include container;\n\n  flex-grow: 1;\n  display: flex;\n  height: 100%;\n  align-items: center;\n  padding-top: $sp-3;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-3;\n  color: $body-heading-color;\n  @include fs-6;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-top: $sp-2;\n    padding-bottom: $sp-2;\n  }\n}\n\n@if variable-exists(logo) {\n  .site-logo {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    background-image: url($logo);\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    background-position: left center;\n    background-size: contain;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-button {\n  display: flex;\n  height: 100%;\n  padding: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  align-items: center;\n}\n\n@include mq(md) {\n  .site-header .site-button {\n    display: none;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-title:hover {\n  background-image: linear-gradient(\n    -90deg,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 80%,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 0) 100%\n  );\n}\n\n.site-button:hover {\n  background-image: linear-gradient(\n    -90deg,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 100%\n  );\n}\n\n// stylelint-disable selector-max-type\n\nbody {\n  position: relative;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-10;\n  overflow-y: scroll;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: static;\n    padding-bottom: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// stylelint-enable selector-max-type\n\n.site-footer {\n  @include container;\n\n  position: absolute;\n  bottom: 0;\n  left: 0;\n  padding-top: $sp-4;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-4;\n  color: $grey-dk-000;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: static;\n    justify-self: end;\n  }\n}\n\n.icon {\n  width: $sp-5;\n  height: $sp-5;\n  color: $link-color;\n}\n","@charset \"UTF-8\";\n\n// Styles for rendered markdown in the .main-content container\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, max-nesting-depth, selector-max-compound-selectors, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id\n\n.main-content {\n  line-height: $content-line-height;\n\n  ol,\n  ul,\n  dl,\n  pre,\n  address,\n  blockquote,\n  .table-wrapper {\n    margin-top: 0.5em;\n  }\n\n  a {\n    overflow: hidden;\n    text-overflow: ellipsis;\n  }\n\n  ul,\n  ol {\n    padding-left: 1.5em;\n  }\n\n  li {\n    .highlight {\n      margin-top: $sp-1;\n    }\n  }\n\n  ol {\n    list-style-type: none;\n    counter-reset: step-counter;\n\n    > li {\n      position: relative;\n\n      &::before {\n        position: absolute;\n        top: 0.2em;\n        left: -1.6em;\n        color: $grey-dk-000;\n        content: counter(step-counter);\n        counter-increment: step-counter;\n        @include fs-3;\n\n        @include mq(sm) {\n          top: 0.11em;\n        }\n      }\n\n      ol {\n        counter-reset: sub-counter;\n\n        > li {\n          &::before {\n            content: counter(sub-counter, lower-alpha);\n            counter-increment: sub-counter;\n          }\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  ul {\n    list-style: none;\n\n    > li {\n      &::before {\n        position: absolute;\n        margin-left: -1.4em;\n        color: $grey-dk-000;\n        content: \"•\";\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  .task-list-item {\n    &::before {\n      content: \"\";\n    }\n  }\n\n  .task-list-item-checkbox {\n    margin-right: 0.6em;\n    margin-left: -1.4em;\n\n    // The same margin-left is used above for ul > li::before\n  }\n\n  hr + * {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n\n  h1:first-of-type {\n    margin-top: 0.5em;\n  }\n\n  dl {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template: auto / 10em 1fr;\n  }\n\n  dt,\n  dd {\n    margin: 0.25em 0;\n  }\n\n  dt {\n    grid-column: 1;\n    font-weight: 500;\n    text-align: right;\n\n    &::after {\n      content: \":\";\n    }\n  }\n\n  dd {\n    grid-column: 2;\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n    margin-left: 1em;\n\n    blockquote,\n    div,\n    dl,\n    dt,\n    h1,\n    h2,\n    h3,\n    h4,\n    h5,\n    h6,\n    li,\n    ol,\n    p,\n    pre,\n    table,\n    ul,\n    .table-wrapper {\n      &:first-child {\n        margin-top: 0;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  dd,\n  ol,\n  ul {\n    dl:first-child {\n      dt:first-child,\n      dd:nth-child(2) {\n        margin-top: 0;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  .anchor-heading {\n    position: absolute;\n    right: -$sp-4;\n    width: $sp-5;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding-right: $sp-1;\n    padding-left: $sp-1;\n    overflow: visible;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      right: auto;\n      left: -$sp-5;\n    }\n\n    svg {\n      display: inline-block;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      color: $link-color;\n      visibility: hidden;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .anchor-heading:hover,\n  .anchor-heading:focus,\n  h1:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h2:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h3:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h4:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h5:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h6:hover > .anchor-heading {\n    svg {\n      visibility: visible;\n    }\n  }\n\n  summary {\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  h1,\n  h2,\n  h3,\n  h4,\n  h5,\n  h6,\n  #toctitle {\n    position: relative;\n    margin-top: 1.5em;\n    margin-bottom: 0.25em;\n\n    + table,\n    + .table-wrapper,\n    + .code-example,\n    + .highlighter-rouge,\n    + .sectionbody .listingblock {\n      margin-top: 1em;\n    }\n\n    + p:not(.label) {\n      margin-top: 0;\n    }\n  }\n\n  > h1:first-child,\n  > h2:first-child,\n  > h3:first-child,\n  > h4:first-child,\n  > h5:first-child,\n  > h6:first-child,\n  > .sect1:first-child > h2,\n  > .sect2:first-child > h3,\n  > .sect3:first-child > h4,\n  > .sect4:first-child > h5,\n  > .sect5:first-child > h6 {\n    margin-top: $sp-2;\n  }\n}\n","// Main nav, breadcrumb, etc...\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, max-nesting-depth, selector-max-compound-selectors, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity\n\n.nav-list {\n  padding: 0;\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n\n  .nav-list-item {\n    @include fs-4;\n\n    position: relative;\n    margin: 0;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      @include fs-3;\n    }\n\n    .nav-list-link {\n      display: block;\n      min-height: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      padding-top: $sp-1;\n      padding-bottom: $sp-1;\n      line-height: #{$nav-list-item-height-sm - 2 * $sp-1};\n      @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n        padding-right: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n        padding-left: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n      } @else {\n        padding-right: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n        padding-left: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      }\n\n      @include mq(md) {\n        min-height: $nav-list-item-height;\n        line-height: #{$nav-list-item-height - 2 * $sp-1};\n        @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n          padding-right: $nav-list-item-height;\n          padding-left: $gutter-spacing;\n        } @else {\n          padding-right: $gutter-spacing;\n          padding-left: $nav-list-item-height;\n        }\n      }\n\n      &.external > svg {\n        width: $sp-4;\n        height: $sp-4;\n        vertical-align: text-bottom;\n      }\n\n      &.active {\n        font-weight: 600;\n        text-decoration: none;\n      }\n\n      &:hover,\n      &.active {\n        background-image: linear-gradient(\n          -90deg,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 80%,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 0) 100%\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    .nav-list-expander {\n      position: absolute;\n      @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n        right: 0;\n      }\n\n      width: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      height: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      padding: #{$nav-list-item-height-sm * 0.25};\n      color: $link-color;\n\n      @include mq(md) {\n        width: $nav-list-item-height;\n        height: $nav-list-item-height;\n        padding: #{$nav-list-item-height * 0.25};\n      }\n\n      &:hover {\n        background-image: linear-gradient(\n          -90deg,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 100%\n        );\n      }\n\n      @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n        svg {\n          transform: rotate(90deg);\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    > .nav-list {\n      display: none;\n      padding-left: $sp-3;\n      list-style: none;\n\n      .nav-list-item {\n        position: relative;\n\n        .nav-list-link {\n          color: $nav-child-link-color;\n        }\n\n        .nav-list-expander {\n          color: $nav-child-link-color;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    &.active {\n      > .nav-list-expander svg {\n        @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n          transform: rotate(-90deg);\n        } @else {\n          transform: rotate(90deg);\n        }\n      }\n\n      > .nav-list {\n        display: block;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.nav-category {\n  padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  font-weight: 600;\n  text-align: start;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing;\n    margin-top: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n    text-align: start;\n\n    &:first-child {\n      margin-top: 0;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.nav-list.nav-category-list {\n  > .nav-list-item {\n    margin: 0;\n\n    > .nav-list {\n      padding: 0;\n\n      > .nav-list-item {\n        > .nav-list-link {\n          color: $link-color;\n        }\n\n        > .nav-list-expander {\n          color: $link-color;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// Aux nav\n\n.aux-nav {\n  height: 100%;\n  overflow-x: auto;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  .aux-nav-list {\n    display: flex;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0;\n    list-style: none;\n  }\n\n  .aux-nav-list-item {\n    display: inline-block;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-right: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  }\n}\n\n// Breadcrumb nav\n\n.breadcrumb-nav {\n  @include mq(md) {\n    margin-top: -$sp-4;\n  }\n}\n\n.breadcrumb-nav-list {\n  padding-left: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n\n.breadcrumb-nav-list-item {\n  display: table-cell;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  &::before {\n    display: none;\n  }\n\n  &::after {\n    display: inline-block;\n    margin-right: $sp-2;\n    margin-left: $sp-2;\n    color: $grey-dk-000;\n    content: \"/\";\n  }\n\n  &:last-child {\n    &::after {\n      content: \"\";\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// Typography\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id\n\nh1,\n.text-alpha {\n  @include fs-8;\n\n  font-weight: 300;\n}\n\nh2,\n.text-beta,\n#toctitle {\n  @include fs-6;\n}\n\nh3,\n.text-gamma {\n  @include fs-5;\n}\n\nh4,\n.text-delta {\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  font-weight: 400;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n}\n\nh4 code {\n  text-transform: none;\n}\n\nh5,\n.text-epsilon {\n  @include fs-3;\n}\n\nh6,\n.text-zeta {\n  @include fs-2;\n}\n\n.text-small {\n  @include fs-2;\n}\n\n.text-mono {\n  font-family: $mono-font-family !important;\n}\n\n.text-left {\n  text-align: left !important;\n}\n\n.text-center {\n  text-align: center !important;\n}\n\n.text-right {\n  text-align: right !important;\n}\n","// Labels (not the form kind)\n\n// this :not() prevents a style clash with Mermaid.js's\n// diagram labels, which also use .label\n// for more, see https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs/issues/1272\n// and the accompanying PR\n.label:not(g),\n.label-blue:not(g) {\n  display: inline-block;\n  padding: 0.16em 0.56em;\n  margin-right: $sp-2;\n  margin-left: $sp-2;\n  color: $white;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  vertical-align: middle;\n  background-color: $blue-100;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  border-radius: 12px;\n}\n\n.label-green:not(g) {\n  background-color: $green-200;\n}\n\n.label-purple:not(g) {\n  background-color: $purple-100;\n}\n\n.label-red:not(g) {\n  background-color: $red-200;\n}\n\n.label-yellow:not(g) {\n  color: $grey-dk-200;\n  background-color: $yellow-200;\n}\n","// Buttons and things that look like buttons\n// stylelint-disable color-named\n\n.btn {\n  display: inline-block;\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n  padding: 0.3em 1em;\n  margin: 0;\n  font-family: inherit;\n  font-size: inherit;\n  font-weight: 500;\n  line-height: 1.5;\n  color: $link-color;\n  text-decoration: none;\n  vertical-align: baseline;\n  cursor: pointer;\n  background-color: $base-button-color;\n  border-width: 0;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n  appearance: none;\n\n  &:focus {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    outline: none;\n    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(blue, 0.25);\n  }\n\n  &:focus:hover,\n  &.selected:focus {\n    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(blue, 0.25);\n  }\n\n  &:hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover {\n    color: darken($link-color, 2%);\n  }\n\n  &:hover,\n  &:active,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    background-color: darken($base-button-color, 1%);\n  }\n\n  &:active,\n  &.selected,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    background-color: darken($base-button-color, 3%);\n    background-image: none;\n    box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n  }\n\n  &.selected:hover {\n    background-color: darken(#dcdcdc, 5%);\n  }\n\n  &:disabled,\n  &.disabled {\n    &,\n    &:hover {\n      color: rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.5);\n      cursor: default;\n      background-color: rgba(229, 229, 229, 0.5);\n      background-image: none;\n      box-shadow: none;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.btn-outline {\n  color: $link-color;\n  background: transparent;\n  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px $grey-lt-300;\n\n  &:hover,\n  &:active,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    color: darken($link-color, 4%);\n    text-decoration: none;\n    background-color: transparent;\n    box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 3px $grey-lt-300;\n  }\n\n  &:focus {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    outline: none;\n    box-shadow:\n      inset 0 0 0 2px $grey-dk-100,\n      0 0 0 3px rgba(blue, 0.25);\n  }\n\n  &:focus:hover,\n  &.selected:focus {\n    box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px $grey-dk-100;\n  }\n}\n\n.btn-primary {\n  @include btn-color($white, $btn-primary-color);\n}\n\n.btn-purple {\n  @include btn-color($white, $purple-100);\n}\n\n.btn-blue {\n  @include btn-color($white, $blue-000);\n}\n\n.btn-green {\n  @include btn-color($white, $green-100);\n}\n\n.btn-reset {\n  background: none;\n  border: none;\n  margin: 0;\n  text-align: inherit;\n  font: inherit;\n  border-radius: 0;\n  appearance: none;\n}\n","// Colored button\n\n@mixin btn-color($fg, $bg) {\n  color: $fg;\n  background-color: darken($bg, 2%);\n  background-image: linear-gradient(lighten($bg, 5%), darken($bg, 2%));\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25),\n    0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);\n\n  &:hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover {\n    color: $fg;\n    background-color: darken($bg, 4%);\n    background-image: linear-gradient((lighten($bg, 2%), darken($bg, 4%)));\n  }\n\n  &:active,\n  &.selected,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    background-color: darken($bg, 5%);\n    background-image: none;\n    box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n  }\n\n  &.selected:hover {\n    background-color: darken($bg, 10%);\n  }\n}\n","// Search input and autocomplete\n\n.search {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 2;\n  flex-grow: 1;\n  height: $sp-10;\n  padding: $sp-2;\n  transition: padding linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: relative !important;\n    width: auto !important;\n    height: 100% !important;\n    padding: 0;\n    transition: none;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-input-wrap {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 1;\n  height: $sp-8;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n  transition: height linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: absolute;\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: $search-results-width;\n    height: 100% !important;\n    border-radius: 0;\n    box-shadow: none;\n    transition: width ease $transition-duration;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-input {\n  position: absolute;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 100%;\n  padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing-sm $sp-2 #{$gutter-spacing-sm + $sp-5};\n  font-size: 1rem;\n  color: $body-text-color;\n  background-color: $search-background-color;\n  border-top: 0;\n  border-right: 0;\n  border-bottom: 0;\n  border-left: 0;\n  border-radius: 0;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing-sm $sp-2 #{$gutter-spacing + $sp-5};\n    font-size: 0.875rem;\n    background-color: $body-background-color;\n    transition: padding-left linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n  }\n\n  &:focus {\n    outline: 0;\n\n    + .search-label .search-icon {\n      color: $link-color;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.search-label {\n  position: absolute;\n  display: flex;\n  height: 100%;\n  padding-left: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-left: $gutter-spacing;\n    transition: padding-left linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n  }\n\n  .search-icon {\n    width: #{$sp-4 * 1.2};\n    height: #{$sp-4 * 1.2};\n    align-self: center;\n    color: $grey-dk-000;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-results {\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 0;\n  display: none;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-height: calc(100% - #{$sp-10});\n  overflow-y: auto;\n  background-color: $search-background-color;\n  border-bottom-right-radius: $border-radius;\n  border-bottom-left-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    top: 100%;\n    width: $search-results-width;\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 200%) !important;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-results-list {\n  padding-left: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-1;\n  list-style: none;\n  @include fs-4;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    @include fs-3;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-results-list-item {\n  padding: 0;\n  margin: 0;\n}\n\n.search-result {\n  display: block;\n  padding: $sp-1 $sp-3;\n\n  &:hover,\n  &.active {\n    background-color: $feedback-color;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-title {\n  display: block;\n  padding-top: $sp-2;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-2;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    display: inline-block;\n    width: 40%;\n    padding-right: $sp-2;\n    vertical-align: top;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-doc {\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n\n  &.search-result-doc-parent {\n    opacity: 0.5;\n    @include fs-3;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      @include fs-2;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-result-icon {\n    width: $sp-4;\n    height: $sp-4;\n    margin-right: $sp-2;\n    color: $link-color;\n    flex-shrink: 0;\n  }\n\n  .search-result-doc-title {\n    overflow: auto;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-section {\n  margin-left: #{$sp-4 + $sp-2};\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n}\n\n.search-result-rel-url {\n  display: block;\n  margin-left: #{$sp-4 + $sp-2};\n  overflow: hidden;\n  color: $search-result-preview-color;\n  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n  white-space: nowrap;\n  @include fs-1;\n}\n\n.search-result-previews {\n  display: block;\n  padding-top: $sp-2;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-2;\n  padding-left: $sp-4;\n  margin-left: $sp-2;\n  color: $search-result-preview-color;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  border-left: $border;\n  border-left-color: $border-color;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    display: inline-block;\n    width: 60%;\n    padding-left: $sp-2;\n    margin-left: 0;\n    vertical-align: top;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-preview + .search-result-preview {\n  margin-top: $sp-1;\n}\n\n.search-result-highlight {\n  font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n.search-no-result {\n  padding: $sp-2 $sp-3;\n  @include fs-3;\n}\n\n.search-button {\n  position: fixed;\n  right: $sp-4;\n  bottom: $sp-4;\n  display: flex;\n  width: $sp-9;\n  height: $sp-9;\n  background-color: $search-background-color;\n  border: 1px solid rgba($link-color, 0.3);\n  border-radius: #{$sp-9 * 0.5};\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n}\n\n.search-overlay {\n  position: fixed;\n  top: 0;\n  left: 0;\n  z-index: 1;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 0;\n  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);\n  opacity: 0;\n  transition:\n    opacity ease $transition-duration,\n    width 0s $transition-duration,\n    height 0s $transition-duration;\n}\n\n.search-active {\n  .search {\n    position: fixed;\n    top: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 0;\n  }\n\n  .search-input-wrap {\n    height: $sp-10;\n    border-radius: 0;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      width: $search-results-width;\n      box-shadow:\n        0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n        0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-input {\n    background-color: $search-background-color;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      padding-left: 2.3rem;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-label {\n    @include mq(md) {\n      padding-left: 0.6rem;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-results {\n    display: block;\n  }\n\n  .search-overlay {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    opacity: 1;\n    transition:\n      opacity ease $transition-duration,\n      width 0s,\n      height 0s;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    .main {\n      position: fixed;\n      right: 0;\n      left: 0;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .main-header {\n    padding-top: $sp-10;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      padding-top: 0;\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// Tables\n// stylelint-disable max-nesting-depth, selector-no-type, selector-max-type\n\n.table-wrapper {\n  display: block;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-5;\n  overflow-x: auto;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n}\n\ntable {\n  display: table;\n  min-width: 100%;\n  border-collapse: separate;\n}\n\nth,\ntd {\n  @include fs-3;\n\n  min-width: 7.5rem;\n  padding: $sp-2 $sp-3;\n  background-color: $table-background-color;\n  border-bottom: $border rgba($border-color, 0.5);\n  border-left: $border $border-color;\n\n  &:first-of-type {\n    border-left: 0;\n  }\n}\n\ntbody {\n  tr {\n    &:last-of-type {\n      th,\n      td {\n        border-bottom: 0;\n      }\n\n      td {\n        padding-bottom: $sp-3;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nthead {\n  th {\n    border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  }\n}\n","// Code and syntax highlighting\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-qualifying-type, declaration-block-semicolon-newline-after,declaration-block-single-line-max-declarations, selector-no-type, selector-max-type, scss/comment-no-empty\n\n// {% raw %}\n\n// This instruction applies to all queues not within 'pre' or 'figure', avoiding 'code' generated by the highlight.\n:not(pre, figure) {\n  & > code {\n    padding: 0.2em 0.15em;\n    font-weight: 400;\n    background-color: $code-background-color;\n    border: $border $border-color;\n    border-radius: $border-radius;\n  }\n}\n\n// Avoid appearance of dark border around visited code links in Safari\na:visited code {\n  border-color: $border-color;\n}\n\n// Content structure for highlighted code blocks using fences or Liquid\n//\n// ```[LANG]...```, no kramdown line_numbers:\n//   div.[language-LANG.]highlighter-rouge > div.highlight > pre.highlight > code\n//\n// ```[LANG]...```, kramdown line_numbers = true:\n//   div.[language-LANG.]highlighter-rouge > div.highlight > pre.highlight > code\n//   > div.table-wrapper > table.rouge-table > tbody > tr\n//   > td.rouge-gutter.gl > pre.lineno\n//   | td.rouge-code > pre\n//\n// {% highlight LANG %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n//   figure.highlight > pre > code.language-LANG\n//\n// {% highlight LANG linenos %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n//   figure.highlight > pre > code.language-LANG\n//   > div.table-wrapper > table.rouge-table > tbody > tr\n//   > td.gutter.gl > pre.lineno\n//   | td.code > pre\n//\n// ----...---- (AsciiDoc)\n//   div.listingblock > div.content > pre.rouge.highlight\n//\n// fix_linenos removes the outermost pre when it encloses table.rouge-table\n//\n// See docs/index-test.md for some tests.\n//\n// No kramdown line_numbers: fences and Liquid highlighting look the same.\n// Kramdown line_numbers = true: fences have a wider gutter than with Liquid?\n\n// ```[LANG]...```\n// or in AsciiDoc:\n//\n//     ----\n//     ...\n//     ----\n\n// the code may appear with 3 different types:\n// container \\ case:  default case,          code with line number,   code with html rendering\n// top level:         div.highlighter-rouge, figure.highlight,        figure.highlight\n// second level:      div.highlight,         div.table-wrapper,       pre.highlight\n// third level:       pre.highlight,         td.code,                 absent\n// last level:        code,                  pre,                     code (optionality)\n// highlighter level: span,                  span,                    span\n// the spacing are only in the second level for case 1, 3 and in the third level for case 2\n// in AsciiDoc, there is a parent container that contains optionally a title and the content.\n\n// select top level container\ndiv.highlighter-rouge,\ndiv.listingblock > div.content,\nfigure.highlight {\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n  background-color: $code-background-color;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow: none;\n  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\n  position: relative;\n  padding: 0;\n\n  // copy button (or other button)\n  // the button appear only when there is a hover on the code or focus on button\n  > button {\n    width: $sp-3;\n    opacity: 0;\n    position: absolute;\n    top: 0;\n    right: 0;\n    border: $sp-3 solid $code-background-color;\n    background-color: $code-background-color;\n    color: $body-text-color;\n    box-sizing: content-box;\n\n    svg {\n      fill: $body-text-color;\n    }\n\n    &:active {\n      text-decoration: none;\n      outline: none;\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n\n    &:focus {\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n  }\n\n  // the button can be seen by doing a simple hover in the code, there is no need to go over the location of the button\n  &:hover {\n    > button {\n      cursor: copy;\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// setting the spacing and scrollbar on the second level for the first case\n// remove all space on the second and third level\n// this is a mixin to accommodate for the slightly different structures generated via Markdown vs AsciiDoc\n@mixin scroll-and-spacing($code-div, $pre-select) {\n  #{$code-div} {\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    padding: $sp-3;\n    margin: 0;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n\n  #{$pre-select},\n  code {\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// for Markdown\ndiv.highlighter-rouge {\n  @include scroll-and-spacing(\"div.highlight\", \"pre.highlight\");\n}\n\n// for AsciiDoc. we also need to fix the margins for its parent container.\ndiv.listingblock {\n  @include scroll-and-spacing(\"div.content\", \"div.content > pre\");\n\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n}\n\n// {% highlight LANG %}...{% endhighlight %},\n// {% highlight LANG linenos %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n\n// setting the spacing and scrollbar on the second level for the thirt case\n// the css rule are apply only to the last code enviroment\n// setting the scroolbar\nfigure.highlight {\n  pre,\n  :not(pre) > code {\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    padding: $sp-3;\n    margin: 0;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// ```[LANG]...```, kramdown line_numbers = true,\n// {% highlight LANG linenos %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n\n// setting the spacing and scrollbar on the thirt level for the second case\n.highlight .table-wrapper {\n  padding: $sp-3 0;\n  margin: 0;\n  border: 0;\n  box-shadow: none;\n\n  td,\n  pre {\n    @include fs-2;\n\n    min-width: 0;\n    padding: 0;\n    background-color: $code-background-color;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n\n  td.gl {\n    width: 1em;\n    padding-right: $sp-3;\n    padding-left: $sp-3;\n  }\n\n  pre {\n    margin: 0;\n    line-height: 2;\n  }\n}\n\n// Code examples: html render of a code\n.code-example,\n.listingblock > .title {\n  padding: $sp-3;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n  overflow: auto;\n  border: 1px solid $border-color;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n\n  + .highlighter-rouge,\n  + .sectionbody .listingblock,\n  + .content,\n  + figure.highlight {\n    position: relative;\n    margin-top: -$sp-4;\n    border-right: 1px solid $border-color;\n    border-bottom: 1px solid $border-color;\n    border-left: 1px solid $border-color;\n    border-top-left-radius: 0;\n    border-top-right-radius: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// Mermaid diagram code blocks should be left unstyled.\ncode.language-mermaid {\n  padding: 0;\n  background-color: inherit;\n  border: 0;\n}\n\n// Override OneDarkJekyll Colors for Code Blocks\n.highlight,\npre.highlight {\n  background: $code-background-color; // Code Background\n  // For Backwards Compatibility Before $code-linenumber-color was added\n  @if variable-exists(code-linenumber-color) {\n    color: $code-linenumber-color; // Code Line Numbers\n  } @else {\n    color: $body-text-color; // Code Line Numbers\n  }\n}\n\n// Override OneDarkJekyll Colors for Code Blocks\n.highlight pre {\n  background: $code-background-color; // Code Background\n}\n\n// {% endraw %}\n","// Utility classes for colors\n\n// Text colors\n\n.text-grey-dk-000 {\n  color: $grey-dk-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-100 {\n  color: $grey-dk-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-200 {\n  color: $grey-dk-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-250 {\n  color: $grey-dk-250 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-300 {\n  color: $grey-dk-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-000 {\n  color: $grey-lt-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-100 {\n  color: $grey-lt-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-200 {\n  color: $grey-lt-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-300 {\n  color: $grey-lt-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-000 {\n  color: $blue-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-100 {\n  color: $blue-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-200 {\n  color: $blue-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-300 {\n  color: $blue-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-000 {\n  color: $green-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-100 {\n  color: $green-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-200 {\n  color: $green-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-300 {\n  color: $green-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-000 {\n  color: $purple-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-100 {\n  color: $purple-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-200 {\n  color: $purple-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-300 {\n  color: $purple-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-000 {\n  color: $yellow-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-100 {\n  color: $yellow-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-200 {\n  color: $yellow-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-300 {\n  color: $yellow-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-000 {\n  color: $red-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-100 {\n  color: $red-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-200 {\n  color: $red-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-300 {\n  color: $red-300 !important;\n}\n\n// Background colors\n\n.bg-grey-dk-000 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-100 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-200 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-250 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-250 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-300 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-000 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-100 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-200 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-300 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-000 {\n  background-color: $blue-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-100 {\n  background-color: $blue-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-200 {\n  background-color: $blue-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-300 {\n  background-color: $blue-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-000 {\n  background-color: $green-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-100 {\n  background-color: $green-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-200 {\n  background-color: $green-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-300 {\n  background-color: $green-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-000 {\n  background-color: $purple-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-100 {\n  background-color: $purple-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-200 {\n  background-color: $purple-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-300 {\n  background-color: $purple-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-000 {\n  background-color: $yellow-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-100 {\n  background-color: $yellow-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-200 {\n  background-color: $yellow-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-300 {\n  background-color: $yellow-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-000 {\n  background-color: $red-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-100 {\n  background-color: $red-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-200 {\n  background-color: $red-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-300 {\n  background-color: $red-300 !important;\n}\n","// Utility classes for layout\n\n// Display\n\n.d-block {\n  display: block !important;\n}\n\n.d-flex {\n  display: flex !important;\n}\n\n.d-inline {\n  display: inline !important;\n}\n\n.d-inline-block {\n  display: inline-block !important;\n}\n\n.d-none {\n  display: none !important;\n}\n\n@each $media-query in map-keys($media-queries) {\n  @for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n    @include mq($media-query) {\n      $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n      $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n      // .d-sm-block, .d-md-none, .d-lg-inline\n      .d-#{$media-query}-block {\n        display: block !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-flex {\n        display: flex !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-inline {\n        display: inline !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-inline-block {\n        display: inline-block !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-none {\n        display: none !important;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// Horizontal alignment\n\n.float-left {\n  float: left !important;\n}\n\n.float-right {\n  float: right !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-start {\n  justify-content: flex-start !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-end {\n  justify-content: flex-end !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-between {\n  justify-content: space-between !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-around {\n  justify-content: space-around !important;\n}\n\n// Vertical alignment\n\n.v-align-baseline {\n  vertical-align: baseline !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-bottom {\n  vertical-align: bottom !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-middle {\n  vertical-align: middle !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-text-bottom {\n  vertical-align: text-bottom !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-text-top {\n  vertical-align: text-top !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-top {\n  vertical-align: top !important;\n}\n","// Utility classes for typography\n\n.fs-1 {\n  @include fs-1;\n}\n\n.fs-2 {\n  @include fs-2;\n}\n\n.fs-3 {\n  @include fs-3;\n}\n\n.fs-4 {\n  @include fs-4;\n}\n\n.fs-5 {\n  @include fs-5;\n}\n\n.fs-6 {\n  @include fs-6;\n}\n\n.fs-7 {\n  @include fs-7;\n}\n\n.fs-8 {\n  @include fs-8;\n}\n\n.fs-9 {\n  @include fs-9;\n}\n\n.fs-10 {\n  @include fs-10;\n}\n\n.fw-300 {\n  font-weight: 300 !important;\n}\n\n.fw-400 {\n  font-weight: 400 !important;\n}\n\n.fw-500 {\n  font-weight: 500 !important;\n}\n\n.fw-700 {\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\n}\n\n.lh-0 {\n  line-height: 0 !important;\n}\n\n.lh-default {\n  line-height: $body-line-height;\n}\n\n.lh-tight {\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n}\n\n.ls-5 {\n  letter-spacing: 0.05em !important;\n}\n\n.ls-10 {\n  letter-spacing: 0.1em !important;\n}\n\n.ls-0 {\n  letter-spacing: 0 !important;\n}\n\n.text-uppercase {\n  text-transform: uppercase !important;\n}\n","// Utility classes for lists\n\n// stylelint-disable selector-max-type\n\n.list-style-none {\n  padding: 0 !important;\n  margin: 0 !important;\n  list-style: none !important;\n\n  li {\n    &::before {\n      display: none !important;\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// Utility classes for margins and padding\n\n// stylelint-disable block-opening-brace-space-after, block-opening-brace-space-before\n\n// Margin spacer utilities\n\n.mx-auto {\n  margin-right: auto !important;\n  margin-left: auto !important;\n}\n\n@for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n  $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n  $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n  // .m-0, .m-1, .m-2...\n  .m-#{$scale} {\n    margin: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mt-#{$scale} {\n    margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mr-#{$scale} {\n    margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mb-#{$scale} {\n    margin-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .ml-#{$scale} {\n    margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .mx-#{$scale} {\n    margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n    margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .my-#{$scale} {\n    margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n    margin-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .mxn-#{$scale} {\n    margin-right: -#{$size} !important;\n    margin-left: -#{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mx-#{$scale}-auto {\n    margin-right: auto !important;\n    margin-left: auto !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@each $media-query in map-keys($media-queries) {\n  @for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n    @include mq($media-query) {\n      $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n      $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n      // .m-sm-0, .m-md-1, .m-lg-2...\n      .m-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .mt-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .mr-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .mb-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .ml-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .mx-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n        margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .my-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n        margin-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .mxn-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-right: -#{$size} !important;\n        margin-left: -#{$size} !important;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// Padding spacer utilities\n\n@for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n  $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n  $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n  // .p-0, .p-1, .p-2...\n  .p-#{$scale} {\n    padding: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .pt-#{$scale} {\n    padding-top: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .pr-#{$scale} {\n    padding-right: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .pb-#{$scale} {\n    padding-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .pl-#{$scale} {\n    padding-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .px-#{$scale} {\n    padding-right: #{$size} !important;\n    padding-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .py-#{$scale} {\n    padding-top: #{$size} !important;\n    padding-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@each $media-query in map-keys($media-queries) {\n  @include mq($media-query) {\n    @for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n      $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n      $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n      // .p-sm-0, .p-md-1, .p-lg-2...\n      .p-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .pt-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-top: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .pr-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-right: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .pb-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .pl-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-left: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .px-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-right: #{$size} !important;\n        padding-left: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .py-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-top: #{$size} !important;\n        padding-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// stylelint-disable selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id, selector-max-type, selector-no-qualifying-type\n\n@media print {\n  .site-footer,\n  .site-button,\n  #edit-this-page,\n  #back-to-top,\n  .site-nav,\n  .main-header {\n    display: none !important;\n  }\n\n  .side-bar {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: auto;\n    border-right: 0 !important;\n  }\n\n  .site-header {\n    border-bottom: 1px solid $border-color;\n  }\n\n  .site-title {\n    font-size: 1rem !important;\n    font-weight: 700 !important;\n  }\n\n  .text-small {\n    font-size: 8pt !important;\n  }\n\n  pre.highlight {\n    border: 1px solid $border-color;\n  }\n\n  .main {\n    max-width: none;\n    margin-left: 0;\n  }\n}\n","// Skipnav\n// Skip to main content\n\na.skip-to-main {\n  left: -999px;\n  position: absolute;\n  top: auto;\n  width: 1px;\n  height: 1px;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  z-index: -999;\n}\n\na.skip-to-main:focus,\na.skip-to-main:active {\n  color: $link-color;\n  background-color: $body-background-color;\n  left: auto;\n  top: auto;\n  width: 30%;\n  height: auto;\n  overflow: auto;\n  margin: 10px 35%;\n  padding: 5px;\n  border-radius: 15px;\n  border: 4px solid $btn-primary-color;\n  text-align: center;\n  font-size: 1.2em;\n  z-index: 999;\n}\n","\n@import \"./support/support\";\n@import \"./custom/setup\";\n@import \"./color_schemes/light\";\n\n@import \"./color_schemes/dark\";\n\n@import \"./modules\";\ndiv.opaque {\n  background-color: $body-background-color;\n}p.warning, blockquote.warning {\n    background: rgba($red-300, 0.2);\n    border-left: $border-radius solid $red-000;\n    border-radius: $border-radius;\n    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    padding: .8rem;\n    \n    &::before {\n        color: $red-000;\n        content: \"Warning\";\n        display: block;\n        font-weight: bold;\n        text-transform: uppercase;\n        font-size: .75em;\n        padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n    \n    > .warning-title {\n      color: $red-000;\n      display: block;\n      font-weight: bold;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      font-size: .75em;\n      padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n}\n\np.warning-title, blockquote.warning-title {\n    background: rgba($red-300, 0.2);\n    border-left: $border-radius solid $red-000;\n    border-radius: $border-radius;\n    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    padding: .8rem;\n    > p:first-child {\n      margin-top: 0;\n      margin-bottom: 0;\n      color: $red-000;\n      display: block;\n      font-weight: bold;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      font-size: .75em;\n      padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n}\n\nblockquote.warning {\n  margin-left: 0;\n  margin-right: 0;\n  \n  > p:first-child {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n    \n  > p:last-child {\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n  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-  .mxn-xs-10 {
-    margin-right: -4rem !important;
-    margin-left: -4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-0 {
-    margin: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-0 {
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-0 {
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-0 {
-    margin-right: -0 !important;
-    margin-left: -0 !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-1 {
-    margin: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-1 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-1 {
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-1 {
-    margin-right: -0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.25rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-2 {
-    margin: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-2 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-2 {
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-2 {
-    margin-right: -0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-3 {
-    margin: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-3 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-3 {
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-3 {
-    margin-right: -0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.75rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-4 {
-    margin: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-4 {
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-4 {
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-4 {
-    margin-right: -1rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-5 {
-    margin: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-5 {
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-5 {
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-5 {
-    margin-right: -1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-6 {
-    margin: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-6 {
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-6 {
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-6 {
-    margin-right: -2rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-7 {
-    margin: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-7 {
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-7 {
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-7 {
-    margin-right: -2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-8 {
-    margin: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-8 {
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-8 {
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-8 {
-    margin-right: -3rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-9 {
-    margin: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-9 {
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-9 {
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-9 {
-    margin-right: -3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-10 {
-    margin: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-10 {
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-10 {
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-10 {
-    margin-right: -4rem !important;
-    margin-left: -4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-0 {
-    margin: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-0 {
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-0 {
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-0 {
-    margin-right: -0 !important;
-    margin-left: -0 !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-1 {
-    margin: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-1 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-1 {
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-1 {
-    margin-right: -0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.25rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-2 {
-    margin: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-2 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-2 {
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-2 {
-    margin-right: -0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-3 {
-    margin: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-3 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-3 {
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-3 {
-    margin-right: -0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.75rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-4 {
-    margin: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-4 {
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-4 {
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-4 {
-    margin-right: -1rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-5 {
-    margin: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-5 {
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-5 {
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-5 {
-    margin-right: -1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-6 {
-    margin: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-6 {
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-6 {
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-6 {
-    margin-right: -2rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-7 {
-    margin: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-7 {
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-7 {
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-7 {
-    margin-right: -2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-8 {
-    margin: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-8 {
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-8 {
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-8 {
-    margin-right: -3rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-9 {
-    margin: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-9 {
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-9 {
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-9 {
-    margin-right: -3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-10 {
-    margin: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-10 {
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-10 {
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-10 {
-    margin-right: -4rem !important;
-    margin-left: -4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 66.5rem) {
-  .m-lg-0 {
-    margin: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mt-lg-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mr-lg-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mb-lg-0 {
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .ml-lg-0 {
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mx-lg-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .my-lg-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-lg-0 {
-    margin-right: -0 !important;
-    margin-left: -0 !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 66.5rem) {
-  .m-lg-1 {
-    margin: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-lg-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-lg-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-lg-1 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-lg-1 {
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-lg-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-lg-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-lg-1 {
-    margin-right: -0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.25rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 66.5rem) {
-  .m-lg-2 {
-    margin: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-lg-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-lg-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-lg-2 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-lg-2 {
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-lg-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-lg-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-lg-2 {
-    margin-right: -0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 66.5rem) {
-  .m-lg-3 {
-    margin: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-lg-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-lg-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-lg-3 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-lg-3 {
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-lg-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-lg-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-lg-3 {
-    margin-right: -0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.75rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 66.5rem) {
-  .m-lg-4 {
-    margin: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-lg-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-lg-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-lg-4 {
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-lg-4 {
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-lg-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-lg-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-lg-4 {
-    margin-right: -1rem !important;
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-  }
-  .pr-xs-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xs-2 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xs-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xs-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xs-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xs-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xs-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xs-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xs-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xs-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xs-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xs-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xs-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xs-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xs-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xs-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xs-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xs-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xs-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xs-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xs-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xs-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xs-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xs-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xs-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xs-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xs-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xs-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xs-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xs-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xs-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xs-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xs-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xs-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xs-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xs-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xs-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xs-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xs-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xs-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xs-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xs-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xs-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xs-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xs-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xs-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xs-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xs-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xs-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xs-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xs-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xs-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xs-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xs-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xs-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xs-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xs-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xs-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xs-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xs-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xs-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .p-sm-0 {
-    padding: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-0 {
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-0 {
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-1 {
-    padding: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-1 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-1 {
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-2 {
-    padding: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-2 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-sm-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-sm-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-sm-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-sm-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-sm-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-sm-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-sm-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .p-md-0 {
-    padding: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-0 {
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-0 {
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-1 {
-    padding: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-1 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-1 {
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-2 {
-    padding: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-2 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 66.5rem) {
-  .p-lg-0 {
-    padding: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-0 {
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-0 {
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-1 {
-    padding: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-1 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-1 {
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-2 {
-    padding: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-2 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 87.5rem) {
-  .p-xl-0 {
-    padding: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-0 {
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-0 {
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-1 {
-    padding: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-1 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-1 {
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-2 {
-    padding: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-2 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media print {
-  .site-footer,
-  .site-button,
-  #edit-this-page,
-  #back-to-top,
-  .site-nav,
-  .main-header {
-    display: none !important;
-  }
-  .side-bar {
-    width: 100%;
-    height: auto;
-    border-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .site-header {
-    border-bottom: 1px solid #eeebee;
-  }
-  .site-title {
-    font-size: 1rem !important;
-    font-weight: 700 !important;
-  }
-  .text-small {
-    font-size: 8pt !important;
-  }
-  pre.highlight {
-    border: 1px solid #eeebee;
-  }
-  .main {
-    max-width: none;
-    margin-left: 0;
-  }
-}
-a.skip-to-main {
-  left: -999px;
-  position: absolute;
-  top: auto;
-  width: 1px;
-  height: 1px;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  z-index: -999;
-}
-
-a.skip-to-main:focus,
-a.skip-to-main:active {
-  color: #7253ed;
-  background-color: #fff;
-  left: auto;
-  top: auto;
-  width: 30%;
-  height: auto;
-  overflow: auto;
-  margin: 10px 35%;
-  padding: 5px;
-  border-radius: 15px;
-  border: 4px solid #5e41d0;
-  text-align: center;
-  font-size: 1.2em;
-  z-index: 999;
-}
-
-div.opaque {
-  background-color: #fff;
-}
-
-p.warning, blockquote.warning {
-  background: rgba(247, 126, 126, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #dd2e2e;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-  padding: 0.8rem;
-}
-p.warning::before, blockquote.warning::before {
-  color: #dd2e2e;
-  content: "Warning";
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-p.warning > .warning-title, blockquote.warning > .warning-title {
-  color: #dd2e2e;
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-
-p.warning-title, blockquote.warning-title {
-  background: rgba(247, 126, 126, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #dd2e2e;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-  padding: 0.8rem;
-}
-p.warning-title > p:first-child, blockquote.warning-title > p:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-  color: #dd2e2e;
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-
-blockquote.warning {
-  margin-left: 0;
-  margin-right: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning > p:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning > p:last-child {
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-}
-
-blockquote.warning-title {
-  margin-left: 0;
-  margin-right: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning-title > p:nth-child(2) {
-  margin-top: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning-title > p:last-child {
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-}
-
-p.note, blockquote.note {
-  background: rgba(114, 83, 237, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #381885;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-  padding: 0.8rem;
-}
-p.note::before, blockquote.note::before {
-  color: #381885;
-  content: "Note";
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-p.note > .note-title, blockquote.note > .note-title {
-  color: #381885;
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-
-p.note-title, blockquote.note-title {
-  background: rgba(114, 83, 237, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #381885;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-  padding: 0.8rem;
-}
-p.note-title > p:first-child, blockquote.note-title > p:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-  color: #381885;
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-
-blockquote.note {
-  margin-left: 0;
-  margin-right: 0;
-}
-blockquote.note > p:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
-}
-blockquote.note > p:last-child {
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-}
-
-blockquote.note-title {
-  margin-left: 0;
-  margin-right: 0;
-}
-blockquote.note-title > p:nth-child(2) {
-  margin-top: 0;
-}
-blockquote.note-title > p:last-child {
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-}
-
-/*# sourceMappingURL=just-the-docs-default.css.map */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-default.css.map b/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-default.css.map
deleted file mode 100644
index f0203db52b1737051f35371e75fb1794ac4c2844..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-default.css.map
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github.com/necolas/normalize.css */\n\n/* Document\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers.\n * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS.\n */\n\nhtml {\n  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */\n  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/* Sections\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Remove the margin in all browsers.\n */\n\nbody {\n  margin: 0;\n}\n\n/**\n * Render the `main` element consistently in IE.\n */\n\nmain {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and\n * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.\n */\n\nh1 {\n  font-size: 2em;\n  margin: 0.67em 0;\n}\n\n/* Grouping content\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox.\n * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE.\n */\n\nhr {\n  box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */\n  height: 0; /* 1 */\n  overflow: visible; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers.\n * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers.\n */\n\npre {\n  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */\n  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/* Text-level semantics\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10.\n */\n\na {\n  background-color: transparent;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57-\n * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari.\n */\n\nabbr[title] {\n  border-bottom: none; /* 1 */\n  text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */\n  text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari.\n */\n\nb,\nstrong {\n  font-weight: bolder;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers.\n * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers.\n */\n\ncode,\nkbd,\nsamp {\n  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */\n  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct font size in all browsers.\n */\n\nsmall {\n  font-size: 80%;\n}\n\n/**\n * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in\n * all browsers.\n */\n\nsub,\nsup {\n  font-size: 75%;\n  line-height: 0;\n  position: relative;\n  vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nsub {\n  bottom: -0.25em;\n}\n\nsup {\n  top: -0.5em;\n}\n\n/* Embedded content\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10.\n */\n\nimg {\n  border-style: none;\n}\n\n/* Forms\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers.\n * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari.\n */\n\nbutton,\ninput,\noptgroup,\nselect,\ntextarea {\n  font-family: inherit; /* 1 */\n  font-size: 100%; /* 1 */\n  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */\n  margin: 0; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Show the overflow in IE.\n * 1. Show the overflow in Edge.\n */\n\nbutton,\ninput {\n  /* 1 */\n  overflow: visible;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE.\n * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox.\n */\n\nbutton,\nselect {\n  /* 1 */\n  text-transform: none;\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari.\n */\n\nbutton,\n[type=\"button\"],\n[type=\"reset\"],\n[type=\"submit\"] {\n  -webkit-appearance: button;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox.\n */\n\nbutton::-moz-focus-inner,\n[type=\"button\"]::-moz-focus-inner,\n[type=\"reset\"]::-moz-focus-inner,\n[type=\"submit\"]::-moz-focus-inner {\n  border-style: none;\n  padding: 0;\n}\n\n/**\n * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule.\n */\n\nbutton:-moz-focusring,\n[type=\"button\"]:-moz-focusring,\n[type=\"reset\"]:-moz-focusring,\n[type=\"submit\"]:-moz-focusring {\n  outline: 1px dotted ButtonText;\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the padding in Firefox.\n */\n\nfieldset {\n  padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE.\n * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE.\n * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out\n *    `fieldset` elements in all browsers.\n */\n\nlegend {\n  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */\n  color: inherit; /* 2 */\n  display: table; /* 1 */\n  max-width: 100%; /* 1 */\n  padding: 0; /* 3 */\n  white-space: normal; /* 1 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera.\n */\n\nprogress {\n  vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+.\n */\n\ntextarea {\n  overflow: auto;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10.\n * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10.\n */\n\n[type=\"checkbox\"],\n[type=\"radio\"] {\n  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */\n  padding: 0; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome.\n */\n\n[type=\"number\"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,\n[type=\"number\"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {\n  height: auto;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari.\n * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari.\n */\n\n[type=\"search\"] {\n  -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */\n  outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS.\n */\n\n[type=\"search\"]::-webkit-search-decoration {\n  -webkit-appearance: none;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari.\n * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari.\n */\n\n::-webkit-file-upload-button {\n  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */\n  font: inherit; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/* Interactive\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/*\n * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox.\n */\n\ndetails {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n/*\n * Add the correct display in all browsers.\n */\n\nsummary {\n  display: list-item;\n}\n\n/* Misc\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Add the correct display in IE 10+.\n */\n\ntemplate {\n  display: none;\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct display in IE 10.\n */\n\n[hidden] {\n  display: none;\n}\n","// Base element style overrides\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id\n\n:root {\n  color-scheme: $color-scheme;\n}\n\n* {\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nhtml {\n  @include fs-4;\n\n  scroll-behavior: smooth;\n}\n\nbody {\n  font-family: $body-font-family;\n  font-size: inherit;\n  line-height: $body-line-height;\n  color: $body-text-color;\n  background-color: $body-background-color;\n  overflow-wrap: break-word;\n}\n\nol,\nul,\ndl,\npre,\naddress,\nblockquote,\ntable,\ndiv,\nhr,\nform,\nfieldset,\nnoscript .table-wrapper {\n  margin-top: 0;\n}\n\nh1,\nh2,\nh3,\nh4,\nh5,\nh6,\n#toctitle {\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: 1em;\n  font-weight: 500;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n  color: $body-heading-color;\n}\n\np {\n  margin-top: 1em;\n  margin-bottom: 1em;\n}\n\na {\n  color: $link-color;\n  text-decoration: none;\n}\n\na:not([class]) {\n  text-decoration: underline;\n  text-decoration-color: $border-color;\n  text-underline-offset: 2px;\n\n  &:hover {\n    text-decoration-color: rgba($link-color, 0.45);\n  }\n}\n\ncode {\n  font-family: $mono-font-family;\n  font-size: 0.75em;\n  line-height: $body-line-height;\n}\n\nfigure,\npre {\n  margin: 0;\n}\n\nli {\n  margin: 0.25em 0;\n}\n\nimg {\n  max-width: 100%;\n  height: auto;\n}\n\nhr {\n  height: 1px;\n  padding: 0;\n  margin: $sp-6 0;\n  background-color: $border-color;\n  border: 0;\n}\n\n// adds a GitHub-style sidebar to blockquotes\nblockquote {\n  margin: 10px 0;\n\n  // resets user-agent stylesheets for blockquotes\n  margin-block-start: 0;\n  margin-inline-start: 0;\n  padding-left: 1rem;\n  border-left: 3px solid $border-color;\n}\n","$color-scheme: light !default;\n$body-background-color: $white !default;\n$body-heading-color: $grey-dk-300 !default;\n$body-text-color: $grey-dk-100 !default;\n$link-color: $purple-000 !default;\n$nav-child-link-color: $grey-dk-100 !default;\n$sidebar-color: $grey-lt-000 !default;\n$base-button-color: #f7f7f7 !default;\n$btn-primary-color: $purple-100 !default;\n$code-background-color: $grey-lt-000 !default;\n$feedback-color: darken($sidebar-color, 3%) !default;\n$table-background-color: $white !default;\n$search-background-color: $white !default;\n$search-result-preview-color: $grey-dk-000 !default;\n\n@import \"./vendor/OneLightJekyll/syntax\";\n","@mixin fs-1 {\n  font-size: $font-size-1 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-1-sm !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-2 {\n  font-size: $font-size-2 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-3 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-3 {\n  font-size: $font-size-3 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-4 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-4 {\n  font-size: $font-size-4 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-5 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-5 {\n  font-size: $font-size-5 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-6 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-6 {\n  font-size: $font-size-6 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-7 !important;\n    line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-7 {\n  font-size: $font-size-7 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-8 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-8 {\n  font-size: $font-size-8 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-9 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-9 {\n  font-size: $font-size-9 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-10 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-10 {\n  font-size: $font-size-10 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-10-sm !important;\n  }\n}\n","// Media query\n\n// Media query mixin\n// Usage:\n// @include mq(md) {\n//   ..medium and up styles\n// }\n@mixin mq($name) {\n  // Retrieves the value from the key\n  $value: map-get($media-queries, $name);\n\n  // If the key exists in the map\n  @if $value {\n    // Prints a media query based on the value\n    @media (min-width: $value) {\n      @content;\n    }\n  } @else {\n    @warn \"No value could be retrieved from `#{$media-query}`. Please make sure it is defined in `$media-queries` map.\";\n  }\n}\n\n// Responsive container\n\n@mixin container {\n  padding-right: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  padding-left: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-right: $gutter-spacing;\n    padding-left: $gutter-spacing;\n  }\n}\n","// Typography\n\n// prettier-ignore\n$body-font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, \"Segoe UI\",\n  roboto, \"Helvetica Neue\", arial, sans-serif, \"Segoe UI Emoji\" !default;\n$mono-font-family: \"SFMono-Regular\", menlo, consolas, monospace !default;\n$root-font-size: 16px !default; // DEPRECATED: previously base font-size for rems\n$body-line-height: 1.4 !default;\n$content-line-height: 1.6 !default;\n$body-heading-line-height: 1.25 !default;\n\n// Font size\n// `-sm` suffix is the size at the small (and above) media query\n\n$font-size-1: 0.5625rem !default;\n$font-size-1-sm: 0.625rem !default;\n$font-size-2: 0.6875rem !default; // h4 - uppercased!, h6 not uppercased, text-small\n$font-size-3: 0.75rem !default; // h5\n$font-size-4: 0.875rem !default;\n$font-size-5: 1rem !default; // h3\n$font-size-6: 1.125rem !default; // h2\n$font-size-7: 1.5rem !default;\n$font-size-8: 2rem !default; // h1\n$font-size-9: 2.25rem !default;\n$font-size-10: 2.625rem !default;\n$font-size-10-sm: 3rem !default;\n\n// Colors\n\n$white: #fff !default;\n$grey-dk-000: #959396 !default;\n$grey-dk-100: #5c5962 !default;\n$grey-dk-200: #44434d !default;\n$grey-dk-250: #302d36 !default;\n$grey-dk-300: #27262b !default;\n$grey-lt-000: #f5f6fa !default;\n$grey-lt-100: #eeebee !default;\n$grey-lt-200: #ecebed !default;\n$grey-lt-300: #e6e1e8 !default;\n$purple-000: #7253ed !default;\n$purple-100: #5e41d0 !default;\n$purple-200: #4e26af !default;\n$purple-300: #381885 !default;\n$blue-000: #2c84fa !default;\n$blue-100: #2869e6 !default;\n$blue-200: #264caf !default;\n$blue-300: #183385 !default;\n$green-000: #41d693 !default;\n$green-100: #11b584 !default;\n$green-200: #009c7b !default;\n$green-300: #026e57 !default;\n$yellow-000: #ffeb82 !default;\n$yellow-100: #fadf50 !default;\n$yellow-200: #f7d12e !default;\n$yellow-300: #e7af06 !default;\n$red-000: #f77e7e !default;\n$red-100: #f96e65 !default;\n$red-200: #e94c4c !default;\n$red-300: #dd2e2e !default;\n\n// Spacing\n\n$spacing-unit: 1rem; // 1rem == 16px\n\n$spacers: (\n  sp-0: 0,\n  sp-1: $spacing-unit * 0.25,\n  sp-2: $spacing-unit * 0.5,\n  sp-3: $spacing-unit * 0.75,\n  sp-4: $spacing-unit,\n  sp-5: $spacing-unit * 1.5,\n  sp-6: $spacing-unit * 2,\n  sp-7: $spacing-unit * 2.5,\n  sp-8: $spacing-unit * 3,\n  sp-9: $spacing-unit * 3.5,\n  sp-10: $spacing-unit * 4,\n) !default;\n$sp-1: map-get($spacers, sp-1) !default; // 0.25 rem == 4px\n$sp-2: map-get($spacers, sp-2) !default; // 0.5  rem == 8px\n$sp-3: map-get($spacers, sp-3) !default; // 0.75 rem == 12px\n$sp-4: map-get($spacers, sp-4) !default; // 1    rem == 16px\n$sp-5: map-get($spacers, sp-5) !default; // 1.5  rem == 24px\n$sp-6: map-get($spacers, sp-6) !default; // 2    rem == 32px\n$sp-7: map-get($spacers, sp-7) !default; // 2.5  rem == 40px\n$sp-8: map-get($spacers, sp-8) !default; // 3    rem == 48px\n$sp-9: map-get($spacers, sp-9) !default; // 3.5  rem == 56px\n$sp-10: map-get($spacers, sp-10) !default; // 4  rem == 64px\n\n// Borders\n\n$border: 1px solid !default;\n$border-radius: 4px !default;\n$border-color: $grey-lt-100 !default;\n\n// Grid system\n\n$gutter-spacing: $sp-6 !default;\n$gutter-spacing-sm: $sp-4 !default;\n$nav-width: 16.5rem !default;\n$nav-width-md: 15.5rem !default;\n$nav-list-item-height: $sp-6 !default;\n$nav-list-item-height-sm: $sp-8 !default;\n$nav-list-expander-right: true;\n$content-width: 50rem !default;\n$header-height: 3.75rem !default;\n$search-results-width: $content-width - $nav-width !default;\n$transition-duration: 400ms;\n\n// Media queries in pixels\n\n$media-queries: (\n  xs: 20rem,\n  sm: 31.25rem,\n  md: $content-width,\n  lg: $content-width + $nav-width,\n  xl: 87.5rem,\n) !default;\n","// The basic two column layout\n\n.side-bar {\n  z-index: 0;\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  background-color: $sidebar-color;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    flex-flow: column nowrap;\n    position: fixed;\n    width: $nav-width-md;\n    height: 100%;\n    border-right: $border $border-color;\n    align-items: flex-end;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(lg) {\n    width: calc((100% - #{$nav-width + $content-width}) / 2 + #{$nav-width});\n    min-width: $nav-width;\n  }\n}\n\n.main {\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: relative;\n    max-width: $content-width;\n    margin-left: $nav-width-md;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(lg) {\n    // stylelint-disable function-name-case\n    // disable for Max(), we want to use the CSS max() function\n    margin-left: Max(\n      #{$nav-width},\n      calc((100% - #{$nav-width + $content-width}) / 2 + #{$nav-width})\n    );\n    // stylelint-enable function-name-case\n  }\n}\n\n.main-content-wrap {\n  @include container;\n\n  padding-top: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  padding-bottom: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-top: $gutter-spacing;\n    padding-bottom: $gutter-spacing;\n  }\n}\n\n.main-header {\n  z-index: 0;\n  display: none;\n  background-color: $sidebar-color;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    height: $header-height;\n    background-color: $body-background-color;\n    border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  }\n\n  &.nav-open {\n    display: block;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      display: flex;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.site-nav,\n.site-header,\n.site-footer {\n  width: 100%;\n\n  @include mq(lg) {\n    width: $nav-width;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-nav {\n  display: none;\n\n  &.nav-open {\n    display: block;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    display: block;\n    padding-top: $sp-8;\n    padding-bottom: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n    overflow-y: auto;\n    flex: 1 1 auto;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-header {\n  display: flex;\n  min-height: $header-height;\n  align-items: center;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    height: $header-height;\n    max-height: $header-height;\n    border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-title {\n  @include container;\n\n  flex-grow: 1;\n  display: flex;\n  height: 100%;\n  align-items: center;\n  padding-top: $sp-3;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-3;\n  color: $body-heading-color;\n  @include fs-6;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-top: $sp-2;\n    padding-bottom: $sp-2;\n  }\n}\n\n@if variable-exists(logo) {\n  .site-logo {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    background-image: url($logo);\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    background-position: left center;\n    background-size: contain;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-button {\n  display: flex;\n  height: 100%;\n  padding: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  align-items: center;\n}\n\n@include mq(md) {\n  .site-header .site-button {\n    display: none;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-title:hover {\n  background-image: linear-gradient(\n    -90deg,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 80%,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 0) 100%\n  );\n}\n\n.site-button:hover {\n  background-image: linear-gradient(\n    -90deg,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 100%\n  );\n}\n\n// stylelint-disable selector-max-type\n\nbody {\n  position: relative;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-10;\n  overflow-y: scroll;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: static;\n    padding-bottom: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// stylelint-enable selector-max-type\n\n.site-footer {\n  @include container;\n\n  position: absolute;\n  bottom: 0;\n  left: 0;\n  padding-top: $sp-4;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-4;\n  color: $grey-dk-000;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: static;\n    justify-self: end;\n  }\n}\n\n.icon {\n  width: $sp-5;\n  height: $sp-5;\n  color: $link-color;\n}\n","@charset \"UTF-8\";\n\n// Styles for rendered markdown in the .main-content container\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, max-nesting-depth, selector-max-compound-selectors, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id\n\n.main-content {\n  line-height: $content-line-height;\n\n  ol,\n  ul,\n  dl,\n  pre,\n  address,\n  blockquote,\n  .table-wrapper {\n    margin-top: 0.5em;\n  }\n\n  a {\n    overflow: hidden;\n    text-overflow: ellipsis;\n  }\n\n  ul,\n  ol {\n    padding-left: 1.5em;\n  }\n\n  li {\n    .highlight {\n      margin-top: $sp-1;\n    }\n  }\n\n  ol {\n    list-style-type: none;\n    counter-reset: step-counter;\n\n    > li {\n      position: relative;\n\n      &::before {\n        position: absolute;\n        top: 0.2em;\n        left: -1.6em;\n        color: $grey-dk-000;\n        content: counter(step-counter);\n        counter-increment: step-counter;\n        @include fs-3;\n\n        @include mq(sm) {\n          top: 0.11em;\n        }\n      }\n\n      ol {\n        counter-reset: sub-counter;\n\n        > li {\n          &::before {\n            content: counter(sub-counter, lower-alpha);\n            counter-increment: sub-counter;\n          }\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  ul {\n    list-style: none;\n\n    > li {\n      &::before {\n        position: absolute;\n        margin-left: -1.4em;\n        color: $grey-dk-000;\n        content: \"•\";\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  .task-list-item {\n    &::before {\n      content: \"\";\n    }\n  }\n\n  .task-list-item-checkbox {\n    margin-right: 0.6em;\n    margin-left: -1.4em;\n\n    // The same margin-left is used above for ul > li::before\n  }\n\n  hr + * {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n\n  h1:first-of-type {\n    margin-top: 0.5em;\n  }\n\n  dl {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template: auto / 10em 1fr;\n  }\n\n  dt,\n  dd {\n    margin: 0.25em 0;\n  }\n\n  dt {\n    grid-column: 1;\n    font-weight: 500;\n    text-align: right;\n\n    &::after {\n      content: \":\";\n    }\n  }\n\n  dd {\n    grid-column: 2;\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n    margin-left: 1em;\n\n    blockquote,\n    div,\n    dl,\n    dt,\n    h1,\n    h2,\n    h3,\n    h4,\n    h5,\n    h6,\n    li,\n    ol,\n    p,\n    pre,\n    table,\n    ul,\n    .table-wrapper {\n      &:first-child {\n        margin-top: 0;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  dd,\n  ol,\n  ul {\n    dl:first-child {\n      dt:first-child,\n      dd:nth-child(2) {\n        margin-top: 0;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  .anchor-heading {\n    position: absolute;\n    right: -$sp-4;\n    width: $sp-5;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding-right: $sp-1;\n    padding-left: $sp-1;\n    overflow: visible;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      right: auto;\n      left: -$sp-5;\n    }\n\n    svg {\n      display: inline-block;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      color: $link-color;\n      visibility: hidden;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .anchor-heading:hover,\n  .anchor-heading:focus,\n  h1:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h2:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h3:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h4:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h5:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h6:hover > .anchor-heading {\n    svg {\n      visibility: visible;\n    }\n  }\n\n  summary {\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  h1,\n  h2,\n  h3,\n  h4,\n  h5,\n  h6,\n  #toctitle {\n    position: relative;\n    margin-top: 1.5em;\n    margin-bottom: 0.25em;\n\n    + table,\n    + .table-wrapper,\n    + .code-example,\n    + .highlighter-rouge,\n    + .sectionbody .listingblock {\n      margin-top: 1em;\n    }\n\n    + p:not(.label) {\n      margin-top: 0;\n    }\n  }\n\n  > h1:first-child,\n  > h2:first-child,\n  > h3:first-child,\n  > h4:first-child,\n  > h5:first-child,\n  > h6:first-child,\n  > .sect1:first-child > h2,\n  > .sect2:first-child > h3,\n  > .sect3:first-child > h4,\n  > .sect4:first-child > h5,\n  > .sect5:first-child > h6 {\n    margin-top: $sp-2;\n  }\n}\n","// Main nav, breadcrumb, etc...\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, max-nesting-depth, selector-max-compound-selectors, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity\n\n.nav-list {\n  padding: 0;\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n\n  .nav-list-item {\n    @include fs-4;\n\n    position: relative;\n    margin: 0;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      @include fs-3;\n    }\n\n    .nav-list-link {\n      display: block;\n      min-height: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      padding-top: $sp-1;\n      padding-bottom: $sp-1;\n      line-height: #{$nav-list-item-height-sm - 2 * $sp-1};\n      @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n        padding-right: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n        padding-left: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n      } @else {\n        padding-right: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n        padding-left: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      }\n\n      @include mq(md) {\n        min-height: $nav-list-item-height;\n        line-height: #{$nav-list-item-height - 2 * $sp-1};\n        @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n          padding-right: $nav-list-item-height;\n          padding-left: $gutter-spacing;\n        } @else {\n          padding-right: $gutter-spacing;\n          padding-left: $nav-list-item-height;\n        }\n      }\n\n      &.external > svg {\n        width: $sp-4;\n        height: $sp-4;\n        vertical-align: text-bottom;\n      }\n\n      &.active {\n        font-weight: 600;\n        text-decoration: none;\n      }\n\n      &:hover,\n      &.active {\n        background-image: linear-gradient(\n          -90deg,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 80%,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 0) 100%\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    .nav-list-expander {\n      position: absolute;\n      @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n        right: 0;\n      }\n\n      width: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      height: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      padding: #{$nav-list-item-height-sm * 0.25};\n      color: $link-color;\n\n      @include mq(md) {\n        width: $nav-list-item-height;\n        height: $nav-list-item-height;\n        padding: #{$nav-list-item-height * 0.25};\n      }\n\n      &:hover {\n        background-image: linear-gradient(\n          -90deg,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 100%\n        );\n      }\n\n      @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n        svg {\n          transform: rotate(90deg);\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    > .nav-list {\n      display: none;\n      padding-left: $sp-3;\n      list-style: none;\n\n      .nav-list-item {\n        position: relative;\n\n        .nav-list-link {\n          color: $nav-child-link-color;\n        }\n\n        .nav-list-expander {\n          color: $nav-child-link-color;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    &.active {\n      > .nav-list-expander svg {\n        @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n          transform: rotate(-90deg);\n        } @else {\n          transform: rotate(90deg);\n        }\n      }\n\n      > .nav-list {\n        display: block;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.nav-category {\n  padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  font-weight: 600;\n  text-align: start;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing;\n    margin-top: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n    text-align: start;\n\n    &:first-child {\n      margin-top: 0;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.nav-list.nav-category-list {\n  > .nav-list-item {\n    margin: 0;\n\n    > .nav-list {\n      padding: 0;\n\n      > .nav-list-item {\n        > .nav-list-link {\n          color: $link-color;\n        }\n\n        > .nav-list-expander {\n          color: $link-color;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// Aux nav\n\n.aux-nav {\n  height: 100%;\n  overflow-x: auto;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  .aux-nav-list {\n    display: flex;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0;\n    list-style: none;\n  }\n\n  .aux-nav-list-item {\n    display: inline-block;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-right: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  }\n}\n\n// Breadcrumb nav\n\n.breadcrumb-nav {\n  @include mq(md) {\n    margin-top: -$sp-4;\n  }\n}\n\n.breadcrumb-nav-list {\n  padding-left: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n\n.breadcrumb-nav-list-item {\n  display: table-cell;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  &::before {\n    display: none;\n  }\n\n  &::after {\n    display: inline-block;\n    margin-right: $sp-2;\n    margin-left: $sp-2;\n    color: $grey-dk-000;\n    content: \"/\";\n  }\n\n  &:last-child {\n    &::after {\n      content: \"\";\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// Typography\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id\n\nh1,\n.text-alpha {\n  @include fs-8;\n\n  font-weight: 300;\n}\n\nh2,\n.text-beta,\n#toctitle {\n  @include fs-6;\n}\n\nh3,\n.text-gamma {\n  @include fs-5;\n}\n\nh4,\n.text-delta {\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  font-weight: 400;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n}\n\nh4 code {\n  text-transform: none;\n}\n\nh5,\n.text-epsilon {\n  @include fs-3;\n}\n\nh6,\n.text-zeta {\n  @include fs-2;\n}\n\n.text-small {\n  @include fs-2;\n}\n\n.text-mono {\n  font-family: $mono-font-family !important;\n}\n\n.text-left {\n  text-align: left !important;\n}\n\n.text-center {\n  text-align: center !important;\n}\n\n.text-right {\n  text-align: right !important;\n}\n","// Labels (not the form kind)\n\n// this :not() prevents a style clash with Mermaid.js's\n// diagram labels, which also use .label\n// for more, see https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs/issues/1272\n// and the accompanying PR\n.label:not(g),\n.label-blue:not(g) {\n  display: inline-block;\n  padding: 0.16em 0.56em;\n  margin-right: $sp-2;\n  margin-left: $sp-2;\n  color: $white;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  vertical-align: middle;\n  background-color: $blue-100;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  border-radius: 12px;\n}\n\n.label-green:not(g) {\n  background-color: $green-200;\n}\n\n.label-purple:not(g) {\n  background-color: $purple-100;\n}\n\n.label-red:not(g) {\n  background-color: $red-200;\n}\n\n.label-yellow:not(g) {\n  color: $grey-dk-200;\n  background-color: $yellow-200;\n}\n","// Buttons and things that look like buttons\n// stylelint-disable color-named\n\n.btn {\n  display: inline-block;\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n  padding: 0.3em 1em;\n  margin: 0;\n  font-family: inherit;\n  font-size: inherit;\n  font-weight: 500;\n  line-height: 1.5;\n  color: $link-color;\n  text-decoration: none;\n  vertical-align: baseline;\n  cursor: pointer;\n  background-color: $base-button-color;\n  border-width: 0;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n  appearance: none;\n\n  &:focus {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    outline: none;\n    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(blue, 0.25);\n  }\n\n  &:focus:hover,\n  &.selected:focus {\n    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(blue, 0.25);\n  }\n\n  &:hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover {\n    color: darken($link-color, 2%);\n  }\n\n  &:hover,\n  &:active,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    background-color: darken($base-button-color, 1%);\n  }\n\n  &:active,\n  &.selected,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    background-color: darken($base-button-color, 3%);\n    background-image: none;\n    box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n  }\n\n  &.selected:hover {\n    background-color: darken(#dcdcdc, 5%);\n  }\n\n  &:disabled,\n  &.disabled {\n    &,\n    &:hover {\n      color: rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.5);\n      cursor: default;\n      background-color: rgba(229, 229, 229, 0.5);\n      background-image: none;\n      box-shadow: none;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.btn-outline {\n  color: $link-color;\n  background: transparent;\n  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px $grey-lt-300;\n\n  &:hover,\n  &:active,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    color: darken($link-color, 4%);\n    text-decoration: none;\n    background-color: transparent;\n    box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 3px $grey-lt-300;\n  }\n\n  &:focus {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    outline: none;\n    box-shadow:\n      inset 0 0 0 2px $grey-dk-100,\n      0 0 0 3px rgba(blue, 0.25);\n  }\n\n  &:focus:hover,\n  &.selected:focus {\n    box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px $grey-dk-100;\n  }\n}\n\n.btn-primary {\n  @include btn-color($white, $btn-primary-color);\n}\n\n.btn-purple {\n  @include btn-color($white, $purple-100);\n}\n\n.btn-blue {\n  @include btn-color($white, $blue-000);\n}\n\n.btn-green {\n  @include btn-color($white, $green-100);\n}\n\n.btn-reset {\n  background: none;\n  border: none;\n  margin: 0;\n  text-align: inherit;\n  font: inherit;\n  border-radius: 0;\n  appearance: none;\n}\n","// Colored button\n\n@mixin btn-color($fg, $bg) {\n  color: $fg;\n  background-color: darken($bg, 2%);\n  background-image: linear-gradient(lighten($bg, 5%), darken($bg, 2%));\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25),\n    0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);\n\n  &:hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover {\n    color: $fg;\n    background-color: darken($bg, 4%);\n    background-image: linear-gradient((lighten($bg, 2%), darken($bg, 4%)));\n  }\n\n  &:active,\n  &.selected,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    background-color: darken($bg, 5%);\n    background-image: none;\n    box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n  }\n\n  &.selected:hover {\n    background-color: darken($bg, 10%);\n  }\n}\n","// Search input and autocomplete\n\n.search {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 2;\n  flex-grow: 1;\n  height: $sp-10;\n  padding: $sp-2;\n  transition: padding linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: relative !important;\n    width: auto !important;\n    height: 100% !important;\n    padding: 0;\n    transition: none;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-input-wrap {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 1;\n  height: $sp-8;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n  transition: height linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: absolute;\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: $search-results-width;\n    height: 100% !important;\n    border-radius: 0;\n    box-shadow: none;\n    transition: width ease $transition-duration;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-input {\n  position: absolute;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 100%;\n  padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing-sm $sp-2 #{$gutter-spacing-sm + $sp-5};\n  font-size: 1rem;\n  color: $body-text-color;\n  background-color: $search-background-color;\n  border-top: 0;\n  border-right: 0;\n  border-bottom: 0;\n  border-left: 0;\n  border-radius: 0;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing-sm $sp-2 #{$gutter-spacing + $sp-5};\n    font-size: 0.875rem;\n    background-color: $body-background-color;\n    transition: padding-left linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n  }\n\n  &:focus {\n    outline: 0;\n\n    + .search-label .search-icon {\n      color: $link-color;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.search-label {\n  position: absolute;\n  display: flex;\n  height: 100%;\n  padding-left: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-left: $gutter-spacing;\n    transition: padding-left linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n  }\n\n  .search-icon {\n    width: #{$sp-4 * 1.2};\n    height: #{$sp-4 * 1.2};\n    align-self: center;\n    color: $grey-dk-000;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-results {\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 0;\n  display: none;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-height: calc(100% - #{$sp-10});\n  overflow-y: auto;\n  background-color: $search-background-color;\n  border-bottom-right-radius: $border-radius;\n  border-bottom-left-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    top: 100%;\n    width: $search-results-width;\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 200%) !important;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-results-list {\n  padding-left: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-1;\n  list-style: none;\n  @include fs-4;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    @include fs-3;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-results-list-item {\n  padding: 0;\n  margin: 0;\n}\n\n.search-result {\n  display: block;\n  padding: $sp-1 $sp-3;\n\n  &:hover,\n  &.active {\n    background-color: $feedback-color;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-title {\n  display: block;\n  padding-top: $sp-2;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-2;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    display: inline-block;\n    width: 40%;\n    padding-right: $sp-2;\n    vertical-align: top;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-doc {\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n\n  &.search-result-doc-parent {\n    opacity: 0.5;\n    @include fs-3;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      @include fs-2;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-result-icon {\n    width: $sp-4;\n    height: $sp-4;\n    margin-right: $sp-2;\n    color: $link-color;\n    flex-shrink: 0;\n  }\n\n  .search-result-doc-title {\n    overflow: auto;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-section {\n  margin-left: #{$sp-4 + $sp-2};\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n}\n\n.search-result-rel-url {\n  display: block;\n  margin-left: #{$sp-4 + $sp-2};\n  overflow: hidden;\n  color: $search-result-preview-color;\n  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n  white-space: nowrap;\n  @include fs-1;\n}\n\n.search-result-previews {\n  display: block;\n  padding-top: $sp-2;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-2;\n  padding-left: $sp-4;\n  margin-left: $sp-2;\n  color: $search-result-preview-color;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  border-left: $border;\n  border-left-color: $border-color;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    display: inline-block;\n    width: 60%;\n    padding-left: $sp-2;\n    margin-left: 0;\n    vertical-align: top;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-preview + .search-result-preview {\n  margin-top: $sp-1;\n}\n\n.search-result-highlight {\n  font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n.search-no-result {\n  padding: $sp-2 $sp-3;\n  @include fs-3;\n}\n\n.search-button {\n  position: fixed;\n  right: $sp-4;\n  bottom: $sp-4;\n  display: flex;\n  width: $sp-9;\n  height: $sp-9;\n  background-color: $search-background-color;\n  border: 1px solid rgba($link-color, 0.3);\n  border-radius: #{$sp-9 * 0.5};\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n}\n\n.search-overlay {\n  position: fixed;\n  top: 0;\n  left: 0;\n  z-index: 1;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 0;\n  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);\n  opacity: 0;\n  transition:\n    opacity ease $transition-duration,\n    width 0s $transition-duration,\n    height 0s $transition-duration;\n}\n\n.search-active {\n  .search {\n    position: fixed;\n    top: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 0;\n  }\n\n  .search-input-wrap {\n    height: $sp-10;\n    border-radius: 0;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      width: $search-results-width;\n      box-shadow:\n        0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n        0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-input {\n    background-color: $search-background-color;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      padding-left: 2.3rem;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-label {\n    @include mq(md) {\n      padding-left: 0.6rem;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-results {\n    display: block;\n  }\n\n  .search-overlay {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    opacity: 1;\n    transition:\n      opacity ease $transition-duration,\n      width 0s,\n      height 0s;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    .main {\n      position: fixed;\n      right: 0;\n      left: 0;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .main-header {\n    padding-top: $sp-10;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      padding-top: 0;\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// Tables\n// stylelint-disable max-nesting-depth, selector-no-type, selector-max-type\n\n.table-wrapper {\n  display: block;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-5;\n  overflow-x: auto;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n}\n\ntable {\n  display: table;\n  min-width: 100%;\n  border-collapse: separate;\n}\n\nth,\ntd {\n  @include fs-3;\n\n  min-width: 7.5rem;\n  padding: $sp-2 $sp-3;\n  background-color: $table-background-color;\n  border-bottom: $border rgba($border-color, 0.5);\n  border-left: $border $border-color;\n\n  &:first-of-type {\n    border-left: 0;\n  }\n}\n\ntbody {\n  tr {\n    &:last-of-type {\n      th,\n      td {\n        border-bottom: 0;\n      }\n\n      td {\n        padding-bottom: $sp-3;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nthead {\n  th {\n    border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  }\n}\n","// Code and syntax highlighting\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-qualifying-type, declaration-block-semicolon-newline-after,declaration-block-single-line-max-declarations, selector-no-type, selector-max-type, scss/comment-no-empty\n\n// {% raw %}\n\n// This instruction applies to all queues not within 'pre' or 'figure', avoiding 'code' generated by the highlight.\n:not(pre, figure) {\n  & > code {\n    padding: 0.2em 0.15em;\n    font-weight: 400;\n    background-color: $code-background-color;\n    border: $border $border-color;\n    border-radius: $border-radius;\n  }\n}\n\n// Avoid appearance of dark border around visited code links in Safari\na:visited code {\n  border-color: $border-color;\n}\n\n// Content structure for highlighted code blocks using fences or Liquid\n//\n// ```[LANG]...```, no kramdown line_numbers:\n//   div.[language-LANG.]highlighter-rouge > div.highlight > pre.highlight > code\n//\n// ```[LANG]...```, kramdown line_numbers = true:\n//   div.[language-LANG.]highlighter-rouge > div.highlight > pre.highlight > code\n//   > div.table-wrapper > table.rouge-table > tbody > tr\n//   > td.rouge-gutter.gl > pre.lineno\n//   | td.rouge-code > pre\n//\n// {% highlight LANG %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n//   figure.highlight > pre > code.language-LANG\n//\n// {% highlight LANG linenos %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n//   figure.highlight > pre > code.language-LANG\n//   > div.table-wrapper > table.rouge-table > tbody > tr\n//   > td.gutter.gl > pre.lineno\n//   | td.code > pre\n//\n// ----...---- (AsciiDoc)\n//   div.listingblock > div.content > pre.rouge.highlight\n//\n// fix_linenos removes the outermost pre when it encloses table.rouge-table\n//\n// See docs/index-test.md for some tests.\n//\n// No kramdown line_numbers: fences and Liquid highlighting look the same.\n// Kramdown line_numbers = true: fences have a wider gutter than with Liquid?\n\n// ```[LANG]...```\n// or in AsciiDoc:\n//\n//     ----\n//     ...\n//     ----\n\n// the code may appear with 3 different types:\n// container \\ case:  default case,          code with line number,   code with html rendering\n// top level:         div.highlighter-rouge, figure.highlight,        figure.highlight\n// second level:      div.highlight,         div.table-wrapper,       pre.highlight\n// third level:       pre.highlight,         td.code,                 absent\n// last level:        code,                  pre,                     code (optionality)\n// highlighter level: span,                  span,                    span\n// the spacing are only in the second level for case 1, 3 and in the third level for case 2\n// in AsciiDoc, there is a parent container that contains optionally a title and the content.\n\n// select top level container\ndiv.highlighter-rouge,\ndiv.listingblock > div.content,\nfigure.highlight {\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n  background-color: $code-background-color;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow: none;\n  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\n  position: relative;\n  padding: 0;\n\n  // copy button (or other button)\n  // the button appear only when there is a hover on the code or focus on button\n  > button {\n    width: $sp-3;\n    opacity: 0;\n    position: absolute;\n    top: 0;\n    right: 0;\n    border: $sp-3 solid $code-background-color;\n    background-color: $code-background-color;\n    color: $body-text-color;\n    box-sizing: content-box;\n\n    svg {\n      fill: $body-text-color;\n    }\n\n    &:active {\n      text-decoration: none;\n      outline: none;\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n\n    &:focus {\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n  }\n\n  // the button can be seen by doing a simple hover in the code, there is no need to go over the location of the button\n  &:hover {\n    > button {\n      cursor: copy;\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// setting the spacing and scrollbar on the second level for the first case\n// remove all space on the second and third level\n// this is a mixin to accommodate for the slightly different structures generated via Markdown vs AsciiDoc\n@mixin scroll-and-spacing($code-div, $pre-select) {\n  #{$code-div} {\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    padding: $sp-3;\n    margin: 0;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n\n  #{$pre-select},\n  code {\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// for Markdown\ndiv.highlighter-rouge {\n  @include scroll-and-spacing(\"div.highlight\", \"pre.highlight\");\n}\n\n// for AsciiDoc. we also need to fix the margins for its parent container.\ndiv.listingblock {\n  @include scroll-and-spacing(\"div.content\", \"div.content > pre\");\n\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n}\n\n// {% highlight LANG %}...{% endhighlight %},\n// {% highlight LANG linenos %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n\n// setting the spacing and scrollbar on the second level for the thirt case\n// the css rule are apply only to the last code enviroment\n// setting the scroolbar\nfigure.highlight {\n  pre,\n  :not(pre) > code {\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    padding: $sp-3;\n    margin: 0;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// ```[LANG]...```, kramdown line_numbers = true,\n// {% highlight LANG linenos %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n\n// setting the spacing and scrollbar on the thirt level for the second case\n.highlight .table-wrapper {\n  padding: $sp-3 0;\n  margin: 0;\n  border: 0;\n  box-shadow: none;\n\n  td,\n  pre {\n    @include fs-2;\n\n    min-width: 0;\n    padding: 0;\n    background-color: $code-background-color;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n\n  td.gl {\n    width: 1em;\n    padding-right: $sp-3;\n    padding-left: $sp-3;\n  }\n\n  pre {\n    margin: 0;\n    line-height: 2;\n  }\n}\n\n// Code examples: html render of a code\n.code-example,\n.listingblock > .title {\n  padding: $sp-3;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n  overflow: auto;\n  border: 1px solid $border-color;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n\n  + .highlighter-rouge,\n  + .sectionbody .listingblock,\n  + .content,\n  + figure.highlight {\n    position: relative;\n    margin-top: -$sp-4;\n    border-right: 1px solid $border-color;\n    border-bottom: 1px solid $border-color;\n    border-left: 1px solid $border-color;\n    border-top-left-radius: 0;\n    border-top-right-radius: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// Mermaid diagram code blocks should be left unstyled.\ncode.language-mermaid {\n  padding: 0;\n  background-color: inherit;\n  border: 0;\n}\n\n// Override OneDarkJekyll Colors for Code Blocks\n.highlight,\npre.highlight {\n  background: $code-background-color; // Code Background\n  // For Backwards Compatibility Before $code-linenumber-color was added\n  @if variable-exists(code-linenumber-color) {\n    color: $code-linenumber-color; // Code Line Numbers\n  } @else {\n    color: $body-text-color; // Code Line Numbers\n  }\n}\n\n// Override OneDarkJekyll Colors for Code Blocks\n.highlight pre {\n  background: $code-background-color; // Code Background\n}\n\n// {% endraw %}\n","// Utility classes for colors\n\n// Text colors\n\n.text-grey-dk-000 {\n  color: $grey-dk-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-100 {\n  color: $grey-dk-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-200 {\n  color: $grey-dk-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-250 {\n  color: $grey-dk-250 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-300 {\n  color: $grey-dk-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-000 {\n  color: $grey-lt-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-100 {\n  color: $grey-lt-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-200 {\n  color: $grey-lt-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-300 {\n  color: $grey-lt-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-000 {\n  color: $blue-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-100 {\n  color: $blue-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-200 {\n  color: $blue-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-300 {\n  color: $blue-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-000 {\n  color: $green-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-100 {\n  color: $green-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-200 {\n  color: $green-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-300 {\n  color: $green-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-000 {\n  color: $purple-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-100 {\n  color: $purple-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-200 {\n  color: $purple-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-300 {\n  color: $purple-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-000 {\n  color: $yellow-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-100 {\n  color: $yellow-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-200 {\n  color: $yellow-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-300 {\n  color: $yellow-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-000 {\n  color: $red-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-100 {\n  color: $red-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-200 {\n  color: $red-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-300 {\n  color: $red-300 !important;\n}\n\n// Background colors\n\n.bg-grey-dk-000 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-100 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-200 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-250 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-250 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-300 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-000 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-100 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-200 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-300 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-000 {\n  background-color: $blue-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-100 {\n  background-color: $blue-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-200 {\n  background-color: $blue-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-300 {\n  background-color: $blue-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-000 {\n  background-color: $green-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-100 {\n  background-color: $green-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-200 {\n  background-color: $green-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-300 {\n  background-color: $green-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-000 {\n  background-color: $purple-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-100 {\n  background-color: $purple-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-200 {\n  background-color: $purple-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-300 {\n  background-color: $purple-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-000 {\n  background-color: $yellow-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-100 {\n  background-color: $yellow-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-200 {\n  background-color: $yellow-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-300 {\n  background-color: $yellow-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-000 {\n  background-color: $red-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-100 {\n  background-color: $red-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-200 {\n  background-color: $red-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-300 {\n  background-color: $red-300 !important;\n}\n","// Utility classes for layout\n\n// Display\n\n.d-block {\n  display: block !important;\n}\n\n.d-flex {\n  display: flex !important;\n}\n\n.d-inline {\n  display: inline !important;\n}\n\n.d-inline-block {\n  display: inline-block !important;\n}\n\n.d-none {\n  display: none !important;\n}\n\n@each $media-query in map-keys($media-queries) {\n  @for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n    @include mq($media-query) {\n      $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n      $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n      // .d-sm-block, .d-md-none, .d-lg-inline\n      .d-#{$media-query}-block {\n        display: block !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-flex {\n        display: flex !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-inline {\n        display: inline !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-inline-block {\n        display: inline-block !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-none {\n        display: none !important;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// Horizontal alignment\n\n.float-left {\n  float: left !important;\n}\n\n.float-right {\n  float: right !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-start {\n  justify-content: flex-start !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-end {\n  justify-content: flex-end !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-between {\n  justify-content: space-between !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-around {\n  justify-content: space-around !important;\n}\n\n// Vertical alignment\n\n.v-align-baseline {\n  vertical-align: baseline !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-bottom {\n  vertical-align: bottom !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-middle {\n  vertical-align: middle !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-text-bottom {\n  vertical-align: text-bottom !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-text-top {\n  vertical-align: text-top !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-top {\n  vertical-align: top !important;\n}\n","// Utility classes for typography\n\n.fs-1 {\n  @include fs-1;\n}\n\n.fs-2 {\n  @include fs-2;\n}\n\n.fs-3 {\n  @include fs-3;\n}\n\n.fs-4 {\n  @include fs-4;\n}\n\n.fs-5 {\n  @include fs-5;\n}\n\n.fs-6 {\n  @include fs-6;\n}\n\n.fs-7 {\n  @include fs-7;\n}\n\n.fs-8 {\n  @include fs-8;\n}\n\n.fs-9 {\n  @include fs-9;\n}\n\n.fs-10 {\n  @include fs-10;\n}\n\n.fw-300 {\n  font-weight: 300 !important;\n}\n\n.fw-400 {\n  font-weight: 400 !important;\n}\n\n.fw-500 {\n  font-weight: 500 !important;\n}\n\n.fw-700 {\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\n}\n\n.lh-0 {\n  line-height: 0 !important;\n}\n\n.lh-default {\n  line-height: $body-line-height;\n}\n\n.lh-tight {\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n}\n\n.ls-5 {\n  letter-spacing: 0.05em !important;\n}\n\n.ls-10 {\n  letter-spacing: 0.1em !important;\n}\n\n.ls-0 {\n  letter-spacing: 0 !important;\n}\n\n.text-uppercase {\n  text-transform: uppercase !important;\n}\n","// Utility classes for lists\n\n// stylelint-disable selector-max-type\n\n.list-style-none {\n  padding: 0 !important;\n  margin: 0 !important;\n  list-style: none !important;\n\n  li {\n    &::before {\n      display: none !important;\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// Utility classes for margins and padding\n\n// stylelint-disable block-opening-brace-space-after, block-opening-brace-space-before\n\n// Margin spacer utilities\n\n.mx-auto {\n  margin-right: auto !important;\n  margin-left: auto !important;\n}\n\n@for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n  $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n  $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n  // .m-0, .m-1, .m-2...\n  .m-#{$scale} {\n    margin: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mt-#{$scale} {\n    margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mr-#{$scale} {\n    margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mb-#{$scale} {\n    margin-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .ml-#{$scale} {\n    margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .mx-#{$scale} {\n    margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n    margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .my-#{$scale} {\n    margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n    margin-bottom: #{$size} 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box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    padding: .8rem;\n    > p:first-child {\n      margin-top: 0;\n      margin-bottom: 0;\n      color: $purple-300;\n      display: block;\n      font-weight: bold;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      font-size: .75em;\n      padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n}\n\nblockquote.note {\n  margin-left: 0;\n  margin-right: 0;\n  \n  > p:first-child {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n    \n  > p:last-child {\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n  }\n}\n\nblockquote.note-title {\n  margin-left: 0;\n  margin-right: 0;\n  \n  > p:nth-child(2) {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n    \n  > p:last-child {\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n\n@import \"./custom/custom\";\n\n\n"],"file":"just-the-docs-default.css"}
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diff --git a/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-head-nav.css b/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-head-nav.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 552a3af78f66368377f9238774d23e26c23f5a56..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-head-nav.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-light.css b/_site/assets/css/just-the-docs-light.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 48d0a4e46e66ec3ed743775af64ca1cae39dfc9b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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-.site-footer {
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-.icon {
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-h1,
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-h2,
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-  }
-  .mxn-xs-2 {
-    margin-right: -0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-3 {
-    margin: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-3 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-3 {
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-3 {
-    margin-right: -0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.75rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-4 {
-    margin: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-4 {
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-4 {
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-4 {
-    margin-right: -1rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-5 {
-    margin: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-5 {
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-5 {
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-5 {
-    margin-right: -1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-6 {
-    margin: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-6 {
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-6 {
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-6 {
-    margin-right: -2rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-7 {
-    margin: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-7 {
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-7 {
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-7 {
-    margin-right: -2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-8 {
-    margin: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-8 {
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-8 {
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-8 {
-    margin-right: -3rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-9 {
-    margin: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-9 {
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-9 {
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-9 {
-    margin-right: -3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 20rem) {
-  .m-xs-10 {
-    margin: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-xs-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-xs-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-xs-10 {
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-xs-10 {
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-xs-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-xs-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-xs-10 {
-    margin-right: -4rem !important;
-    margin-left: -4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-0 {
-    margin: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-0 {
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-0 {
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-0 {
-    margin-right: -0 !important;
-    margin-left: -0 !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-1 {
-    margin: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-1 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-1 {
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-1 {
-    margin-right: -0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.25rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-2 {
-    margin: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-2 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-2 {
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-2 {
-    margin-right: -0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-3 {
-    margin: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-3 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-3 {
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-3 {
-    margin-right: -0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.75rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-4 {
-    margin: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-4 {
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-4 {
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-4 {
-    margin-right: -1rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-5 {
-    margin: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-5 {
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-5 {
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-5 {
-    margin-right: -1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-6 {
-    margin: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-6 {
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-6 {
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-6 {
-    margin-right: -2rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-7 {
-    margin: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-7 {
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-7 {
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-7 {
-    margin-right: -2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-8 {
-    margin: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-8 {
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-8 {
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-8 {
-    margin-right: 3rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-8 {
-    margin-top: 3rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-8 {
-    margin-right: -3rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-9 {
-    margin: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-9 {
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-9 {
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-9 {
-    margin-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-9 {
-    margin-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-9 {
-    margin-right: -3.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -3.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 31.25rem) {
-  .m-sm-10 {
-    margin: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-sm-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-sm-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-sm-10 {
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-sm-10 {
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-sm-10 {
-    margin-right: 4rem !important;
-    margin-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-sm-10 {
-    margin-top: 4rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-sm-10 {
-    margin-right: -4rem !important;
-    margin-left: -4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-0 {
-    margin: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-0 {
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-0 {
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-0 {
-    margin-right: 0 !important;
-    margin-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-0 {
-    margin-top: 0 !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-0 {
-    margin-right: -0 !important;
-    margin-left: -0 !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-1 {
-    margin: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-1 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-1 {
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-1 {
-    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-1 {
-    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-1 {
-    margin-right: -0.25rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.25rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-2 {
-    margin: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-2 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-2 {
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-2 {
-    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-2 {
-    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-2 {
-    margin-right: -0.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-3 {
-    margin: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-3 {
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-3 {
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-3 {
-    margin-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-3 {
-    margin-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-3 {
-    margin-right: -0.75rem !important;
-    margin-left: -0.75rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-4 {
-    margin: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-4 {
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-4 {
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-4 {
-    margin-right: 1rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-4 {
-    margin-top: 1rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-4 {
-    margin-right: -1rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-5 {
-    margin: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-5 {
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-5 {
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-5 {
-    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-5 {
-    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-5 {
-    margin-right: -1.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: -1.5rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-6 {
-    margin: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-6 {
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-6 {
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-6 {
-    margin-right: 2rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-6 {
-    margin-top: 2rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-6 {
-    margin-right: -2rem !important;
-    margin-left: -2rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 50rem) {
-  .m-md-7 {
-    margin: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mt-md-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mr-md-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mb-md-7 {
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .ml-md-7 {
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mx-md-7 {
-    margin-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .my-md-7 {
-    margin-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    margin-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .mxn-md-7 {
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-.px-2 {
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-.pt-3 {
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-.pb-3 {
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-.pl-3 {
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-.px-3 {
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-.pb-4 {
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-.pl-4 {
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-.px-4 {
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-.py-4 {
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-.p-5 {
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-.pt-5 {
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-.pr-5 {
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-.pb-5 {
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-.pl-5 {
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-.px-5 {
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-.py-5 {
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-.p-6 {
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-.pt-6 {
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-.pr-6 {
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-.pb-6 {
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-.pl-6 {
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-.px-6 {
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-  padding-left: 2rem !important;
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-.py-6 {
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-.p-7 {
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-.pt-7 {
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-.pr-7 {
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-.pb-7 {
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-.pl-7 {
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-.px-7 {
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-.py-7 {
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-.px-9 {
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-.px-10 {
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-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
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-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
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-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
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-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
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-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
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-  .p-md-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
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-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
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-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
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-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
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-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
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-  }
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-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-md-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-md-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-md-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-md-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-md-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-md-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-md-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 66.5rem) {
-  .p-lg-0 {
-    padding: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-0 {
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-0 {
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-1 {
-    padding: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-1 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-1 {
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-2 {
-    padding: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-2 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-lg-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-lg-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-lg-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-lg-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-lg-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-lg-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-lg-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 87.5rem) {
-  .p-xl-0 {
-    padding: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-0 {
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-0 {
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-0 {
-    padding-right: 0 !important;
-    padding-left: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-0 {
-    padding-top: 0 !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-1 {
-    padding: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-1 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-1 {
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-1 {
-    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-1 {
-    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-2 {
-    padding: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-2 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-2 {
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-2 {
-    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-2 {
-    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-3 {
-    padding: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-3 {
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-3 {
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-3 {
-    padding-right: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-left: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-3 {
-    padding-top: 0.75rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 0.75rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-4 {
-    padding: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-4 {
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-4 {
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-4 {
-    padding-right: 1rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-4 {
-    padding-top: 1rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-5 {
-    padding: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-5 {
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-5 {
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-5 {
-    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-5 {
-    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-6 {
-    padding: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-6 {
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-6 {
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-6 {
-    padding-right: 2rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-6 {
-    padding-top: 2rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-7 {
-    padding: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-7 {
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-7 {
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-7 {
-    padding-right: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-7 {
-    padding-top: 2.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 2.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-8 {
-    padding: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-8 {
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-8 {
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-8 {
-    padding-right: 3rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-8 {
-    padding-top: 3rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-9 {
-    padding: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-9 {
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-9 {
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-9 {
-    padding-right: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-left: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-9 {
-    padding-top: 3.5rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 3.5rem !important;
-  }
-  .p-xl-10 {
-    padding: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pt-xl-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pr-xl-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pb-xl-10 {
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .pl-xl-10 {
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .px-xl-10 {
-    padding-right: 4rem !important;
-    padding-left: 4rem !important;
-  }
-  .py-xl-10 {
-    padding-top: 4rem !important;
-    padding-bottom: 4rem !important;
-  }
-}
-@media print {
-  .site-footer,
-  .site-button,
-  #edit-this-page,
-  #back-to-top,
-  .site-nav,
-  .main-header {
-    display: none !important;
-  }
-  .side-bar {
-    width: 100%;
-    height: auto;
-    border-right: 0 !important;
-  }
-  .site-header {
-    border-bottom: 1px solid #eeebee;
-  }
-  .site-title {
-    font-size: 1rem !important;
-    font-weight: 700 !important;
-  }
-  .text-small {
-    font-size: 8pt !important;
-  }
-  pre.highlight {
-    border: 1px solid #eeebee;
-  }
-  .main {
-    max-width: none;
-    margin-left: 0;
-  }
-}
-a.skip-to-main {
-  left: -999px;
-  position: absolute;
-  top: auto;
-  width: 1px;
-  height: 1px;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  z-index: -999;
-}
-
-a.skip-to-main:focus,
-a.skip-to-main:active {
-  color: #7253ed;
-  background-color: #fff;
-  left: auto;
-  top: auto;
-  width: 30%;
-  height: auto;
-  overflow: auto;
-  margin: 10px 35%;
-  padding: 5px;
-  border-radius: 15px;
-  border: 4px solid #5e41d0;
-  text-align: center;
-  font-size: 1.2em;
-  z-index: 999;
-}
-
-div.opaque {
-  background-color: #fff;
-}
-
-p.warning, blockquote.warning {
-  background: rgba(247, 126, 126, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #dd2e2e;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-  padding: 0.8rem;
-}
-p.warning::before, blockquote.warning::before {
-  color: #dd2e2e;
-  content: "Warning";
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-p.warning > .warning-title, blockquote.warning > .warning-title {
-  color: #dd2e2e;
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-
-p.warning-title, blockquote.warning-title {
-  background: rgba(247, 126, 126, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #dd2e2e;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
-  padding: 0.8rem;
-}
-p.warning-title > p:first-child, blockquote.warning-title > p:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-  color: #dd2e2e;
-  display: block;
-  font-weight: bold;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  font-size: 0.75em;
-  padding-bottom: 0.125rem;
-}
-
-blockquote.warning {
-  margin-left: 0;
-  margin-right: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning > p:first-child {
-  margin-top: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning > p:last-child {
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-}
-
-blockquote.warning-title {
-  margin-left: 0;
-  margin-right: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning-title > p:nth-child(2) {
-  margin-top: 0;
-}
-blockquote.warning-title > p:last-child {
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-}
-
-p.note, blockquote.note {
-  background: rgba(114, 83, 237, 0.2);
-  border-left: 4px solid #381885;
-  border-radius: 4px;
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github.com/necolas/normalize.css */\n\n/* Document\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers.\n * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS.\n */\n\nhtml {\n  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */\n  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/* Sections\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Remove the margin in all browsers.\n */\n\nbody {\n  margin: 0;\n}\n\n/**\n * Render the `main` element consistently in IE.\n */\n\nmain {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and\n * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.\n */\n\nh1 {\n  font-size: 2em;\n  margin: 0.67em 0;\n}\n\n/* Grouping content\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox.\n * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE.\n */\n\nhr {\n  box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */\n  height: 0; /* 1 */\n  overflow: visible; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers.\n * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers.\n */\n\npre {\n  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */\n  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/* Text-level semantics\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10.\n */\n\na {\n  background-color: transparent;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57-\n * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari.\n */\n\nabbr[title] {\n  border-bottom: none; /* 1 */\n  text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */\n  text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari.\n */\n\nb,\nstrong {\n  font-weight: bolder;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers.\n * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers.\n */\n\ncode,\nkbd,\nsamp {\n  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */\n  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct font size in all browsers.\n */\n\nsmall {\n  font-size: 80%;\n}\n\n/**\n * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in\n * all browsers.\n */\n\nsub,\nsup {\n  font-size: 75%;\n  line-height: 0;\n  position: relative;\n  vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nsub {\n  bottom: -0.25em;\n}\n\nsup {\n  top: -0.5em;\n}\n\n/* Embedded content\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10.\n */\n\nimg {\n  border-style: none;\n}\n\n/* Forms\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers.\n * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari.\n */\n\nbutton,\ninput,\noptgroup,\nselect,\ntextarea {\n  font-family: inherit; /* 1 */\n  font-size: 100%; /* 1 */\n  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */\n  margin: 0; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Show the overflow in IE.\n * 1. Show the overflow in Edge.\n */\n\nbutton,\ninput {\n  /* 1 */\n  overflow: visible;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE.\n * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox.\n */\n\nbutton,\nselect {\n  /* 1 */\n  text-transform: none;\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari.\n */\n\nbutton,\n[type=\"button\"],\n[type=\"reset\"],\n[type=\"submit\"] {\n  -webkit-appearance: button;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox.\n */\n\nbutton::-moz-focus-inner,\n[type=\"button\"]::-moz-focus-inner,\n[type=\"reset\"]::-moz-focus-inner,\n[type=\"submit\"]::-moz-focus-inner {\n  border-style: none;\n  padding: 0;\n}\n\n/**\n * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule.\n */\n\nbutton:-moz-focusring,\n[type=\"button\"]:-moz-focusring,\n[type=\"reset\"]:-moz-focusring,\n[type=\"submit\"]:-moz-focusring {\n  outline: 1px dotted ButtonText;\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the padding in Firefox.\n */\n\nfieldset {\n  padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE.\n * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE.\n * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out\n *    `fieldset` elements in all browsers.\n */\n\nlegend {\n  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */\n  color: inherit; /* 2 */\n  display: table; /* 1 */\n  max-width: 100%; /* 1 */\n  padding: 0; /* 3 */\n  white-space: normal; /* 1 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera.\n */\n\nprogress {\n  vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+.\n */\n\ntextarea {\n  overflow: auto;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10.\n * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10.\n */\n\n[type=\"checkbox\"],\n[type=\"radio\"] {\n  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */\n  padding: 0; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome.\n */\n\n[type=\"number\"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,\n[type=\"number\"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {\n  height: auto;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari.\n * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari.\n */\n\n[type=\"search\"] {\n  -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */\n  outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS.\n */\n\n[type=\"search\"]::-webkit-search-decoration {\n  -webkit-appearance: none;\n}\n\n/**\n * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari.\n * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari.\n */\n\n::-webkit-file-upload-button {\n  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */\n  font: inherit; /* 2 */\n}\n\n/* Interactive\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/*\n * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox.\n */\n\ndetails {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n/*\n * Add the correct display in all browsers.\n */\n\nsummary {\n  display: list-item;\n}\n\n/* Misc\n   ========================================================================== */\n\n/**\n * Add the correct display in IE 10+.\n */\n\ntemplate {\n  display: none;\n}\n\n/**\n * Add the correct display in IE 10.\n */\n\n[hidden] {\n  display: none;\n}\n","// Base element style overrides\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id\n\n:root {\n  color-scheme: $color-scheme;\n}\n\n* {\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nhtml {\n  @include fs-4;\n\n  scroll-behavior: smooth;\n}\n\nbody {\n  font-family: $body-font-family;\n  font-size: inherit;\n  line-height: $body-line-height;\n  color: $body-text-color;\n  background-color: $body-background-color;\n  overflow-wrap: break-word;\n}\n\nol,\nul,\ndl,\npre,\naddress,\nblockquote,\ntable,\ndiv,\nhr,\nform,\nfieldset,\nnoscript .table-wrapper {\n  margin-top: 0;\n}\n\nh1,\nh2,\nh3,\nh4,\nh5,\nh6,\n#toctitle {\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: 1em;\n  font-weight: 500;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n  color: $body-heading-color;\n}\n\np {\n  margin-top: 1em;\n  margin-bottom: 1em;\n}\n\na {\n  color: $link-color;\n  text-decoration: none;\n}\n\na:not([class]) {\n  text-decoration: underline;\n  text-decoration-color: $border-color;\n  text-underline-offset: 2px;\n\n  &:hover {\n    text-decoration-color: rgba($link-color, 0.45);\n  }\n}\n\ncode {\n  font-family: $mono-font-family;\n  font-size: 0.75em;\n  line-height: $body-line-height;\n}\n\nfigure,\npre {\n  margin: 0;\n}\n\nli {\n  margin: 0.25em 0;\n}\n\nimg {\n  max-width: 100%;\n  height: auto;\n}\n\nhr {\n  height: 1px;\n  padding: 0;\n  margin: $sp-6 0;\n  background-color: $border-color;\n  border: 0;\n}\n\n// adds a GitHub-style sidebar to blockquotes\nblockquote {\n  margin: 10px 0;\n\n  // resets user-agent stylesheets for blockquotes\n  margin-block-start: 0;\n  margin-inline-start: 0;\n  padding-left: 1rem;\n  border-left: 3px solid $border-color;\n}\n","$color-scheme: light !default;\n$body-background-color: $white !default;\n$body-heading-color: $grey-dk-300 !default;\n$body-text-color: $grey-dk-100 !default;\n$link-color: $purple-000 !default;\n$nav-child-link-color: $grey-dk-100 !default;\n$sidebar-color: $grey-lt-000 !default;\n$base-button-color: #f7f7f7 !default;\n$btn-primary-color: $purple-100 !default;\n$code-background-color: $grey-lt-000 !default;\n$feedback-color: darken($sidebar-color, 3%) !default;\n$table-background-color: $white !default;\n$search-background-color: $white !default;\n$search-result-preview-color: $grey-dk-000 !default;\n\n@import \"./vendor/OneLightJekyll/syntax\";\n","@mixin fs-1 {\n  font-size: $font-size-1 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-1-sm !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-2 {\n  font-size: $font-size-2 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-3 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-3 {\n  font-size: $font-size-3 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-4 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-4 {\n  font-size: $font-size-4 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-5 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-5 {\n  font-size: $font-size-5 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-6 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-6 {\n  font-size: $font-size-6 !important;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-7 !important;\n    line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-7 {\n  font-size: $font-size-7 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-8 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-8 {\n  font-size: $font-size-8 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-9 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-9 {\n  font-size: $font-size-9 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-10 !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@mixin fs-10 {\n  font-size: $font-size-10 !important;\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    font-size: $font-size-10-sm !important;\n  }\n}\n","// Media query\n\n// Media query mixin\n// Usage:\n// @include mq(md) {\n//   ..medium and up styles\n// }\n@mixin mq($name) {\n  // Retrieves the value from the key\n  $value: map-get($media-queries, $name);\n\n  // If the key exists in the map\n  @if $value {\n    // Prints a media query based on the value\n    @media (min-width: $value) {\n      @content;\n    }\n  } @else {\n    @warn \"No value could be retrieved from `#{$media-query}`. Please make sure it is defined in `$media-queries` map.\";\n  }\n}\n\n// Responsive container\n\n@mixin container {\n  padding-right: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  padding-left: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-right: $gutter-spacing;\n    padding-left: $gutter-spacing;\n  }\n}\n","// Typography\n\n// prettier-ignore\n$body-font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, \"Segoe UI\",\n  roboto, \"Helvetica Neue\", arial, sans-serif, \"Segoe UI Emoji\" !default;\n$mono-font-family: \"SFMono-Regular\", menlo, consolas, monospace !default;\n$root-font-size: 16px !default; // DEPRECATED: previously base font-size for rems\n$body-line-height: 1.4 !default;\n$content-line-height: 1.6 !default;\n$body-heading-line-height: 1.25 !default;\n\n// Font size\n// `-sm` suffix is the size at the small (and above) media query\n\n$font-size-1: 0.5625rem !default;\n$font-size-1-sm: 0.625rem !default;\n$font-size-2: 0.6875rem !default; // h4 - uppercased!, h6 not uppercased, text-small\n$font-size-3: 0.75rem !default; // h5\n$font-size-4: 0.875rem !default;\n$font-size-5: 1rem !default; // h3\n$font-size-6: 1.125rem !default; // h2\n$font-size-7: 1.5rem !default;\n$font-size-8: 2rem !default; // h1\n$font-size-9: 2.25rem !default;\n$font-size-10: 2.625rem !default;\n$font-size-10-sm: 3rem !default;\n\n// Colors\n\n$white: #fff !default;\n$grey-dk-000: #959396 !default;\n$grey-dk-100: #5c5962 !default;\n$grey-dk-200: #44434d !default;\n$grey-dk-250: #302d36 !default;\n$grey-dk-300: #27262b !default;\n$grey-lt-000: #f5f6fa !default;\n$grey-lt-100: #eeebee !default;\n$grey-lt-200: #ecebed !default;\n$grey-lt-300: #e6e1e8 !default;\n$purple-000: #7253ed !default;\n$purple-100: #5e41d0 !default;\n$purple-200: #4e26af !default;\n$purple-300: #381885 !default;\n$blue-000: #2c84fa !default;\n$blue-100: #2869e6 !default;\n$blue-200: #264caf !default;\n$blue-300: #183385 !default;\n$green-000: #41d693 !default;\n$green-100: #11b584 !default;\n$green-200: #009c7b !default;\n$green-300: #026e57 !default;\n$yellow-000: #ffeb82 !default;\n$yellow-100: #fadf50 !default;\n$yellow-200: #f7d12e !default;\n$yellow-300: #e7af06 !default;\n$red-000: #f77e7e !default;\n$red-100: #f96e65 !default;\n$red-200: #e94c4c !default;\n$red-300: #dd2e2e !default;\n\n// Spacing\n\n$spacing-unit: 1rem; // 1rem == 16px\n\n$spacers: (\n  sp-0: 0,\n  sp-1: $spacing-unit * 0.25,\n  sp-2: $spacing-unit * 0.5,\n  sp-3: $spacing-unit * 0.75,\n  sp-4: $spacing-unit,\n  sp-5: $spacing-unit * 1.5,\n  sp-6: $spacing-unit * 2,\n  sp-7: $spacing-unit * 2.5,\n  sp-8: $spacing-unit * 3,\n  sp-9: $spacing-unit * 3.5,\n  sp-10: $spacing-unit * 4,\n) !default;\n$sp-1: map-get($spacers, sp-1) !default; // 0.25 rem == 4px\n$sp-2: map-get($spacers, sp-2) !default; // 0.5  rem == 8px\n$sp-3: map-get($spacers, sp-3) !default; // 0.75 rem == 12px\n$sp-4: map-get($spacers, sp-4) !default; // 1    rem == 16px\n$sp-5: map-get($spacers, sp-5) !default; // 1.5  rem == 24px\n$sp-6: map-get($spacers, sp-6) !default; // 2    rem == 32px\n$sp-7: map-get($spacers, sp-7) !default; // 2.5  rem == 40px\n$sp-8: map-get($spacers, sp-8) !default; // 3    rem == 48px\n$sp-9: map-get($spacers, sp-9) !default; // 3.5  rem == 56px\n$sp-10: map-get($spacers, sp-10) !default; // 4  rem == 64px\n\n// Borders\n\n$border: 1px solid !default;\n$border-radius: 4px !default;\n$border-color: $grey-lt-100 !default;\n\n// Grid system\n\n$gutter-spacing: $sp-6 !default;\n$gutter-spacing-sm: $sp-4 !default;\n$nav-width: 16.5rem !default;\n$nav-width-md: 15.5rem !default;\n$nav-list-item-height: $sp-6 !default;\n$nav-list-item-height-sm: $sp-8 !default;\n$nav-list-expander-right: true;\n$content-width: 50rem !default;\n$header-height: 3.75rem !default;\n$search-results-width: $content-width - $nav-width !default;\n$transition-duration: 400ms;\n\n// Media queries in pixels\n\n$media-queries: (\n  xs: 20rem,\n  sm: 31.25rem,\n  md: $content-width,\n  lg: $content-width + $nav-width,\n  xl: 87.5rem,\n) !default;\n","// The basic two column layout\n\n.side-bar {\n  z-index: 0;\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  background-color: $sidebar-color;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    flex-flow: column nowrap;\n    position: fixed;\n    width: $nav-width-md;\n    height: 100%;\n    border-right: $border $border-color;\n    align-items: flex-end;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(lg) {\n    width: calc((100% - #{$nav-width + $content-width}) / 2 + #{$nav-width});\n    min-width: $nav-width;\n  }\n}\n\n.main {\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: relative;\n    max-width: $content-width;\n    margin-left: $nav-width-md;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(lg) {\n    // stylelint-disable function-name-case\n    // disable for Max(), we want to use the CSS max() function\n    margin-left: Max(\n      #{$nav-width},\n      calc((100% - #{$nav-width + $content-width}) / 2 + #{$nav-width})\n    );\n    // stylelint-enable function-name-case\n  }\n}\n\n.main-content-wrap {\n  @include container;\n\n  padding-top: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  padding-bottom: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-top: $gutter-spacing;\n    padding-bottom: $gutter-spacing;\n  }\n}\n\n.main-header {\n  z-index: 0;\n  display: none;\n  background-color: $sidebar-color;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    display: flex;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    height: $header-height;\n    background-color: $body-background-color;\n    border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  }\n\n  &.nav-open {\n    display: block;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      display: flex;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.site-nav,\n.site-header,\n.site-footer {\n  width: 100%;\n\n  @include mq(lg) {\n    width: $nav-width;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-nav {\n  display: none;\n\n  &.nav-open {\n    display: block;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    display: block;\n    padding-top: $sp-8;\n    padding-bottom: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n    overflow-y: auto;\n    flex: 1 1 auto;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-header {\n  display: flex;\n  min-height: $header-height;\n  align-items: center;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    height: $header-height;\n    max-height: $header-height;\n    border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-title {\n  @include container;\n\n  flex-grow: 1;\n  display: flex;\n  height: 100%;\n  align-items: center;\n  padding-top: $sp-3;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-3;\n  color: $body-heading-color;\n  @include fs-6;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-top: $sp-2;\n    padding-bottom: $sp-2;\n  }\n}\n\n@if variable-exists(logo) {\n  .site-logo {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    background-image: url($logo);\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    background-position: left center;\n    background-size: contain;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-button {\n  display: flex;\n  height: 100%;\n  padding: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  align-items: center;\n}\n\n@include mq(md) {\n  .site-header .site-button {\n    display: none;\n  }\n}\n\n.site-title:hover {\n  background-image: linear-gradient(\n    -90deg,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 80%,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 0) 100%\n  );\n}\n\n.site-button:hover {\n  background-image: linear-gradient(\n    -90deg,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n    rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 100%\n  );\n}\n\n// stylelint-disable selector-max-type\n\nbody {\n  position: relative;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-10;\n  overflow-y: scroll;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: static;\n    padding-bottom: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// stylelint-enable selector-max-type\n\n.site-footer {\n  @include container;\n\n  position: absolute;\n  bottom: 0;\n  left: 0;\n  padding-top: $sp-4;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-4;\n  color: $grey-dk-000;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: static;\n    justify-self: end;\n  }\n}\n\n.icon {\n  width: $sp-5;\n  height: $sp-5;\n  color: $link-color;\n}\n","@charset \"UTF-8\";\n\n// Styles for rendered markdown in the .main-content container\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, max-nesting-depth, selector-max-compound-selectors, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id\n\n.main-content {\n  line-height: $content-line-height;\n\n  ol,\n  ul,\n  dl,\n  pre,\n  address,\n  blockquote,\n  .table-wrapper {\n    margin-top: 0.5em;\n  }\n\n  a {\n    overflow: hidden;\n    text-overflow: ellipsis;\n  }\n\n  ul,\n  ol {\n    padding-left: 1.5em;\n  }\n\n  li {\n    .highlight {\n      margin-top: $sp-1;\n    }\n  }\n\n  ol {\n    list-style-type: none;\n    counter-reset: step-counter;\n\n    > li {\n      position: relative;\n\n      &::before {\n        position: absolute;\n        top: 0.2em;\n        left: -1.6em;\n        color: $grey-dk-000;\n        content: counter(step-counter);\n        counter-increment: step-counter;\n        @include fs-3;\n\n        @include mq(sm) {\n          top: 0.11em;\n        }\n      }\n\n      ol {\n        counter-reset: sub-counter;\n\n        > li {\n          &::before {\n            content: counter(sub-counter, lower-alpha);\n            counter-increment: sub-counter;\n          }\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  ul {\n    list-style: none;\n\n    > li {\n      &::before {\n        position: absolute;\n        margin-left: -1.4em;\n        color: $grey-dk-000;\n        content: \"•\";\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  .task-list-item {\n    &::before {\n      content: \"\";\n    }\n  }\n\n  .task-list-item-checkbox {\n    margin-right: 0.6em;\n    margin-left: -1.4em;\n\n    // The same margin-left is used above for ul > li::before\n  }\n\n  hr + * {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n\n  h1:first-of-type {\n    margin-top: 0.5em;\n  }\n\n  dl {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template: auto / 10em 1fr;\n  }\n\n  dt,\n  dd {\n    margin: 0.25em 0;\n  }\n\n  dt {\n    grid-column: 1;\n    font-weight: 500;\n    text-align: right;\n\n    &::after {\n      content: \":\";\n    }\n  }\n\n  dd {\n    grid-column: 2;\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n    margin-left: 1em;\n\n    blockquote,\n    div,\n    dl,\n    dt,\n    h1,\n    h2,\n    h3,\n    h4,\n    h5,\n    h6,\n    li,\n    ol,\n    p,\n    pre,\n    table,\n    ul,\n    .table-wrapper {\n      &:first-child {\n        margin-top: 0;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  dd,\n  ol,\n  ul {\n    dl:first-child {\n      dt:first-child,\n      dd:nth-child(2) {\n        margin-top: 0;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  .anchor-heading {\n    position: absolute;\n    right: -$sp-4;\n    width: $sp-5;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding-right: $sp-1;\n    padding-left: $sp-1;\n    overflow: visible;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      right: auto;\n      left: -$sp-5;\n    }\n\n    svg {\n      display: inline-block;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      color: $link-color;\n      visibility: hidden;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .anchor-heading:hover,\n  .anchor-heading:focus,\n  h1:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h2:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h3:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h4:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h5:hover > .anchor-heading,\n  h6:hover > .anchor-heading {\n    svg {\n      visibility: visible;\n    }\n  }\n\n  summary {\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  h1,\n  h2,\n  h3,\n  h4,\n  h5,\n  h6,\n  #toctitle {\n    position: relative;\n    margin-top: 1.5em;\n    margin-bottom: 0.25em;\n\n    + table,\n    + .table-wrapper,\n    + .code-example,\n    + .highlighter-rouge,\n    + .sectionbody .listingblock {\n      margin-top: 1em;\n    }\n\n    + p:not(.label) {\n      margin-top: 0;\n    }\n  }\n\n  > h1:first-child,\n  > h2:first-child,\n  > h3:first-child,\n  > h4:first-child,\n  > h5:first-child,\n  > h6:first-child,\n  > .sect1:first-child > h2,\n  > .sect2:first-child > h3,\n  > .sect3:first-child > h4,\n  > .sect4:first-child > h5,\n  > .sect5:first-child > h6 {\n    margin-top: $sp-2;\n  }\n}\n","// Main nav, breadcrumb, etc...\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, max-nesting-depth, selector-max-compound-selectors, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity\n\n.nav-list {\n  padding: 0;\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: 0;\n  list-style: none;\n\n  .nav-list-item {\n    @include fs-4;\n\n    position: relative;\n    margin: 0;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      @include fs-3;\n    }\n\n    .nav-list-link {\n      display: block;\n      min-height: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      padding-top: $sp-1;\n      padding-bottom: $sp-1;\n      line-height: #{$nav-list-item-height-sm - 2 * $sp-1};\n      @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n        padding-right: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n        padding-left: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n      } @else {\n        padding-right: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n        padding-left: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      }\n\n      @include mq(md) {\n        min-height: $nav-list-item-height;\n        line-height: #{$nav-list-item-height - 2 * $sp-1};\n        @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n          padding-right: $nav-list-item-height;\n          padding-left: $gutter-spacing;\n        } @else {\n          padding-right: $gutter-spacing;\n          padding-left: $nav-list-item-height;\n        }\n      }\n\n      &.external > svg {\n        width: $sp-4;\n        height: $sp-4;\n        vertical-align: text-bottom;\n      }\n\n      &.active {\n        font-weight: 600;\n        text-decoration: none;\n      }\n\n      &:hover,\n      &.active {\n        background-image: linear-gradient(\n          -90deg,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 80%,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 0) 100%\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    .nav-list-expander {\n      position: absolute;\n      @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n        right: 0;\n      }\n\n      width: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      height: $nav-list-item-height-sm;\n      padding: #{$nav-list-item-height-sm * 0.25};\n      color: $link-color;\n\n      @include mq(md) {\n        width: $nav-list-item-height;\n        height: $nav-list-item-height;\n        padding: #{$nav-list-item-height * 0.25};\n      }\n\n      &:hover {\n        background-image: linear-gradient(\n          -90deg,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 1) 0%,\n          rgba($feedback-color, 0.8) 100%\n        );\n      }\n\n      @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n        svg {\n          transform: rotate(90deg);\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    > .nav-list {\n      display: none;\n      padding-left: $sp-3;\n      list-style: none;\n\n      .nav-list-item {\n        position: relative;\n\n        .nav-list-link {\n          color: $nav-child-link-color;\n        }\n\n        .nav-list-expander {\n          color: $nav-child-link-color;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    &.active {\n      > .nav-list-expander svg {\n        @if $nav-list-expander-right {\n          transform: rotate(-90deg);\n        } @else {\n          transform: rotate(90deg);\n        }\n      }\n\n      > .nav-list {\n        display: block;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.nav-category {\n  padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  font-weight: 600;\n  text-align: start;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing;\n    margin-top: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n    text-align: start;\n\n    &:first-child {\n      margin-top: 0;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.nav-list.nav-category-list {\n  > .nav-list-item {\n    margin: 0;\n\n    > .nav-list {\n      padding: 0;\n\n      > .nav-list-item {\n        > .nav-list-link {\n          color: $link-color;\n        }\n\n        > .nav-list-expander {\n          color: $link-color;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// Aux nav\n\n.aux-nav {\n  height: 100%;\n  overflow-x: auto;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  .aux-nav-list {\n    display: flex;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0;\n    list-style: none;\n  }\n\n  .aux-nav-list-item {\n    display: inline-block;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-right: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n  }\n}\n\n// Breadcrumb nav\n\n.breadcrumb-nav {\n  @include mq(md) {\n    margin-top: -$sp-4;\n  }\n}\n\n.breadcrumb-nav-list {\n  padding-left: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n  list-style: none;\n}\n\n.breadcrumb-nav-list-item {\n  display: table-cell;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  &::before {\n    display: none;\n  }\n\n  &::after {\n    display: inline-block;\n    margin-right: $sp-2;\n    margin-left: $sp-2;\n    color: $grey-dk-000;\n    content: \"/\";\n  }\n\n  &:last-child {\n    &::after {\n      content: \"\";\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// Typography\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-type, selector-max-type, selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id\n\nh1,\n.text-alpha {\n  @include fs-8;\n\n  font-weight: 300;\n}\n\nh2,\n.text-beta,\n#toctitle {\n  @include fs-6;\n}\n\nh3,\n.text-gamma {\n  @include fs-5;\n}\n\nh4,\n.text-delta {\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  font-weight: 400;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n}\n\nh4 code {\n  text-transform: none;\n}\n\nh5,\n.text-epsilon {\n  @include fs-3;\n}\n\nh6,\n.text-zeta {\n  @include fs-2;\n}\n\n.text-small {\n  @include fs-2;\n}\n\n.text-mono {\n  font-family: $mono-font-family !important;\n}\n\n.text-left {\n  text-align: left !important;\n}\n\n.text-center {\n  text-align: center !important;\n}\n\n.text-right {\n  text-align: right !important;\n}\n","// Labels (not the form kind)\n\n// this :not() prevents a style clash with Mermaid.js's\n// diagram labels, which also use .label\n// for more, see https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs/issues/1272\n// and the accompanying PR\n.label:not(g),\n.label-blue:not(g) {\n  display: inline-block;\n  padding: 0.16em 0.56em;\n  margin-right: $sp-2;\n  margin-left: $sp-2;\n  color: $white;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n  vertical-align: middle;\n  background-color: $blue-100;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  border-radius: 12px;\n}\n\n.label-green:not(g) {\n  background-color: $green-200;\n}\n\n.label-purple:not(g) {\n  background-color: $purple-100;\n}\n\n.label-red:not(g) {\n  background-color: $red-200;\n}\n\n.label-yellow:not(g) {\n  color: $grey-dk-200;\n  background-color: $yellow-200;\n}\n","// Buttons and things that look like buttons\n// stylelint-disable color-named\n\n.btn {\n  display: inline-block;\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n  padding: 0.3em 1em;\n  margin: 0;\n  font-family: inherit;\n  font-size: inherit;\n  font-weight: 500;\n  line-height: 1.5;\n  color: $link-color;\n  text-decoration: none;\n  vertical-align: baseline;\n  cursor: pointer;\n  background-color: $base-button-color;\n  border-width: 0;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n  appearance: none;\n\n  &:focus {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    outline: none;\n    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(blue, 0.25);\n  }\n\n  &:focus:hover,\n  &.selected:focus {\n    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(blue, 0.25);\n  }\n\n  &:hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover {\n    color: darken($link-color, 2%);\n  }\n\n  &:hover,\n  &:active,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    background-color: darken($base-button-color, 1%);\n  }\n\n  &:active,\n  &.selected,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    background-color: darken($base-button-color, 3%);\n    background-image: none;\n    box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n  }\n\n  &.selected:hover {\n    background-color: darken(#dcdcdc, 5%);\n  }\n\n  &:disabled,\n  &.disabled {\n    &,\n    &:hover {\n      color: rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.5);\n      cursor: default;\n      background-color: rgba(229, 229, 229, 0.5);\n      background-image: none;\n      box-shadow: none;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.btn-outline {\n  color: $link-color;\n  background: transparent;\n  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px $grey-lt-300;\n\n  &:hover,\n  &:active,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    color: darken($link-color, 4%);\n    text-decoration: none;\n    background-color: transparent;\n    box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 3px $grey-lt-300;\n  }\n\n  &:focus {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    outline: none;\n    box-shadow:\n      inset 0 0 0 2px $grey-dk-100,\n      0 0 0 3px rgba(blue, 0.25);\n  }\n\n  &:focus:hover,\n  &.selected:focus {\n    box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px $grey-dk-100;\n  }\n}\n\n.btn-primary {\n  @include btn-color($white, $btn-primary-color);\n}\n\n.btn-purple {\n  @include btn-color($white, $purple-100);\n}\n\n.btn-blue {\n  @include btn-color($white, $blue-000);\n}\n\n.btn-green {\n  @include btn-color($white, $green-100);\n}\n\n.btn-reset {\n  background: none;\n  border: none;\n  margin: 0;\n  text-align: inherit;\n  font: inherit;\n  border-radius: 0;\n  appearance: none;\n}\n","// Colored button\n\n@mixin btn-color($fg, $bg) {\n  color: $fg;\n  background-color: darken($bg, 2%);\n  background-image: linear-gradient(lighten($bg, 5%), darken($bg, 2%));\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25),\n    0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);\n\n  &:hover,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-hover {\n    color: $fg;\n    background-color: darken($bg, 4%);\n    background-image: linear-gradient((lighten($bg, 2%), darken($bg, 4%)));\n  }\n\n  &:active,\n  &.selected,\n  &.zeroclipboard-is-active {\n    background-color: darken($bg, 5%);\n    background-image: none;\n    box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n  }\n\n  &.selected:hover {\n    background-color: darken($bg, 10%);\n  }\n}\n","// Search input and autocomplete\n\n.search {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 2;\n  flex-grow: 1;\n  height: $sp-10;\n  padding: $sp-2;\n  transition: padding linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: relative !important;\n    width: auto !important;\n    height: 100% !important;\n    padding: 0;\n    transition: none;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-input-wrap {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 1;\n  height: $sp-8;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n  transition: height linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    position: absolute;\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: $search-results-width;\n    height: 100% !important;\n    border-radius: 0;\n    box-shadow: none;\n    transition: width ease $transition-duration;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-input {\n  position: absolute;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: 100%;\n  padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing-sm $sp-2 #{$gutter-spacing-sm + $sp-5};\n  font-size: 1rem;\n  color: $body-text-color;\n  background-color: $search-background-color;\n  border-top: 0;\n  border-right: 0;\n  border-bottom: 0;\n  border-left: 0;\n  border-radius: 0;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding: $sp-2 $gutter-spacing-sm $sp-2 #{$gutter-spacing + $sp-5};\n    font-size: 0.875rem;\n    background-color: $body-background-color;\n    transition: padding-left linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n  }\n\n  &:focus {\n    outline: 0;\n\n    + .search-label .search-icon {\n      color: $link-color;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n.search-label {\n  position: absolute;\n  display: flex;\n  height: 100%;\n  padding-left: $gutter-spacing-sm;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    padding-left: $gutter-spacing;\n    transition: padding-left linear #{$transition-duration * 0.5};\n  }\n\n  .search-icon {\n    width: #{$sp-4 * 1.2};\n    height: #{$sp-4 * 1.2};\n    align-self: center;\n    color: $grey-dk-000;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-results {\n  position: absolute;\n  left: 0;\n  display: none;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-height: calc(100% - #{$sp-10});\n  overflow-y: auto;\n  background-color: $search-background-color;\n  border-bottom-right-radius: $border-radius;\n  border-bottom-left-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    top: 100%;\n    width: $search-results-width;\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 200%) !important;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-results-list {\n  padding-left: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-1;\n  list-style: none;\n  @include fs-4;\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    @include fs-3;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-results-list-item {\n  padding: 0;\n  margin: 0;\n}\n\n.search-result {\n  display: block;\n  padding: $sp-1 $sp-3;\n\n  &:hover,\n  &.active {\n    background-color: $feedback-color;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-title {\n  display: block;\n  padding-top: $sp-2;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-2;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    display: inline-block;\n    width: 40%;\n    padding-right: $sp-2;\n    vertical-align: top;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-doc {\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n\n  &.search-result-doc-parent {\n    opacity: 0.5;\n    @include fs-3;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      @include fs-2;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-result-icon {\n    width: $sp-4;\n    height: $sp-4;\n    margin-right: $sp-2;\n    color: $link-color;\n    flex-shrink: 0;\n  }\n\n  .search-result-doc-title {\n    overflow: auto;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-section {\n  margin-left: #{$sp-4 + $sp-2};\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n}\n\n.search-result-rel-url {\n  display: block;\n  margin-left: #{$sp-4 + $sp-2};\n  overflow: hidden;\n  color: $search-result-preview-color;\n  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n  white-space: nowrap;\n  @include fs-1;\n}\n\n.search-result-previews {\n  display: block;\n  padding-top: $sp-2;\n  padding-bottom: $sp-2;\n  padding-left: $sp-4;\n  margin-left: $sp-2;\n  color: $search-result-preview-color;\n  word-wrap: break-word;\n  border-left: $border;\n  border-left-color: $border-color;\n  @include fs-2;\n\n  @include mq(sm) {\n    display: inline-block;\n    width: 60%;\n    padding-left: $sp-2;\n    margin-left: 0;\n    vertical-align: top;\n  }\n}\n\n.search-result-preview + .search-result-preview {\n  margin-top: $sp-1;\n}\n\n.search-result-highlight {\n  font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n.search-no-result {\n  padding: $sp-2 $sp-3;\n  @include fs-3;\n}\n\n.search-button {\n  position: fixed;\n  right: $sp-4;\n  bottom: $sp-4;\n  display: flex;\n  width: $sp-9;\n  height: $sp-9;\n  background-color: $search-background-color;\n  border: 1px solid rgba($link-color, 0.3);\n  border-radius: #{$sp-9 * 0.5};\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n}\n\n.search-overlay {\n  position: fixed;\n  top: 0;\n  left: 0;\n  z-index: 1;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 0;\n  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);\n  opacity: 0;\n  transition:\n    opacity ease $transition-duration,\n    width 0s $transition-duration,\n    height 0s $transition-duration;\n}\n\n.search-active {\n  .search {\n    position: fixed;\n    top: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 0;\n  }\n\n  .search-input-wrap {\n    height: $sp-10;\n    border-radius: 0;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      width: $search-results-width;\n      box-shadow:\n        0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n        0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-input {\n    background-color: $search-background-color;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      padding-left: 2.3rem;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-label {\n    @include mq(md) {\n      padding-left: 0.6rem;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .search-results {\n    display: block;\n  }\n\n  .search-overlay {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    opacity: 1;\n    transition:\n      opacity ease $transition-duration,\n      width 0s,\n      height 0s;\n  }\n\n  @include mq(md) {\n    .main {\n      position: fixed;\n      right: 0;\n      left: 0;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .main-header {\n    padding-top: $sp-10;\n\n    @include mq(md) {\n      padding-top: 0;\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// Tables\n// stylelint-disable max-nesting-depth, selector-no-type, selector-max-type\n\n.table-wrapper {\n  display: block;\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-5;\n  overflow-x: auto;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow:\n    0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),\n    0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n}\n\ntable {\n  display: table;\n  min-width: 100%;\n  border-collapse: separate;\n}\n\nth,\ntd {\n  @include fs-3;\n\n  min-width: 7.5rem;\n  padding: $sp-2 $sp-3;\n  background-color: $table-background-color;\n  border-bottom: $border rgba($border-color, 0.5);\n  border-left: $border $border-color;\n\n  &:first-of-type {\n    border-left: 0;\n  }\n}\n\ntbody {\n  tr {\n    &:last-of-type {\n      th,\n      td {\n        border-bottom: 0;\n      }\n\n      td {\n        padding-bottom: $sp-3;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nthead {\n  th {\n    border-bottom: $border $border-color;\n  }\n}\n","// Code and syntax highlighting\n// stylelint-disable selector-no-qualifying-type, declaration-block-semicolon-newline-after,declaration-block-single-line-max-declarations, selector-no-type, selector-max-type, scss/comment-no-empty\n\n// {% raw %}\n\n// This instruction applies to all queues not within 'pre' or 'figure', avoiding 'code' generated by the highlight.\n:not(pre, figure) {\n  & > code {\n    padding: 0.2em 0.15em;\n    font-weight: 400;\n    background-color: $code-background-color;\n    border: $border $border-color;\n    border-radius: $border-radius;\n  }\n}\n\n// Avoid appearance of dark border around visited code links in Safari\na:visited code {\n  border-color: $border-color;\n}\n\n// Content structure for highlighted code blocks using fences or Liquid\n//\n// ```[LANG]...```, no kramdown line_numbers:\n//   div.[language-LANG.]highlighter-rouge > div.highlight > pre.highlight > code\n//\n// ```[LANG]...```, kramdown line_numbers = true:\n//   div.[language-LANG.]highlighter-rouge > div.highlight > pre.highlight > code\n//   > div.table-wrapper > table.rouge-table > tbody > tr\n//   > td.rouge-gutter.gl > pre.lineno\n//   | td.rouge-code > pre\n//\n// {% highlight LANG %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n//   figure.highlight > pre > code.language-LANG\n//\n// {% highlight LANG linenos %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n//   figure.highlight > pre > code.language-LANG\n//   > div.table-wrapper > table.rouge-table > tbody > tr\n//   > td.gutter.gl > pre.lineno\n//   | td.code > pre\n//\n// ----...---- (AsciiDoc)\n//   div.listingblock > div.content > pre.rouge.highlight\n//\n// fix_linenos removes the outermost pre when it encloses table.rouge-table\n//\n// See docs/index-test.md for some tests.\n//\n// No kramdown line_numbers: fences and Liquid highlighting look the same.\n// Kramdown line_numbers = true: fences have a wider gutter than with Liquid?\n\n// ```[LANG]...```\n// or in AsciiDoc:\n//\n//     ----\n//     ...\n//     ----\n\n// the code may appear with 3 different types:\n// container \\ case:  default case,          code with line number,   code with html rendering\n// top level:         div.highlighter-rouge, figure.highlight,        figure.highlight\n// second level:      div.highlight,         div.table-wrapper,       pre.highlight\n// third level:       pre.highlight,         td.code,                 absent\n// last level:        code,                  pre,                     code (optionality)\n// highlighter level: span,                  span,                    span\n// the spacing are only in the second level for case 1, 3 and in the third level for case 2\n// in AsciiDoc, there is a parent container that contains optionally a title and the content.\n\n// select top level container\ndiv.highlighter-rouge,\ndiv.listingblock > div.content,\nfigure.highlight {\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n  background-color: $code-background-color;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n  box-shadow: none;\n  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\n  position: relative;\n  padding: 0;\n\n  // copy button (or other button)\n  // the button appear only when there is a hover on the code or focus on button\n  > button {\n    width: $sp-3;\n    opacity: 0;\n    position: absolute;\n    top: 0;\n    right: 0;\n    border: $sp-3 solid $code-background-color;\n    background-color: $code-background-color;\n    color: $body-text-color;\n    box-sizing: content-box;\n\n    svg {\n      fill: $body-text-color;\n    }\n\n    &:active {\n      text-decoration: none;\n      outline: none;\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n\n    &:focus {\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n  }\n\n  // the button can be seen by doing a simple hover in the code, there is no need to go over the location of the button\n  &:hover {\n    > button {\n      cursor: copy;\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// setting the spacing and scrollbar on the second level for the first case\n// remove all space on the second and third level\n// this is a mixin to accommodate for the slightly different structures generated via Markdown vs AsciiDoc\n@mixin scroll-and-spacing($code-div, $pre-select) {\n  #{$code-div} {\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    padding: $sp-3;\n    margin: 0;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n\n  #{$pre-select},\n  code {\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// for Markdown\ndiv.highlighter-rouge {\n  @include scroll-and-spacing(\"div.highlight\", \"pre.highlight\");\n}\n\n// for AsciiDoc. we also need to fix the margins for its parent container.\ndiv.listingblock {\n  @include scroll-and-spacing(\"div.content\", \"div.content > pre\");\n\n  margin-top: 0;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n}\n\n// {% highlight LANG %}...{% endhighlight %},\n// {% highlight LANG linenos %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n\n// setting the spacing and scrollbar on the second level for the thirt case\n// the css rule are apply only to the last code enviroment\n// setting the scroolbar\nfigure.highlight {\n  pre,\n  :not(pre) > code {\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    padding: $sp-3;\n    margin: 0;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// ```[LANG]...```, kramdown line_numbers = true,\n// {% highlight LANG linenos %}...{% endhighlight %}:\n\n// setting the spacing and scrollbar on the thirt level for the second case\n.highlight .table-wrapper {\n  padding: $sp-3 0;\n  margin: 0;\n  border: 0;\n  box-shadow: none;\n\n  td,\n  pre {\n    @include fs-2;\n\n    min-width: 0;\n    padding: 0;\n    background-color: $code-background-color;\n    border: 0;\n  }\n\n  td.gl {\n    width: 1em;\n    padding-right: $sp-3;\n    padding-left: $sp-3;\n  }\n\n  pre {\n    margin: 0;\n    line-height: 2;\n  }\n}\n\n// Code examples: html render of a code\n.code-example,\n.listingblock > .title {\n  padding: $sp-3;\n  margin-bottom: $sp-3;\n  overflow: auto;\n  border: 1px solid $border-color;\n  border-radius: $border-radius;\n\n  + .highlighter-rouge,\n  + .sectionbody .listingblock,\n  + .content,\n  + figure.highlight {\n    position: relative;\n    margin-top: -$sp-4;\n    border-right: 1px solid $border-color;\n    border-bottom: 1px solid $border-color;\n    border-left: 1px solid $border-color;\n    border-top-left-radius: 0;\n    border-top-right-radius: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n// Mermaid diagram code blocks should be left unstyled.\ncode.language-mermaid {\n  padding: 0;\n  background-color: inherit;\n  border: 0;\n}\n\n// Override OneDarkJekyll Colors for Code Blocks\n.highlight,\npre.highlight {\n  background: $code-background-color; // Code Background\n  // For Backwards Compatibility Before $code-linenumber-color was added\n  @if variable-exists(code-linenumber-color) {\n    color: $code-linenumber-color; // Code Line Numbers\n  } @else {\n    color: $body-text-color; // Code Line Numbers\n  }\n}\n\n// Override OneDarkJekyll Colors for Code Blocks\n.highlight pre {\n  background: $code-background-color; // Code Background\n}\n\n// {% endraw %}\n","// Utility classes for colors\n\n// Text colors\n\n.text-grey-dk-000 {\n  color: $grey-dk-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-100 {\n  color: $grey-dk-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-200 {\n  color: $grey-dk-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-250 {\n  color: $grey-dk-250 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-dk-300 {\n  color: $grey-dk-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-000 {\n  color: $grey-lt-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-100 {\n  color: $grey-lt-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-200 {\n  color: $grey-lt-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-grey-lt-300 {\n  color: $grey-lt-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-000 {\n  color: $blue-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-100 {\n  color: $blue-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-200 {\n  color: $blue-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-blue-300 {\n  color: $blue-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-000 {\n  color: $green-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-100 {\n  color: $green-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-200 {\n  color: $green-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-green-300 {\n  color: $green-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-000 {\n  color: $purple-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-100 {\n  color: $purple-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-200 {\n  color: $purple-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-purple-300 {\n  color: $purple-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-000 {\n  color: $yellow-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-100 {\n  color: $yellow-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-200 {\n  color: $yellow-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-yellow-300 {\n  color: $yellow-300 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-000 {\n  color: $red-000 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-100 {\n  color: $red-100 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-200 {\n  color: $red-200 !important;\n}\n\n.text-red-300 {\n  color: $red-300 !important;\n}\n\n// Background colors\n\n.bg-grey-dk-000 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-100 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-200 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-250 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-250 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-dk-300 {\n  background-color: $grey-dk-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-000 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-100 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-200 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-grey-lt-300 {\n  background-color: $grey-lt-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-000 {\n  background-color: $blue-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-100 {\n  background-color: $blue-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-200 {\n  background-color: $blue-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-blue-300 {\n  background-color: $blue-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-000 {\n  background-color: $green-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-100 {\n  background-color: $green-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-200 {\n  background-color: $green-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-green-300 {\n  background-color: $green-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-000 {\n  background-color: $purple-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-100 {\n  background-color: $purple-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-200 {\n  background-color: $purple-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-purple-300 {\n  background-color: $purple-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-000 {\n  background-color: $yellow-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-100 {\n  background-color: $yellow-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-200 {\n  background-color: $yellow-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-yellow-300 {\n  background-color: $yellow-300 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-000 {\n  background-color: $red-000 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-100 {\n  background-color: $red-100 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-200 {\n  background-color: $red-200 !important;\n}\n\n.bg-red-300 {\n  background-color: $red-300 !important;\n}\n","// Utility classes for layout\n\n// Display\n\n.d-block {\n  display: block !important;\n}\n\n.d-flex {\n  display: flex !important;\n}\n\n.d-inline {\n  display: inline !important;\n}\n\n.d-inline-block {\n  display: inline-block !important;\n}\n\n.d-none {\n  display: none !important;\n}\n\n@each $media-query in map-keys($media-queries) {\n  @for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n    @include mq($media-query) {\n      $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n      $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n      // .d-sm-block, .d-md-none, .d-lg-inline\n      .d-#{$media-query}-block {\n        display: block !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-flex {\n        display: flex !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-inline {\n        display: inline !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-inline-block {\n        display: inline-block !important;\n      }\n      .d-#{$media-query}-none {\n        display: none !important;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// Horizontal alignment\n\n.float-left {\n  float: left !important;\n}\n\n.float-right {\n  float: right !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-start {\n  justify-content: flex-start !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-end {\n  justify-content: flex-end !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-between {\n  justify-content: space-between !important;\n}\n\n.flex-justify-around {\n  justify-content: space-around !important;\n}\n\n// Vertical alignment\n\n.v-align-baseline {\n  vertical-align: baseline !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-bottom {\n  vertical-align: bottom !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-middle {\n  vertical-align: middle !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-text-bottom {\n  vertical-align: text-bottom !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-text-top {\n  vertical-align: text-top !important;\n}\n\n.v-align-top {\n  vertical-align: top !important;\n}\n","// Utility classes for typography\n\n.fs-1 {\n  @include fs-1;\n}\n\n.fs-2 {\n  @include fs-2;\n}\n\n.fs-3 {\n  @include fs-3;\n}\n\n.fs-4 {\n  @include fs-4;\n}\n\n.fs-5 {\n  @include fs-5;\n}\n\n.fs-6 {\n  @include fs-6;\n}\n\n.fs-7 {\n  @include fs-7;\n}\n\n.fs-8 {\n  @include fs-8;\n}\n\n.fs-9 {\n  @include fs-9;\n}\n\n.fs-10 {\n  @include fs-10;\n}\n\n.fw-300 {\n  font-weight: 300 !important;\n}\n\n.fw-400 {\n  font-weight: 400 !important;\n}\n\n.fw-500 {\n  font-weight: 500 !important;\n}\n\n.fw-700 {\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\n}\n\n.lh-0 {\n  line-height: 0 !important;\n}\n\n.lh-default {\n  line-height: $body-line-height;\n}\n\n.lh-tight {\n  line-height: $body-heading-line-height;\n}\n\n.ls-5 {\n  letter-spacing: 0.05em !important;\n}\n\n.ls-10 {\n  letter-spacing: 0.1em !important;\n}\n\n.ls-0 {\n  letter-spacing: 0 !important;\n}\n\n.text-uppercase {\n  text-transform: uppercase !important;\n}\n","// Utility classes for lists\n\n// stylelint-disable selector-max-type\n\n.list-style-none {\n  padding: 0 !important;\n  margin: 0 !important;\n  list-style: none !important;\n\n  li {\n    &::before {\n      display: none !important;\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// Utility classes for margins and padding\n\n// stylelint-disable block-opening-brace-space-after, block-opening-brace-space-before\n\n// Margin spacer utilities\n\n.mx-auto {\n  margin-right: auto !important;\n  margin-left: auto !important;\n}\n\n@for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n  $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n  $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n  // .m-0, .m-1, .m-2...\n  .m-#{$scale} {\n    margin: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mt-#{$scale} {\n    margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mr-#{$scale} {\n    margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mb-#{$scale} {\n    margin-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .ml-#{$scale} {\n    margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .mx-#{$scale} {\n    margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n    margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .my-#{$scale} {\n    margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n    margin-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .mxn-#{$scale} {\n    margin-right: -#{$size} !important;\n    margin-left: -#{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .mx-#{$scale}-auto {\n    margin-right: auto !important;\n    margin-left: auto !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@each $media-query in map-keys($media-queries) {\n  @for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n    @include mq($media-query) {\n      $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n      $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n      // .m-sm-0, .m-md-1, .m-lg-2...\n      .m-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .mt-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .mr-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .mb-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .ml-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .mx-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-right: #{$size} !important;\n        margin-left: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .my-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-top: #{$size} !important;\n        margin-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .mxn-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        margin-right: -#{$size} !important;\n        margin-left: -#{$size} !important;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// Padding spacer utilities\n\n@for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n  $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n  $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n  // .p-0, .p-1, .p-2...\n  .p-#{$scale} {\n    padding: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .pt-#{$scale} {\n    padding-top: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .pr-#{$scale} {\n    padding-right: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .pb-#{$scale} {\n    padding-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n  .pl-#{$scale} {\n    padding-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .px-#{$scale} {\n    padding-right: #{$size} !important;\n    padding-left: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n\n  .py-#{$scale} {\n    padding-top: #{$size} !important;\n    padding-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n  }\n}\n\n@each $media-query in map-keys($media-queries) {\n  @include mq($media-query) {\n    @for $i from 1 through length($spacers) {\n      $size: #{map-get($spacers, sp-#{$i - 1})};\n      $scale: #{$i - 1};\n\n      // .p-sm-0, .p-md-1, .p-lg-2...\n      .p-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .pt-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-top: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .pr-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-right: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .pb-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n      .pl-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-left: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .px-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-right: #{$size} !important;\n        padding-left: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n\n      .py-#{$media-query}-#{$scale} {\n        padding-top: #{$size} !important;\n        padding-bottom: #{$size} !important;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n","// stylelint-disable selector-max-specificity, selector-max-id, selector-max-type, selector-no-qualifying-type\n\n@media print {\n  .site-footer,\n  .site-button,\n  #edit-this-page,\n  #back-to-top,\n  .site-nav,\n  .main-header {\n    display: none !important;\n  }\n\n  .side-bar {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: auto;\n    border-right: 0 !important;\n  }\n\n  .site-header {\n    border-bottom: 1px solid $border-color;\n  }\n\n  .site-title {\n    font-size: 1rem !important;\n    font-weight: 700 !important;\n  }\n\n  .text-small {\n    font-size: 8pt !important;\n  }\n\n  pre.highlight {\n    border: 1px solid $border-color;\n  }\n\n  .main {\n    max-width: none;\n    margin-left: 0;\n  }\n}\n","// Skipnav\n// Skip to main content\n\na.skip-to-main {\n  left: -999px;\n  position: absolute;\n  top: auto;\n  width: 1px;\n  height: 1px;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  z-index: -999;\n}\n\na.skip-to-main:focus,\na.skip-to-main:active {\n  color: $link-color;\n  background-color: $body-background-color;\n  left: auto;\n  top: auto;\n  width: 30%;\n  height: auto;\n  overflow: auto;\n  margin: 10px 35%;\n  padding: 5px;\n  border-radius: 15px;\n  border: 4px solid $btn-primary-color;\n  text-align: center;\n  font-size: 1.2em;\n  z-index: 999;\n}\n","\n@import \"./support/support\";\n@import \"./custom/setup\";\n@import \"./color_schemes/light\";\n\n@import \"./modules\";\ndiv.opaque {\n  background-color: $body-background-color;\n}p.warning, blockquote.warning {\n    background: rgba($red-000, 0.2);\n    border-left: $border-radius solid $red-300;\n    border-radius: $border-radius;\n    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    padding: .8rem;\n    \n    &::before {\n        color: $red-300;\n        content: \"Warning\";\n        display: block;\n        font-weight: bold;\n        text-transform: uppercase;\n        font-size: .75em;\n        padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n    \n    > .warning-title {\n      color: $red-300;\n      display: block;\n      font-weight: bold;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      font-size: .75em;\n      padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n}\n\np.warning-title, blockquote.warning-title {\n    background: rgba($red-000, 0.2);\n    border-left: $border-radius solid $red-300;\n    border-radius: $border-radius;\n    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    padding: .8rem;\n    > p:first-child {\n      margin-top: 0;\n      margin-bottom: 0;\n      color: $red-300;\n      display: block;\n      font-weight: bold;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      font-size: .75em;\n      padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n}\n\nblockquote.warning {\n  margin-left: 0;\n  margin-right: 0;\n  \n  > p:first-child {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n    \n  > p:last-child {\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n  }\n}\n\nblockquote.warning-title {\n  margin-left: 0;\n  margin-right: 0;\n  \n  > p:nth-child(2) {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n    \n  > p:last-child {\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n  }\n}\n\np.note, blockquote.note {\n    background: rgba($purple-000, 0.2);\n    border-left: $border-radius solid $purple-300;\n    border-radius: $border-radius;\n    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    padding: .8rem;\n    \n    &::before {\n        color: $purple-300;\n        content: \"Note\";\n        display: block;\n        font-weight: bold;\n        text-transform: uppercase;\n        font-size: .75em;\n        padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n    \n    > .note-title {\n      color: $purple-300;\n      display: block;\n      font-weight: bold;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      font-size: .75em;\n      padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n}\n\np.note-title, blockquote.note-title {\n    background: rgba($purple-000, 0.2);\n    border-left: $border-radius solid $purple-300;\n    border-radius: $border-radius;\n    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 3px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);\n    padding: .8rem;\n    > p:first-child {\n      margin-top: 0;\n      margin-bottom: 0;\n      color: $purple-300;\n      display: block;\n      font-weight: bold;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      font-size: .75em;\n      padding-bottom: .125rem;\n    }\n}\n\nblockquote.note {\n  margin-left: 0;\n  margin-right: 0;\n  \n  > p:first-child {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n    \n  > p:last-child {\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n  }\n}\n\nblockquote.note-title {\n  margin-left: 0;\n  margin-right: 0;\n  \n  > p:nth-child(2) {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n    \n  > p:last-child {\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n  }\n}\n\n\n@import \"./custom/custom\";\n\n\n"],"file":"just-the-docs-light.css"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_site/assets/js/just-the-docs.js b/_site/assets/js/just-the-docs.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 92bce957d26b4a4594eb131d7e6f2591a36d5736..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/assets/js/just-the-docs.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,572 +0,0 @@
-(function (jtd, undefined) {
-
-// Event handling
-
-jtd.addEvent = function(el, type, handler) {
-  if (el.attachEvent) el.attachEvent('on'+type, handler); else el.addEventListener(type, handler);
-}
-jtd.removeEvent = function(el, type, handler) {
-  if (el.detachEvent) el.detachEvent('on'+type, handler); else el.removeEventListener(type, handler);
-}
-jtd.onReady = function(ready) {
-  // in case the document is already rendered
-  if (document.readyState!='loading') ready();
-  // modern browsers
-  else if (document.addEventListener) document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', ready);
-  // IE <= 8
-  else document.attachEvent('onreadystatechange', function(){
-      if (document.readyState=='complete') ready();
-  });
-}
-
-// Show/hide mobile menu
-
-function initNav() {
-  jtd.addEvent(document, 'click', function(e){
-    var target = e.target;
-    while (target && !(target.classList && target.classList.contains('nav-list-expander'))) {
-      target = target.parentNode;
-    }
-    if (target) {
-      e.preventDefault();
-      target.ariaPressed = target.parentNode.classList.toggle('active');
-    }
-  });
-
-  const siteNav = document.getElementById('site-nav');
-  const mainHeader = document.getElementById('main-header');
-  const menuButton = document.getElementById('menu-button');
-
-  disableHeadStyleSheets();
-
-  jtd.addEvent(menuButton, 'click', function(e){
-    e.preventDefault();
-
-    if (menuButton.classList.toggle('nav-open')) {
-      siteNav.classList.add('nav-open');
-      mainHeader.classList.add('nav-open');
-      menuButton.ariaPressed = true;
-    } else {
-      siteNav.classList.remove('nav-open');
-      mainHeader.classList.remove('nav-open');
-      menuButton.ariaPressed = false;
-    }
-  });
-}
-
-// The <head> element is assumed to include the following stylesheets:
-// - a <link> to /assets/css/just-the-docs-head-nav.css,
-//             with id 'jtd-head-nav-stylesheet'
-// - a <style> containing the result of _includes/css/activation.scss.liquid.
-// To avoid relying on the order of stylesheets (which can change with HTML
-// compression, user-added JavaScript, and other side effects), stylesheets
-// are only interacted with via ID
-
-function disableHeadStyleSheets() {
-  const headNav = document.getElementById('jtd-head-nav-stylesheet');
-  if (headNav) {
-    headNav.disabled = true;
-  }
-
-  const activation = document.getElementById('jtd-nav-activation');
-  if (activation) {
-    activation.disabled = true;
-  }
-}
-// Site search
-
-function initSearch() {
-  var request = new XMLHttpRequest();
-  request.open('GET', '/assets/js/search-data.json', true);
-
-  request.onload = function(){
-    if (request.status >= 200 && request.status < 400) {
-      var docs = JSON.parse(request.responseText);
-
-      lunr.tokenizer.separator = /[\s\-/]+/
-
-      var index = lunr(function(){
-        this.ref('id');
-        this.field('title', { boost: 200 });
-        this.field('content', { boost: 2 });
-        this.field('relUrl');
-        this.metadataWhitelist = ['position']
-
-        for (var i in docs) {
-          
-          this.add({
-            id: i,
-            title: docs[i].title,
-            content: docs[i].content,
-            relUrl: docs[i].relUrl
-          });
-        }
-      });
-
-      searchLoaded(index, docs);
-    } else {
-      console.log('Error loading ajax request. Request status:' + request.status);
-    }
-  };
-
-  request.onerror = function(){
-    console.log('There was a connection error');
-  };
-
-  request.send();
-}
-
-function searchLoaded(index, docs) {
-  var index = index;
-  var docs = docs;
-  var searchInput = document.getElementById('search-input');
-  var searchResults = document.getElementById('search-results');
-  var mainHeader = document.getElementById('main-header');
-  var currentInput;
-  var currentSearchIndex = 0;
-
-  function showSearch() {
-    document.documentElement.classList.add('search-active');
-  }
-
-  function hideSearch() {
-    document.documentElement.classList.remove('search-active');
-  }
-
-  function update() {
-    currentSearchIndex++;
-
-    var input = searchInput.value;
-    if (input === '') {
-      hideSearch();
-    } else {
-      showSearch();
-      // scroll search input into view, workaround for iOS Safari
-      window.scroll(0, -1);
-      setTimeout(function(){ window.scroll(0, 0); }, 0);
-    }
-    if (input === currentInput) {
-      return;
-    }
-    currentInput = input;
-    searchResults.innerHTML = '';
-    if (input === '') {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    var results = index.query(function (query) {
-      var tokens = lunr.tokenizer(input)
-      query.term(tokens, {
-        boost: 10
-      });
-      query.term(tokens, {
-        wildcard: lunr.Query.wildcard.TRAILING
-      });
-    });
-
-    if ((results.length == 0) && (input.length > 2)) {
-      var tokens = lunr.tokenizer(input).filter(function(token, i) {
-        return token.str.length < 20;
-      })
-      if (tokens.length > 0) {
-        results = index.query(function (query) {
-          query.term(tokens, {
-            editDistance: Math.round(Math.sqrt(input.length / 2 - 1))
-          });
-        });
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (results.length == 0) {
-      var noResultsDiv = document.createElement('div');
-      noResultsDiv.classList.add('search-no-result');
-      noResultsDiv.innerText = 'No results found';
-      searchResults.appendChild(noResultsDiv);
-
-    } else {
-      var resultsList = document.createElement('ul');
-      resultsList.classList.add('search-results-list');
-      searchResults.appendChild(resultsList);
-
-      addResults(resultsList, results, 0, 10, 100, currentSearchIndex);
-    }
-
-    function addResults(resultsList, results, start, batchSize, batchMillis, searchIndex) {
-      if (searchIndex != currentSearchIndex) {
-        return;
-      }
-      for (var i = start; i < (start + batchSize); i++) {
-        if (i == results.length) {
-          return;
-        }
-        addResult(resultsList, results[i]);
-      }
-      setTimeout(function() {
-        addResults(resultsList, results, start + batchSize, batchSize, batchMillis, searchIndex);
-      }, batchMillis);
-    }
-
-    function addResult(resultsList, result) {
-      var doc = docs[result.ref];
-
-      var resultsListItem = document.createElement('li');
-      resultsListItem.classList.add('search-results-list-item');
-      resultsList.appendChild(resultsListItem);
-
-      var resultLink = document.createElement('a');
-      resultLink.classList.add('search-result');
-      resultLink.setAttribute('href', doc.url);
-      resultsListItem.appendChild(resultLink);
-
-      var resultTitle = document.createElement('div');
-      resultTitle.classList.add('search-result-title');
-      resultLink.appendChild(resultTitle);
-
-      // note: the SVG svg-doc is only loaded as a Jekyll include if site.search_enabled is true; see _includes/icons/icons.html
-      var resultDoc = document.createElement('div');
-      resultDoc.classList.add('search-result-doc');
-      resultDoc.innerHTML = '<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-result-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-doc"></use></svg>';
-      resultTitle.appendChild(resultDoc);
-
-      var resultDocTitle = document.createElement('div');
-      resultDocTitle.classList.add('search-result-doc-title');
-      resultDocTitle.innerHTML = doc.doc;
-      resultDoc.appendChild(resultDocTitle);
-      var resultDocOrSection = resultDocTitle;
-
-      if (doc.doc != doc.title) {
-        resultDoc.classList.add('search-result-doc-parent');
-        var resultSection = document.createElement('div');
-        resultSection.classList.add('search-result-section');
-        resultSection.innerHTML = doc.title;
-        resultTitle.appendChild(resultSection);
-        resultDocOrSection = resultSection;
-      }
-
-      var metadata = result.matchData.metadata;
-      var titlePositions = [];
-      var contentPositions = [];
-      for (var j in metadata) {
-        var meta = metadata[j];
-        if (meta.title) {
-          var positions = meta.title.position;
-          for (var k in positions) {
-            titlePositions.push(positions[k]);
-          }
-        }
-        if (meta.content) {
-          var positions = meta.content.position;
-          for (var k in positions) {
-            var position = positions[k];
-            var previewStart = position[0];
-            var previewEnd = position[0] + position[1];
-            var ellipsesBefore = true;
-            var ellipsesAfter = true;
-            for (var k = 0; k < 5; k++) {
-              var nextSpace = doc.content.lastIndexOf(' ', previewStart - 2);
-              var nextDot = doc.content.lastIndexOf('. ', previewStart - 2);
-              if ((nextDot >= 0) && (nextDot > nextSpace)) {
-                previewStart = nextDot + 1;
-                ellipsesBefore = false;
-                break;
-              }
-              if (nextSpace < 0) {
-                previewStart = 0;
-                ellipsesBefore = false;
-                break;
-              }
-              previewStart = nextSpace + 1;
-            }
-            for (var k = 0; k < 10; k++) {
-              var nextSpace = doc.content.indexOf(' ', previewEnd + 1);
-              var nextDot = doc.content.indexOf('. ', previewEnd + 1);
-              if ((nextDot >= 0) && (nextDot < nextSpace)) {
-                previewEnd = nextDot;
-                ellipsesAfter = false;
-                break;
-              }
-              if (nextSpace < 0) {
-                previewEnd = doc.content.length;
-                ellipsesAfter = false;
-                break;
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-              previewEnd = nextSpace;
-            }
-            contentPositions.push({
-              highlight: position,
-              previewStart: previewStart, previewEnd: previewEnd,
-              ellipsesBefore: ellipsesBefore, ellipsesAfter: ellipsesAfter
-            });
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (titlePositions.length > 0) {
-        titlePositions.sort(function(p1, p2){ return p1[0] - p2[0] });
-        resultDocOrSection.innerHTML = '';
-        addHighlightedText(resultDocOrSection, doc.title, 0, doc.title.length, titlePositions);
-      }
-
-      if (contentPositions.length > 0) {
-        contentPositions.sort(function(p1, p2){ return p1.highlight[0] - p2.highlight[0] });
-        var contentPosition = contentPositions[0];
-        var previewPosition = {
-          highlight: [contentPosition.highlight],
-          previewStart: contentPosition.previewStart, previewEnd: contentPosition.previewEnd,
-          ellipsesBefore: contentPosition.ellipsesBefore, ellipsesAfter: contentPosition.ellipsesAfter
-        };
-        var previewPositions = [previewPosition];
-        for (var j = 1; j < contentPositions.length; j++) {
-          contentPosition = contentPositions[j];
-          if (previewPosition.previewEnd < contentPosition.previewStart) {
-            previewPosition = {
-              highlight: [contentPosition.highlight],
-              previewStart: contentPosition.previewStart, previewEnd: contentPosition.previewEnd,
-              ellipsesBefore: contentPosition.ellipsesBefore, ellipsesAfter: contentPosition.ellipsesAfter
-            }
-            previewPositions.push(previewPosition);
-          } else {
-            previewPosition.highlight.push(contentPosition.highlight);
-            previewPosition.previewEnd = contentPosition.previewEnd;
-            previewPosition.ellipsesAfter = contentPosition.ellipsesAfter;
-          }
-        }
-
-        var resultPreviews = document.createElement('div');
-        resultPreviews.classList.add('search-result-previews');
-        resultLink.appendChild(resultPreviews);
-
-        var content = doc.content;
-        for (var j = 0; j < Math.min(previewPositions.length, 3); j++) {
-          var position = previewPositions[j];
-
-          var resultPreview = document.createElement('div');
-          resultPreview.classList.add('search-result-preview');
-          resultPreviews.appendChild(resultPreview);
-
-          if (position.ellipsesBefore) {
-            resultPreview.appendChild(document.createTextNode('... '));
-          }
-          addHighlightedText(resultPreview, content, position.previewStart, position.previewEnd, position.highlight);
-          if (position.ellipsesAfter) {
-            resultPreview.appendChild(document.createTextNode(' ...'));
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      var resultRelUrl = document.createElement('span');
-      resultRelUrl.classList.add('search-result-rel-url');
-      resultRelUrl.innerText = doc.relUrl;
-      resultTitle.appendChild(resultRelUrl);
-    }
-
-    function addHighlightedText(parent, text, start, end, positions) {
-      var index = start;
-      for (var i in positions) {
-        var position = positions[i];
-        var span = document.createElement('span');
-        span.innerHTML = text.substring(index, position[0]);
-        parent.appendChild(span);
-        index = position[0] + position[1];
-        var highlight = document.createElement('span');
-        highlight.classList.add('search-result-highlight');
-        highlight.innerHTML = text.substring(position[0], index);
-        parent.appendChild(highlight);
-      }
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deleted file mode 100644
index 6158c5bfbc6ed574ec3816f744de2bb39cd03c02..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/assets/js/search-data.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1584 +0,0 @@
-{"0": {
-    "doc": "Home",
-    "title": "Example website",
-    "content": "Test . ",
-    "url": "/#example-website",
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-    "relUrl": "/#example-website"
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-    "doc": "Home",
-    "title": "Home",
-    "content": " ",
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-    "relUrl": "/"
-  },"2": {
-    "doc": "Laser Cutter Tutorials",
-    "title": "General Tutorials",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/#general-tutorials",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/#general-tutorials"
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-    "doc": "Laser Cutter Tutorials",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Laser Cutting . | xTool S1 Laser Cutter . | Connecting the laser cutter | Auto-focusing | Framing | Running a job | Removing finished pieces | . | XCS Software Tutorials . | Downloading XCS | Selecting materials | Designing | Importing an image | Formatting for cutting, engraving, or scoring: | Useful tools and their applications | Grouping &amp; ungrouping objects | Resizing an object | Adding an outline around an object | Reflecting an object | Adding slots to a digital design | . | Useful Knowledge . | Determining kerf | Designing press-fit assemblies . | 1. Use calipers to measure your material’s thickness | 2. Determine kerf | 3. Calculate slot width, run a test cut, and measure | . | . | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/#table-of-contents",
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-    "doc": "Laser Cutter Tutorials",
-    "title": "Laser Cutting",
-    "content": "xTool S1 Laser Cutter . Connecting the laser cutter . | Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB. | Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine. | Load stock material: . | Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb. | Manually drag laser head over center of stock. | Close lid. | . | . Auto-focusing . | Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box). | Wait for machine to focus. | Open lid. | Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software. | . Framing . | In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross. | Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area before returning to its starting point. | . If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position. Running a job . | Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so. | Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running! | . Removing finished pieces . | Before removing pieces from the bed, gently check to make sure they have cut through: - Hold the material in place. - Gently use a fingernail or small tool to test whether the cut pieces will lift free from the stock material. - If they won’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle any layer’s with the engraved design to “ignore” first!) | . XCS Software Tutorials . Downloading XCS . | xTool’s free Creative Space (XCS software) is downloadable here. | . Selecting materials . | Many commonly used materials will appear in the drop-down menu. Selecting a material here will automatically populate xTool’s recommended settings for score/engrave/cut processes. | If you are using a less common material like laser-safe stamp rubber, you will likely need to select “user-defined material” and manually enter your own settings for power and speed. | . Designing . | XCS allows you to use a combination of text, shapes, and vectors to translate your idea into the digital world. | Choose from the XCS shape library if you want a place to start. | . | You may often want to focus on composition before sizing. You can resize everything at once later. | . Importing an image . | Click the folder icon. | Select “import.” | Select your desired file. | A pop-up may suggest that you resize a file to fit on the xTool canvas. Click “yes” to do so. | . Formatting for cutting, engraving, or scoring: . | Choose the relevant objects you wish to format. | If everything within a single layer will be processed the same way, you can save time by selecting that layer from the layers menu. | . | Under processing type, choose “cut,” “score,” or “engrave.” . | Most materials will autopopulate with recommended settings for power, speed, and number of passes. You can also enter settings manually as needed. | If your material is not cutting through, consider increasing the power or number of passes. | . | Repeat this process for all objects / processes in your design. | You can run multiple processes within the same job (e.g. cutting, scoring, and engraving all at once). | . | . Useful tools and their applications . | Outline: Select your desired offset in millimeters. A positive number will give an outline larger than the original object. A negative number will give an outline smaller than the original object. | Array: Create a gridded or circular pattern of an object. | Group: Combine multiple objects or design elements to easily move or resize them all at once. | Align: Control the positions of objects relative to one another. Useful for centering things. | Combine: Unite or subtract objects to create a visually layered effect. | Reflect: Flip an object horizontally or vertically. | . Grouping &amp; ungrouping objects . | Once you’re happy with a design’s composition, you can group all objects together and manipulate them as a single unit . | Select all objects &gt; right click &gt; group. | . | Follow the same process to ungroup objects if you need to manipulate them independently again. | Note: Some commands like joining and subtracting may not work on grouped objects. | . Resizing an object . | Select the design and enter a value in millimeters into the “size” box. | You can adjust the width (W) or height (H). | By default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed. | . | . Adding an outline around an object . | Option 1: Use a simple geometric shape from the shape library. | Option 2: Use the outline tool. Click “outline” and enter your desired offset. | If your design contains text or a lot of small details, make sure this margin is large enough to keep them all connected. | . | Option 3: Draw your own outline using vector lines. | . Reflecting an object . | Select all elements of your design (object and cut outline). | Choose “reflect” from the top menu. | You can reflect horizontally or vertically. | . | . Adding slots to a digital design . Remember to resize designs before adding slots, since its important to preserve their precise dimensions. | Draw a slot. | Use the rectangle tool to draw a rectangle. | Resize the rectangle to match the desired width of your slots. | Duplicate this, and work with the copy going forward. Leave the original alone to use as a tool for future copying &amp; pasting. | . | Position slots. | Drag your dimensioned rectangle to position it relative to the shapes composing your invention kit. | Place it as desired, using the alignment tools to help with positioning. It’s okay to have some overhang; you’ll get rid of that shortly. | Note: If you need to adjust the length of your rectangle, click the padlock icon to unlock the dimensions (unconstraining width from height) in order to do so. This prevents the width from scaling proportionately. | . | Repeat as appropriate to place all slots around your shape. | . | Eliminate overhang and join slot to shape. | Select both your shape and slot(s). | Select “combine” -&gt; “subtract”. | . | . Useful Knowledge . Determining kerf . Unlike scissors, laser cutters work by vaporizing a tiny portion of the material they’re cutting. The kerf is the width of material removed. Sometimes, when we’re creating something purely decorative, kerf can be ignored. However, when precision matters, so does kerf. For these construction kits, precision matters. If you don’t compensate for the extra material lost to kerf, your slots will be slightly too wide to hug the cardboard tightly, causing your assemblies to be loose. | Cut a small shape out of your cardboard. This shape can be any size and shape, but we recommend keeping things simple with a 25-millimeter square. | Use calipers to measure the cutout piece. | Subtract this measurement from the intended size in the original design file, or from the size of the hole left behind in the stock material. | Subtract the shape’s width from that of the hole it left behind. **Kerf = [width of square as designed] - [width of real square]** . | . Note that since kerf can vary based on material type, material thickness, and laser cutter settings–even on the same machine–you should always do a test cut for any new project. Designing press-fit assemblies . Just like LEGOs, press-fit assemblies kits rely on friction to stay together. Their slots and tabs must be perfectly designed to achieve a tight fit. In order to engineer press-fit systems correctly, you need to know two values: . | material thickness | laser kerf | . Kerf refers to the width of the material burned away by the laser. Note: although press-fit assemblies will work in any material if the fit is calibrated carefully enough, they are especially well-suited for corrugated cardboard because it is easily compressible. This allows for some give to allow a tight fit without getting stuck. 1. Use calipers to measure your material’s thickness . Calipers are a useful tool for precisely measuring material thickness. | Power on: Press the power button to turn the calipers on. | Zero: Ensuring the calipers are completely closed, press the zero button. This will reset the measurement to 0.00 mm/inch. | Open calipers: Gently open the jaws of the calipers slightly wider than the thickness of the cardboard. | Insert cardboard: Place the cardboard between the jaws of the calipers, making sure it is perpendicular to the jaws for an accurate measurement. | Choose an edge or area of the cardboard that is free from creases or damage for the most accurate measurement. | . | Close calipers: Slowly slide the jaws together until they touch both sides of the cardboard. (Try not to compress the cardboard; this will lead to inaccurate readings.) | Read measurement: Read the measurement on the digital display. This will show the thickness of the cardboard in either millimeters (mm) or inches (in). | Use the “units” button to switch between millimeters and inches. | . | Double check: For accuracy, repeat several times at different points on the cardboard and average the readings. | Write down measurement: You will need this value in the next step. | Tips for ensuring accurate measurements: . | Avoid excess pressure: Do not apply excessive force when closing the jaws as it can compress the cardboard and result in an inaccurate measurement. | Clean jaws: Ensure the caliper jaws are clean and free from debris before measuring. | Consistent positioning: Measure at consistent positions to avoid variations in thickness due to structural inconsistencies in the cardboard. | . | . | . 2. Determine kerf . Unlike scissors, laser cutters work by vaporizing a tiny portion of the material they’re cutting. The kerf is the width of material removed. Sometimes, when we’re creating something purely decorative, kerf can be ignored. However, when precision matters, so does kerf. For press-fit systems, precision matters. If you don’t compensate for the extra material lost to kerf, your slots will be slightly too wide to hug the cardboard tightly, causing your assemblies to be loose. The only way to determine kerf is to run a test cut and measure it. | Cut a small shape out of your cardboard. This shape can be any size and shape, but we recommend keeping things simple with a 25-millimeter square. | Use calipers to measure the cutout piece. | Subtract this measurement from the intended size in the original design file, or from the size of the hole left behind in the stock material. | Subtract the shape’s width from that of the hole it left behind. Kerf = [width of square as designed] - [width of real square] . | . Note that kerf can vary based on material type, material thickness, and laser cutter settings–even on the same machine. You should always do a test cut for any new project. 3. Calculate slot width, run a test cut, and measure . The optimal width for the slots in a press-fit assembly is determined by two factors: 1) the width of your material, and 2) the kerf. | Calculate slot width: subtract kerf from material thickness to estimate your slot width: . **Slot width = [measured material thickness] - [kerf]** . | Test to double check. Calculations are a great place to start, but it’s always best to cut some test pieces to confirm the best fit (and double check your calculations). Since some materials are more compressible than others—meaning they have some spring to them, like cardboard—the ideal slot thickness can still vary. | Option #1: Design your own test pieces to cut and measure. (A comb-like design allows you to cut multiple slots of different widths into the same tester. Consider also engraving the slot’s widths directly onto the comb for easy reference.) | Option #2: Adjust or use the comb provided. | . | . Cut and experiment with your tester to identify the best fit. This will be your slot width. ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/#laser-cutting",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/#laser-cutting"
-  },"5": {
-    "doc": "Laser Cutter Tutorials",
-    "title": "Laser Cutter Tutorials",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/"
-  },"6": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Cardboard Invention Kit",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-cardboard-invention-kit",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-cardboard-invention-kit"
-  },"7": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Cardboard Invention Kit . | Overview . | Context | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Geometric Invention Kits | 2. Exploration: Cardboard Critters | 3. Deep Dive: Scale Models | Extension: Actuated Assemblies | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Material considerations | 3. Time management tips | 4. Brainstorming | 5. Design considerations to share with learners | . | Discussion questions | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#table-of-contents",
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-  },"8": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Learners will use design and laser cut their very own two-dimensional invention kits that can slot together to make three-dimensional structures. Finished kits can be used for brainstorming, rapid prototyping, and more. This activity introduces the basics of press-fit assembly, (including using calipers to measure stock material), 2D design in xTool’s XCS software, and the laser cutter. Context . In the real world, engineers and inventors often face tight deadlines for solving problems. It’s easy to get overwhelmed—or to not know where to start! . Invention kits can help facilitate brainstorming and accelerate the prototyping process. They provide a ready-made set of components that can be easily assembled and reconfigured to test out different design concepts or build scale models. LEGO bricks are a great example of an invention kit. They can be quickly assembled or disassembled in a variety of ways to illustrate a concept or test out an idea. These invention kits will work similarly, allowing learners to build upward or outward—using pieces they design themselves! . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#overview",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#overview"
-  },"9": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Geometric Invention Kits . Design and laser cut simple geometric shapes that can be assembled into three-dimensional forms. | Uses 3D-printed joints (supplied, with customizable angles), meaning learners don’t have to add slots for press-fit construction. | Introduces, defines, and teaches how to determine a tool’s kerf. | Curricular tie-ins: math, geometry . | Design a kit that contains X number of symmetrical vs. asymmetrical shapes, or can be used to build specific three-dimensional geometries (isosidododecahedron, etc). | . | . 2. Exploration: Cardboard Critters . Design and laser cut biologically-inspired shapes that can be used to built wild and wacky custom critters. | Incorporates laser-cut slots into the design process to teach press-fit construction. | Shapes can be drawn freehand and then cleaned up digitally: antennae, legs, etc. | . | Introduces, defines, and teaches how to: . | determine a tool’s kerf; | use calipers to precisely measure a material’s thickness; | calculate (and test to confirm) optimal slot size for press-fit assemblies. | . | Curricular tie-ins: story starters (ELA and/or biology) . | Construct a critter and then write a story about its origin/evolution. (Can optionally have learners swap critters so they are writing about one they didn’t design themselves.) | . | . 3. Deep Dive: Scale Models . Use digital design, fabrication, and press-fit assembly to create a functional object of your own design or replicate a real-world one. | Invites much more complexity and precision, with most sessions focused on the design process and assembly (relatively fewer on the fabrication itself). | Introduces, defines, and teaches how to: . | determine a tool’s kerf; | use calipers to precisely measure a material’s thickness; | calculate (and test to confirm) optimal slot size for press-fit assemblies. | Can optionally incorporate 3D-printed “accessories” to liven up designs. | . | Curricular tie-ins: math (measurements &amp; ratios), history, civil engineering, engineering, product design, etc. | Design a press-fit chess kit. | Create a scale model of (or invent your own) historical monuments. | Engineer a city building or feature (class-wide). | Model a vehicle. | . | . Extension: Actuated Assemblies . Add additional holes to fit dowels, chopsticks, pipe cleaners, LEDs, or servo motors in the vein of John Umekubo to expand a kit’s creative potential. | Simple servos can be taped or press-fit into place and programmed to help assemblies walk, flap, turn, spin, roll, and more! | LEDs can add some light to a project, (for example, to give the illusion of a city building lit from within!). | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#scalability",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#scalability"
-  },"10": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Cardboard - 1 sheet per learner . | Note: this should be corrugated cardboard that compresses easily but doesn’t crease easily. | . | (Optional) Decorative elements: . | Pipe cleaners | Brads | Chopsticks or dowel rods | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#materials",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#materials"
-  },"11": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | Disciplinary Core Ideas: . | Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems (3-5-ETS1.A), | Developing Possible Solutions ((3-5-ETS1.B), | Optimizing the Design Solution (3-5-ETS1.C) | . | Science and Engineering Practice: . | Planning and Carrying Out Investigations (3-5-ETS1-2); | . | . | ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#standards-alignment",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#standards-alignment"
-  },"12": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
-    "content": "| ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#common-core-standards",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#common-core-standards"
-  },"13": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
-    "content": "| . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#iste-standards",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#iste-standards"
-  },"14": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Demonstrate an understanding of two-dimensional design principles. | Apply spatial reasoning skills to visualize how two-dimensional shapes can be assembled into three-dimensional structures. | Consider mathematical concepts such as symmetry and proportion in design. | Calculate a kerf. | Utilize their invention kits for rapid prototyping, real-world problem-solving, and creative exploration in various contexts. | Critically evaluate and iterate upon their designs based on feedback and testing. | (Optional) Experiment with different materials and their properties to optimize the design and functionality of their invention kits. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Operate the laser cutter safely and effectively, following proper procedures. | Identify and select appropriate materials for laser cutting based on project requirements. | Use calipers to measure the thickness of stock material. | Determine the optimal slot width for press-fit assemblies. | Define and account for kerf. | Understand and use parametric design principles. | (Optional) Incorporate champfering into their designs when appropriate. s to help direct and reinforce creases. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#learning-outcomes",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#learning-outcomes"
-  },"15": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | This activity works best with high-quality corrugated cardboard because it is compressible and has some give to help with assembly. It can be replicated with other materials (wood, craft foam, cardboard, acrylic), but pieces may be harder to assemble and take apart. | Short on time? . | Pre-design or pre-cut test pieces for learners to use to determine the optimal slot width for their designs. | Consider determining optimal laser cutter settings for your material of choice prior to running this activity with your learners. | . | . 2. Material considerations . | This activity works best with high-quality corrugated cardboard because it is compressible and has some give to help with assembly. It can be replicated with other materials (wood, craft foam, cardboard, acrylic), but pieces will be harder to assemble and take apart. | Ask learners to limit their designs to one sheet of material. | . 3. Time management tips . | Adding 1-2 per object tabs allows you to remove an entire piece of cardboard from the printing bed between jobs. | Learners can then finish “punching out’ their pieces back at their stations. | . | . 4. Brainstorming . | Pose prompts to overcome “blank page syndrome” and encourage creative thinking. | Build a character, building, or prop and write a story that incorporates it (ELA). | Re-create a favorite landmark or design a new monument (civics/history). | Design something with multiple degrees of symmetry (math/geometry). | Create something biomimetic/biologically-inspired (biology). | Design and categorize multiple types of pieces: . | anatomical = heads, arms, legs, hands, feet, tails | whimsical/decorative = wings, horns, accessories | mechanical = wheels, gears | structural = beams | . | . | Once designed or cut, invite learners to discuss/trade pieces of their designs to inspire further creativity. | . 5. Design considerations to share with learners . | Consider your material constraints (in this case, the size of your sheet of cardboard) while designing. | Optimize your layout to minimize material waste: place your components as close together as possible. | You can flip and rotate these to minimize margins! | . | Multiples of the same shape can be helpful! Use the patterning tools in your design software to quickly replicate objects without copying &amp; pasting. | Consider creating connectors at different angles and with different numbers of “arms”. | If time allows, you can add decorative detailing like engravings or scored lines. | Be sure to format these in XCS so they process as the correct operation. | . | Consider using (pieces of) your scrap cardboard as a design element when building as well! | For advanced learners: incorporate flexures and joints. | If time allows: . | Introduce champfers and compare assembly with champfered vs. unchampfered pieces. | Cut the same design on wood and ask learners to compare assembly with a rigid vs. compressible material. | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#facilitator-notes",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#facilitator-notes"
-  },"16": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | Math . | Can you write a formula for calculating the kerf of a material? Why is kerf important in laser cutting? | What mathematical concepts are involved in designing press-fit and slot-and-tab assemblies? | How can understanding symmetry help in designing geometrically inspired kits? | What factors do you need to identify in order to create the pieces for a three-dimensional assembly, like a cube or a dodecahedron? | . | Art &amp; Design . | What are the key considerations when designing shapes for press-fit assemblies? | Why do you think we used cardboard for this activity? How does the choice of material affect the design and functionality of your construction kit? | How can you ensure that your design is both functional and aesthetically pleasing? | What challenges did you encounter in the design process, and how did you overcome them? | (Optional, if relevant) How can parametric design principles improve the efficiency and adaptability of your designs? | . | Science: Form &amp; Movement . | What basic principles of physics (pushes and pulls) are involved in making your pop-up work? | How do mountain and valley folds contribute to the movement and structure of pop-up elements? | Can you think of other real-world applications where similar folding mechanisms are used? | . | English Language Arts . | How can you use descriptive language to enhance the story about your critter or invention? | What are some creative ways to incorporate your constructed model into a written piece? | How can designing and building a prop help in visual storytelling? | . | Engineering &amp; Technology . | What safety procedures should be followed when operating a laser cutter? | How can different laser cutter settings (power, speed, passes) affect the cutting outcome? | What is the importance of iterative testing in the design and fabrication process? | How can you incorporate other materials or tools to enhance your invention kits? | . | Creativity &amp; Problem Solving . | How did you approach the design process for your invention kit? | What creative techniques did you use to make your design unique? | How did you solve any problems that arose during the cutting and assembly process? | What improvements or modifications would you make to your design based on feedback and testing? | How can you use your invention kit for brainstorming and rapid prototyping? | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#discussion-questions",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/#discussion-questions"
-  },"17": {
-    "doc": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/"
-  },"18": {
-    "doc": "3D Printer Tutorials",
-    "title": "General Tutorials",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.3_3D_printer_tutorials/#general-tutorials",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.3_3D_printer_tutorials/#general-tutorials"
-  },"19": {
-    "doc": "3D Printer Tutorials",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | 3D Printing . | Bambu P1S 3D Printer . | Quick Start Guide | Connecting the 3D printer | . | Bambu Studio (Slicer) Software Tutorials . | Downloading Bambu Studio | . | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.3_3D_printer_tutorials/#table-of-contents",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.3_3D_printer_tutorials/#table-of-contents"
-  },"20": {
-    "doc": "3D Printer Tutorials",
-    "title": "3D Printing",
-    "content": "Bambu P1S 3D Printer . Quick Start Guide . Available from Bambu here: https://bambulab.com/en/support/documentation . Connecting the 3D printer . Bambu Studio (Slicer) Software Tutorials . Downloading Bambu Studio . Download Bambu’s slicer software, Bambu Studio, for free at: https://bambulab.com/en/download/studio . ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.3_3D_printer_tutorials/#3d-printing",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.3_3D_printer_tutorials/#3d-printing"
-  },"21": {
-    "doc": "3D Printer Tutorials",
-    "title": "3D Printer Tutorials",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.3_3D_printer_tutorials/",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.3_3D_printer_tutorials/"
-  },"22": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Design and Cut a Custom Vinyl Sticker",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett and Racheal Naoum . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/#design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/#design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker"
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-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Design and Cut a Custom Vinyl Sticker . | Overview . | Context | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Create your design! | 2. Add an outline | 3. Configure cut settings | 4. Set up the vinyl cutter | 5. Prepare your material | 6. Configure cut settings | 7. Cut! | 8. Weed: | 9. Transfer: | . | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/#table-of-contents"
-  },"24": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Design and fabricate your very own custom stickers! . Hand-draw or digitally design a sticker before formatting it for cutting. This activity offers a fun introduction to 2D design and the vinyl cutter, a versatile fabrication machine. Context . Vinyl cutting appears in projects big and small, ranging from custom decals for laptops and water bottles to whole-body car wraps and full-wall murals. It can also be used to make custom stencils and labels. It is a type of subtractive fabrication, meaning we start with a full sheet or roll of vinyl and remove—or subtract—the parts we don’t need. ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/#overview",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/#overview"
-  },"25": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Silhouette Studio software | Vinyl cutter | Vinyl sheets or roll in the color(s) of your choice Transfer tape or transfer paper Weeding tools: picks and tweezers Squeegee or plastic card | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/#materials",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/#materials"
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-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "There are many ways to design your sticker. Option #1: Scan a hand-drawn image and clean it up in software. (Cell phone photos work just fine, too.) . | If you are comfortable with xTool’s XCS software, you can follow the process outlined in the stamp activity to clean up a sketch and save it as an SVG. | . Option #2: Use a pre-designed image sourced from the web. | Be mindful of copyright. | . Option #3: Design or edit your image directly in Silhouette Studio. | The rest of this tutorial will focus on this option. | . Regardless of which method or software you choose, save your finished design as an SVG. This is a vector format ideal for vinyl and laser cutting. (Vectors are high-quality and maintain their clarity–preventing pixelation–even when scaled.) . Note: You do not need to mirror your designs. There is an intermediary step where we transfer the vinyl onto transfer tape before sticking it to a desired surface, meaning the finished product will come out just as it appears in the original design. 1. Create your design! . You can either work from scratch within Silhouette Studio, or import an existing .png or .svg file from another software or the web (respecting copyright restrictions). | To add text: Choose the “text” tool on the lefthand menu, use your cursor to select your placement, and type your desired text. A toolbar will appear across the top of the screen where you can select your desired font style and size. Bolder, blockier fonts work best for pop-ups. | To import a file: Drag and drop, then resize as needed. | . 2. Add an outline . This will be the outer shape of your finished sticker. | Create a bounding box in the shape of your choice, sized to how large you want your finished piece. | Center this around your pop-up design. | Select your outline along with all elements of your design. Right click and select “group.” This will allow you to manupilate them as a single object. | . 3. Configure cut settings . Stickers are easy: you’re just cutting! . | Select your sticker. | Navigate to “send.” | . 4. Set up the vinyl cutter . Be sure to set up with enough room for the spool holder if you’re using it. If you’re using sheet vinyl, there’s no need for a cutting mat. | Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds. | Connect to the machine via bluetooth or a USB cable. | Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. | (Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.) | . | Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): . | Open the machine’s hood. | On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out. | Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted. | Push the locking mechanism back into place. | . | . 5. Prepare your material . Good news: there’s no need to use a cutting mat with vinyl! . | If using individual vinyl sheets, press the forward arrow button while feeding one end of the material into the machine, making sure it is aligned under both rollers. | If working from a roll: . | Set the spool holder several inches front of the machine. | Load the vinyl roll onto the spool holder, with its loose end on the top facing away from you and toward the machine. | Press the forward arrow button while feeding the end of the roll into the machine, making sure it is aligned under both rollers. | . | . 6. Configure cut settings . Now, it’s time to prepare the file for the printer. | Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen). It should automatically open to “simple.” | Choose your material from the dropdown menu. | Select an action: cut. | . 7. Cut! . Almost done! . | With your mat lined up and ready, click “send file.” . | The machine will take a few moments to process the job. | . | When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the vinyl while slowly pulling it out of the machine. | Note: Vinyl cutters only cut; they don’t remove unneeded material. That means your finished pieces may look like solid vinyl at first glance. Hold it at an angle to the light to see the cut lines more easily. | . | If multiple designs were printed together, use scissors or a blade and cutting mat to separate them. | . 8. Weed: . This is many people’s least favorite step, as it requires a lot of patience. | Under good lighting, use picks, tweezers, or your fingernails to carefully peel away all vinyl that is not part of your finished design. This can be discarded. | It can help to gently hold pieces you want to keep in place as you remove elements beside them; sometimes, two or more sections will come off together. This is particularly true for tiny details, like punctuation marks. | . | . 9. Transfer: . Once your design has been weeded, it’s ready to be transferred to its new home! . | Cut a piece of transfer tape or paper to a size appropriate for your design. | Peel the bottom (opaque) layer off of the tape and apply the sticky layer carefully over your design, avoiding any wrinkles or bubbles. | A plastic card (like a hotel key or student ID) can be a useful tool to help press the transfer tape down, making sure it sticks firmly to the vinyl. | Note: don’t remove the tape until you’re ready to stick your design to its final resting place! If you need to transport it, do so with the transfer tape still affixed to it. | . | Once you’re ready to apply your sticker to a surface, carefully remove the back layer from the vinyl. You will be left with just the vinyl itself, stuck to the transfer tape. | Line up your sticker where you want it, and gently press it into place. Like before, it can help to gently scrape over it with a plastic card to make sure adhesion is strong. | Gently peel off the transfer tape, and admire your new sticker! | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/#activity-steps",
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-  },"27": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps",
-    "title": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.1_vinyl_stickers/"
-  },"28": {
-    "doc": "Vinyl Cutter Tutorials",
-    "title": "General Tutorials",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.2_vinyl_cutter_tutorials/#general-tutorials",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.2_vinyl_cutter_tutorials/#general-tutorials"
-  },"29": {
-    "doc": "Vinyl Cutter Tutorials",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Vinyl Cutting . | Silhouette Cameo 5 Vinyl Cutter . | Setting up the vinyl cutter | Connecting the vinyl cutter | Loading material (loose, matted, or from spool holder) | Removing (unloading) material | Using a mat | Removing material from a mat | Running a job | . | Silhouette Studio Software Tutorials . | Downloading Silhouette Studio | Selecting materials | Designing | Importing an image | Formatting for cutting or scoring: | Useful tools and their applications | Grouping &amp; ungrouping objects | Resizing an object | Adding an outline around an object | Reflecting an object | Adding text | . | Useful Knowledge . | Weeding | Using transfer tape or transfer paper | Creating pop-ups . | Create your design | Add a bounding box | Open the pop-up design panel | Toggle the switch to “on” | Place &amp; adjust centerline | Adjust pop-out depth | Adjust cut and crease lines | . | . | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.2_vinyl_cutter_tutorials/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.2_vinyl_cutter_tutorials/#table-of-contents"
-  },"30": {
-    "doc": "Vinyl Cutter Tutorials",
-    "title": "Vinyl Cutting",
-    "content": "Silhouette Cameo 5 Vinyl Cutter . Setting up the vinyl cutter . Be sure to set up with enough room for the spool holder if you’re using it. If you’re using sheet vinyl, there’s no need for a cutting mat. | Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds. | Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): . | Open the machine’s hood. | On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out. | Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted. | Push the locking mechanism back into place. | . | . Connecting the vinyl cutter . | With the machine on, connect it to your computer via bluetooth or a USB cable. | Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. | (Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.) | . | . Loading material (loose, matted, or from spool holder) . If you are using loose sheets (vinyl) or a matted material (cardstock, etc.): . | Press the forward arrow button while feeding one end of the material into the machine, making sure it is aligned under both rollers. | . If working from a roll, using the spool holder: . | Set the spool holder several inches front of the machine. | Load the vinyl roll onto the spool holder, with its loose end on the top facing away from you and toward the machine. | Press the forward arrow button while feeding the end of the roll into the machine, making sure it is aligned under both rollers. | Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut. | . Removing (unloading) material . Press the backward arrow button while gently pulling the end of your material back toward you. it is aligned under both rollers. Using a mat . Different mats have different adhesion strengths. Low-adhesion mats are sufficient for most purposes, and are easier to remove material from. | Position your cardstock to align the upper left corner of the material with the upper left corner of the mat and press it firmly into place. | Line the mat up with the machine. | Push the arrow button to load the mat, centering it between the pressure wheels. | Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut. | . Removing material from a mat . To remove your workpiece, peel the mat off of the cardstock instead of vice versa. This helps keep your finished product flat and intact. Peeling the workpiece from the mat will likely result in torn or curled cardstock. | Turn the mat over so your workpiece is flat on the table. Then, gently peel the mat off of the workpiece. | . Running a job . | With your material lined up and ready, click “send file.” . | The machine will take a few moments to process the job. | . | When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the material while slowly pulling it out of the machine. | Note: Vinyl cutters only cut; they don’t remove unneeded material. That means your finished pieces may look like solid vinyl at first glance. Hold it at an angle to the light to see the cut lines more easily. | . | . Silhouette Studio Software Tutorials . Downloading Silhouette Studio . Download Silhouette Studio software for free from their website here: . Selecting materials . | Click “send” in the upper right menu. | The “simple” tab is fine if all of your lines will be processed the same way. | If you have multiple kinds of processing (e.g. creasing and cutting), choose the “line” tab and assign a different action type to each line color. | . | Select your material from the dropdown menu. | Assign an action to the material. | . Designing . | Silhouette Studio allows you to use a combination of text, shape tools, and vectors to translate your idea into the digital world. These can be found in the lefthand toolbar. | You may often want to focus on composition before sizing. You can resize everything at once later. | . Importing an image . Silhouette studio accepts both .png and .svg files. | Click the folder icon in the upper lefthand corner. | Select your desired file. -or- | Drag and drop a file from your desktop onto the canvas. | . Formatting for cutting or scoring: . Now, it’s time to prepare the file for the printer. | Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen). It should automatically open to “simple.” | Choose your material from the dropdown menu. | Select an action: cut. | . Useful tools and their applications . | Cursor: Allows for selection of images, dragging and dropping, etc. | Edit points: Allows you to drag-and-drop and/or otherwise manipulate the points in a polygon or curved shape. (For curved shapes, allows you to adjust the bezier curve.) | Line tools: Lots of ways to draw! . | Draw a line: Straight lines only. Hold shift to draw a perfectly vertical or horizontal line, or to snap to a 45-degree diagonal. | Draw a polygon: Allows you to drop multiple points in whatever arrangement you choose, drawing straight lines between them. Closes the shape into a vector when you click back on the starting point. (Double click to end the shape where it is / leave it open.) | Draw a curve shape: Allows you to drop multiple points in whatever arrangement you choose, drawing curved lines between them. Closes the shape into a vector when you click back on the starting point. (Double click to end the shape where it is / leave it open.) | Draw an arc: Creates smooth arcs with the angle measurements shown. (Snaps to common angles.) Double point arrows allow the manipulating of the arc’s size once it is drawn, while the red points allow you to change its angle. | . | Shape tools: A (limited) library of shapes. | Rectangle: Draws rectangles. Hold shift to create a perfect square. | Rounded rectangle: Draws rounded rectangles. The rounding of their corners is adjustable by manipulating the red points. Hold shift to move them the same distance, together. | Ellipse: Draws ellipses. Hold shift to create a perfect circle. | Regular polygon: Input the number of sides you want to create pentagons, hexagons, etc. | . | Drawing tools: . | Draw freehand: Creates a continuous line following your cursor including sharp corners. | Draw smooth freehand: Creates a continuous line following your cursor, rounding sharp corners to create smooth transitions. | . | Text: Input text and adjust its font size and style. | Draw a Note: Adds a sticky note to allow you to jot down notes to yourself. | Eraser tool: Erases lines. | Knife tool: Cuts. | . Grouping &amp; ungrouping objects . | Once you’re happy with a design’s composition, you can group all objects together and manipulate them as a single unit. | Select all objects &gt; right click &gt; group. | . | Follow the same process to ungroup objects if you need to manipulate them independently again. | . Resizing an object . | Select the object and drag the points that appear around it to resize. | Manipulating corner points will maintain an object’s height-to-width ration. | Top or side points will adjust only the object’s height or width (respectively). | . | . Adding an outline around an object . | Select the object. | Right click. | Select “offset” | In the pop-up menu (upper right corner), click “offset” or “internal offset” . | offset = creates a larger outline around the outside of your original object | internal offset = creates a smaller outline inside your original object. | . | Input a value into the “distance” box. | (Optional) Choose a corner style (angled or rounded). | . Reflecting an object . | Select the object. | Right click. | Select “flip horizontally” or “flip vertically” | . Adding text . Choose the “text” tool on the lefthand menu, use your cursor to select your placement, and type your desired text. A toolbar will appear across the top of the screen where you can select your desired font style and size. Useful Knowledge . Weeding . This is many people’s least favorite step, as it requires a lot of patience. | Under good lighting, use picks, tweezers, or your fingernails to carefully peel away all vinyl that is not part of your finished design. This can be discarded. | It can help to gently hold pieces you want to keep in place as you remove elements beside them; sometimes, two or more sections will come off together. This is particularly true for tiny details, like punctuation marks. | . | . Using transfer tape or transfer paper . Once your design has been weeded, it’s ready to be transferred to its new home! . | Cut a piece of transfer tape or paper to a size appropriate for your design. | Peel the bottom (opaque) layer off of the tape and apply the sticky layer carefully over your design, avoiding any wrinkles or bubbles. | A plastic card (like a hotel key or student ID) can be a useful tool to help press the transfer tape down, making sure it sticks firmly to the vinyl. | Note: don’t remove the tape until you’re ready to stick your design to its final resting place! If you need to transport it, do so with the transfer tape still affixed to it. | . | Once you’re ready to apply your sticker to a surface, carefully remove the back layer from the vinyl. You will be left with just the vinyl itself, stuck to the transfer tape. | Line up your sticker where you want it, and gently press it into place. Like before, it can help to gently scrape over it with a plastic card to make sure adhesion is strong. | Gently peel off the transfer tape, and admire your new sticker! | . Creating pop-ups . Silhouette Studio has a built-in tool to help you automatically create pop-ups from text or shapes. This is somewhat limited, and works best to create supports for other decorative elements (for example, if you wanted to glue colored letters in place on top of pop-up scaffolding.) However, we can make it work for just a single layer, too. Create your design . Pop-ups work best with simple, blocky shapes or bold, blocky text (with capital letters only). Add a bounding box . This will be the outer shape of your finished pop-up (the thing that your design pops out of). | Create a bounding box in the shape of your choice, sized to how large you want your finished piece. | Center this around your pop-up design. | . Open the pop-up design panel . | In the righthand menu, click on the pop-up icon. (This looks like a tiny card with a heart in it.) | . Toggle the switch to “on” . | Some new solid and dotted lines will appear on your design. | Dotted lines indicate creases. | Solid lines indicate cuts. | . | . Place &amp; adjust centerline . | The horizontal dotted line illustrates where the centerline crease in your card will fall. Drag the tiny double-pointed arrow icon up or down to adjust its placement. | This doesn’t affect the height of the design itself; just how far out it will “pop.” | . | Drag the red dots to adjust the width of the center crease. | Make sure the dotted centerline extends the full width of the bounding box so your finished card will fold all the way across. | . | . Adjust pop-out depth . | Adjust the height of your design by clicking and dragging the white registration mark at the top. | Adjust how far out your design “pops” by clicking and dragging the white registration mark at the bottom. | . Adjust cut and crease lines . | Base width: How much material connects the bottom of the design to the page. If this exceeds the width of the legs on any of your letters, they won’t cut properly. | Strut width: How many supporting connections connect the top of your design to the back of the card, and their thickness. | Dash pitch: The width of the perforation cuts for your creases. | . ",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.2_vinyl_cutter_tutorials/#vinyl-cutting"
-  },"31": {
-    "doc": "Vinyl Cutter Tutorials",
-    "title": "Vinyl Cutter Tutorials",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/0.2_vinyl_cutter_tutorials/",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/0.2_vinyl_cutter_tutorials/"
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-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Engineer a Paper Pinwheel",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.1_pinwheels/#engineer-a-paper-pinwheel",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/3.1_pinwheels/#engineer-a-paper-pinwheel"
-  },"33": {
-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Engineer a Paper Pinwheel . | Overview . | Context | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Prepare a New Project in Silhouette Studio | 2. Create your design! . | 2.1 Draw an outer shape / bounding box | 2.2 Find the center | 2.3 Add cut lines | 2.4 Create a center margin | 2.5 Add perforations, cutouts, or other decorative elements | . | 3. Configure cut settings | 4. Set up the vinyl cutter | 5. Prepare your material on a mat | 6. Cut! | 7. Remove your material from the mat. | 8. Bend and crease | 9. Test and refine | . | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.1_pinwheels/#table-of-contents",
-    
-    "relUrl": "/topics/3.1_pinwheels/#table-of-contents"
-  },"34": {
-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Design and cut a custom paper pinwheel to experiment with energy, forces, and motion. Context . P . ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.1_pinwheels/#overview",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/3.1_pinwheels/#overview"
-  },"35": {
-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Silhouette Studio software | Vinyl cutter | Light hold (low-adhesion)cutting mat | Cardstock (preferably 100lb or higher) | Wooden pencils with rubber erasers | Push pins | Circular stickers (~1 inch diameter), tape, or glue | Fan or blowdrier with “cool” option | (Optional) Thin but rigid laser-safe plastic sheets | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.1_pinwheels/#materials",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/3.1_pinwheels/#materials"
-  },"36": {
-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "1. Prepare a New Project in Silhouette Studio . First, you need to set up your digital workspace. | Open a new project in Silhouette Studio (downloadable here). | Input the size of the material you will be working with. | Under “page setup,” either select from the dropdown menu under “media size” or manually input the width and height in the text boxes below. | The other settings should be fine as-is, but feel free to adjust the media color or rotate the view as desired. | . | . 2. Create your design! . Pinwheel designs can vary significantly to include: different blade numbers, shapes, and angles; perforations in blades; and single- or multi-layered designs. Consider factors like which way you want your pinwheel to spin and engineer your design accordingly. (Can you create a two-layer design where the layers spin in opposite directions?) . 2.1 Draw an outer shape / bounding box . The outer cut shape, this bounding box will determine how your blades are shaped. | Start with shapes with radial symmetry (circles, squares, regular polygons) before leveling up to experiment with radially asymmetrical or irregular shapes (ellipses, rectangles, irregular polygons). | Simple, traditional pinwheels are engineered from square templates. | . | . 2.2 Find the center . This is where your pivot point will attach to your pinwheel’s handle (where your pushpin will secure the pinwheel to the wooden chopstick or dowel). | Drop a point or a tiny circle at the center of your design. | . 2.3 Add cut lines . Using the line tool, use cut lines to split your pinwheel into any number of equal segments. | Think of this like cutting a pizza or a pie; each line should go all the way across your shape from one side to the other, intersecting with your center point along the way. | When cut, these segments will create “petals.” Each petal will fold into one blade. | Design tips: . | Start with straight lines before leveling up to experiment with curved lines. | What happens if your segments aren’t equal? If time allows, experiment to find out! | . | . 2.4 Create a center margin . This ensures you have a margin toward which to fold and onto which to pin your blades. | Draw a small circle around your center point, within the confines of your larger shape. This should have a radius of at least 1/2 inch. | Erase the cut lines within this smaller, inner shape. | Erase or ignore the inner shape; you do not want to cut or perforate around its perimeter. | . 2.5 Add perforations, cutouts, or other decorative elements . This step is optional, for more advanced experimentation. | Add crease lines or small, shaped cutouts as desired. | Remember, wind will pass directly through any perforations! | . | . 3. Configure cut settings . Now, it’s time to prepare the file for the printer. | Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen). | Select “line” from the top menu. Each line color—-in this case, red and blue–should have its own row. | Choose your material for both rows (they will be the same; likely cardstock, plain although coverstock, heavy also works, depending on your material). | Select an action for each row: cut for red and score for blue. | If you are using the autoblade tool, you can perform both functions in the same pass. Choose tool no. 1 for both rows. (Note: your scored lines will be finely perforated rather than scored.) | If you are using two different tools—one for cutting and another for scoring—choose the correct tool number and carriage as appropriate for each row. | . | . 4. Set up the vinyl cutter . Be sure to set up somewhere with enough room for the mat to feed through. There’s no need for a spool feeder for this project, since you’ll be using cardstock and a mat. | Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds. | Connect to the machine via bluetooth or a USB cable. | Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. | (Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.) | . | Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): . | Open the machine’s hood. | On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out. | Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted. | Push the locking mechanism back into place. | . | . 5. Prepare your material on a mat . We’ll be using a low-adhesion mat for this project. | Position your cardstock to align the upper left corner of the material with the upper left corner of the mat and press it firmly into place. | Line the mat up with the machine. | Push the arrow button to load the mat, centering it between the pressure wheels. | Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut. | . 6. Cut! . Almost done! . | With your mat lined up and ready, click “send file.” . | The machine will take a few moments to process your file, cutting first and then scoring. | . | When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the cutting mat. | . 7. Remove your material from the mat. To remove your workpiece, peel the mat off of the cardstock instead of vice versa. This helps keep your finished product flat and intact. Peeling the workpiece from the mat will likely result in torn or curled cardstock. | Turn the mat over so your workpiece is flat on the table. Then, gently peel the mat off of the workpiece. | . 8. Bend and crease . Bring your design into three dimensions. | Gently bend one corner of each petal in toward your center point, gathering and stacking them there. Use gentle, arcing folds–not sharp creases. | Use a tape, glue, or a sticker to hold these in place. | . | Gently push your pushpin through the center of the tape or sticker at the center of your pinwheel. | Gently use the pushpin to attach your pinwheel to a pencil eraser. | Don’t push your pushpin all the way in; it should be secured firmly to the eraser, but your pinwheel should still be able to turn freely. | . | . 9. Test and refine . Use a fan or hair dryer (on the low/cool setting) to pass air over the blades of your pinwheel, aiming directly at its centerpoint. Does it spin? . | How stable is your pinwheel’s motion? What constraints, like friction, seem to be constraining it, and how can these be minimized? | . ",
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-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Activity Steps",
-    "title": "3. Pinwheels Activity Steps",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.1_pinwheels/",
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-  },"38": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Winging It: Engineering on the Fly",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.1_gliders/#winging-it-engineering-on-the-fly",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.1_gliders/#winging-it-engineering-on-the-fly"
-  },"39": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | Overview . | Context . | In the Real World: | Parametric Design | . | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Ideate . | 1.1 Choose your fuselage shape | 1.2 Choose your wing shapes | 1.3 Choose your tail shapee | 1.4 Choose your slot placement | . | 2. Design . | 2.1 xDesign | . | 3. Laser cut fuselage . | 3.1 Open in XCS | 3.2 Configure for cutting | 3.3 Connect laser cutter: | 3.4 Auto-focus: | 3.5 Check framing: | 3.6 Run the job: | 3.7 Remove finished pieces: | . | 4. Vinyl cut wings and tails . | 4.1 Open in Silhouette Studio | 4.2 Configure cut settings | 4.3 Set up the vinyl cutter | 4.4 Prepare your material | 4.5 Cut! | . | 5. 3D print weights | 6. Assemble | 7. Test and Evaluate | 8. Redesign and Try Again | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.1_gliders/#table-of-contents",
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-  },"40": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Design and fabricate a three-piece glider! . Laser cut a fuselage, vinyl cut cardstock wings and tail, and 3D print clip-on weights. Then test your design, tweak it, and try again! . Context . Four forces act upon a plane in the air: thrust, lift, gravity, and drag. | Thrust: the force propelling a plane forward. Thrust is most often generated by fuel combustion (or your throw!). | Lift: the force acting upward on a plane’s wings to keep it aloft. Lift is generated as a plane moves forward and air moves more quickly across the top of its wings than beneath them. Generally, the larger the wings, the greater the lift. | Gravity: the force pulling a plane’s mass down toward the ground. Lighter materials can help a plane stay airborne longer. | Drag: the frictional force a plane experiences from air flowing past it. Drag is the opposite of thrust, and slows a plane down. It is largely influenced by its tail design. | . Planes’ designs must balance all of these forces. The shapes, sizes, and materials used for the wings, body, nose, and tail can all drastically affect the way a plane flies. How can we engineer a glider to take advantage of these forces? . In the Real World: . Engineers don’t create perfect designs on the first try. They test, redesign, and retest their ideas again and again, making small changes each time based on their observations. This is called iterative prototyping, and it’s a key part of the engineering design process. Instead of thinking of lackluster designs as “failures,” think of them as rough drafts of a finished product. Each one is a step closer to success. Parametric Design . Parametric design is a smart way to tweak digital designs. Instead of creating a new CAD model from scratch each time they need to make a change, engineers use something called parametric modeling. This means they assign adjustable variables to each dimension of their design instead of values. These labels can be single variables, like x in a math equation, or they can be a function of a variable, like x+6 or x/2. We could even make them a function of each other: wing width could equal body length - tail width. Parametric design allows engineers to scale an entire model up or down or make small tweaks to a single part. ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.1_gliders/#overview",
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-  },"41": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | 1.5mm to 3mm balsa wood -or- 5mm corrigated cardboard | Thick (~110lb) cardstock for vinyl cutter. | Note: construction paper is not advised, as it is too fibrous to cut cleanly. | . | 3D printer filament (PLA) in a color of your choice | 3D printer | Laser cutter and/or vinyl cutter | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.1_gliders/#materials",
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-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "Note: While the steps outlined below focus on a combination of laser and vinyl cutting, your glider’s fuselage, wings, and tail can be cut entirely on either machine (entirely out of balsa for the laser cutter or cardstock for the vinyl cutter). The 3D printed weights are optional; paperclips can be subsituted when these aren’t an option. 1. Ideate . It can help to first sketch the three main components of your glider, labeling the features of each. 1.1 Choose your fuselage shape . | Sketch your desired shape for your glider’s body, or fuselage. | Label the characteristics you think will help your glider perform. | Consider: why have you chosen a pointed nose or tapered tail? How might these affect the performance of your glider? | . | . 1.2 Choose your wing shapes . | Sketch the desired shape of your glider’s wings. | Again, label the characteristics you feel will help your wings achieve optimal lift or distance. The shape you choose will affect how far and fast your design can glide. | Is your glider a fast, accurate dart with sharply angled wings? Or a floating, meandering glider with large, tapered ones? | . | . 1.3 Choose your tail shapee . | Sketch your desired shape for your glider’s tail. | Label the characteristics of your tail you feel will bolster your glider’s performance. | Tails can provide significant steering and balance! | . | . 1.4 Choose your slot placement . | Consider where your wings and body will intersect. Draw some lines on your sketches to indicate this placement. | Where your wings are located can affect whether your design will nosedive or flounder. Aim for something nice and balanced. | . | . 2. Design . You can use any CAD, 2D, or 3D design software you like for these steps (2D is sufficient for the fuselage, wings, and tail; 3D is needed for the weights). While specifics will depend on which software you choose, the steps outlined below offer a high-level overview of the design process for your fuselage and wings. 2.1 xDesign . 3. Laser cut fuselage . Note: the same steps apply if you are also cutting the wings and tail on the laser cutter. 3.1 Open in XCS . | Open xTool’s Creative Studio software, (available for free download here). | Start a new project. | Import your designs (use the file icon or drag and drop) | . 3.2 Configure for cutting . Unless you’ve added decorative design elements, we only need to configure for “cutting” here. | Select your material type from the main menu. (We recommend using 1.5mm or 3mm balsa wood). If your material doesn’t appear from the menu, select “user-defined material.” You can manually enter your cut settings later. - If your original design was created in a separate software and is parametric, remember not to adjust its size here in XCS. If you resize outside of your CAD environment, the width of your slots (likely sized perfectly for your stock material) will also change. | Select the design. In the object setting menu, select “cut” as your processing type. For 1/16” balsa wood, we suggest the following: . | Score: 40/150/1 | Engrave (raster): 30/200/1 | Cut: 100/15/1 | . | . 3.3 Connect laser cutter: . | Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB. | Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine. | Load stock material: . | Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb. | Manually drag laser head over center of stock. | Close lid. | . | . 3.4 Auto-focus: . | Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box). | Wait for machine to focus. | Open lid. | Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software. | . 3.5 Check framing: . | In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross. | Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position. | . 3.6 Run the job: . | Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so. | Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running! | . 3.7 Remove finished pieces: . | Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.) | Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed. | Close lid. | . 4. Vinyl cut wings and tails . 4.1 Open in Silhouette Studio . | Open a new project in Silhouette Studio (downloadable here). | Input the size of the material you will be working with. | Under “page setup,” either select from the dropdown menu under “media size” or manually input the width and height in the text boxes below. | The other settings should be fine as-is, but feel free to adjust the media color or rotate the view as desired. | . | Import your .png or .svg file. | . 4.2 Configure cut settings . | Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen). | Select “line” from the top menu. Each line color—-in this case, red and blue–should have its own row. | Choose your material for both rows (they will be the same; likely likely “cardstock, plain” although “coverstock, heavy” also works, depending on your material).). | Select an action for each row: cut for red and score for blue. (Scoring may be helpful if you wish to add folds or creases in your designs.) . | If you are using the autoblade tool, you can perform both functions in the same pass. Choose tool no. 1 for both rows. (Note: your scored lines will be finely perforated rather than scored.) | If you are using two different tools—one for cutting and another for scoring—choose the correct tool number and carriage as appropriate for each row. | . | . 4.3 Set up the vinyl cutter . Be sure to set up somewhere with enough room for the mat to feed through. There’s no need for a spool feeder for this project, since you’ll be using cardstock and a mat. | Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds. | Connect to the machine via bluetooth or a USB cable. | Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. | (Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.) | . | Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): . | Open the machine’s hood. | On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out. | Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted. | Push the locking mechanism back into place. | . | . 4.4 Prepare your material . We’ll be using a low-adhesion mat for this project. | Position your cardstock to align the upper left corner of the material with the upper left corner of the mat and press it firmly into place. | Line the mat up with the machine. | Push the arrow button to load the mat, centering it between the pressure wheels. | Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut. | . 4.5 Cut! . Almost done! . | With your mat lined up and ready, click “send file.” . | The machine will take a few moments to process your file, cutting first and then scoring. | . | When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the cutting mat. | To remove your workpiece, peel the mat off of the cardstock instead of vice versa. This helps keep your finished product flat and intact. Peeling the workpiece from the mat will likely result in torn or curled cardstock. | Turn the mat over so your workpiece is flat on the table. Then, gently peel the mat off of the workpiece. | . | . 5. 3D print weights . You can either use our pre-configured, 3D-printable weights or design your own in the CAD software of your choice. Remember that the slot should be sized appropriately for the material(s) you are using. You have two options to launch your print: 1) send it wirelessly, or 2) us an SD card. | Load filament (skip this step if already loaded): . | Hang filament spool on holder on back of machine so that filament unwinds clockwise. | . | Insert filament into the PTFE tupe on the top back side of the machine. | On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → – → bed heat, and head the nozzle to the recommended temperature for the filament (for PLA). | Wait for the nozzle to heat up. | On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → E → downward arrow several times until the filament comes out of the nozzle. | Load file: Select the file icon and select your file to start the print. | Note: The printer will likely run an automatic leveling check before printing. This usually takes a few minutes. | . | . 6. Assemble . | Insert wings through the slot in the plane’s fuselage (body). Make sure they’re centered; the notch will help keep them in place. | Slot your tail into place. | Optional: add a 3D printed nose weight! (Paperclips or tape and pennies also work). | . 7. Test and Evaluate . | Stand in the same spot and attempt to apply the same force for each launch. | Measure and record the glider’s linear distance traveled after each flight. | Consider launching at least three times and calculating the average distance traveled. | . | . 8. Redesign and Try Again . | Adjust your design files and try again. (Hint: this works best if you adjust only one variable at a time!) | . ",
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-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps",
-    "title": "10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: Laser Cut a Custom Stamp",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/#faciltator-guide-laser-cut-a-custom-stamp",
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-  },"45": {
-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: Laser Cut a Custom Stamp . | Overview . | Context | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Designing Digitally | 2. Exploration: Optimizing Hand-Drawn Designs | 3. Deep Dive: Add a Press-Fit Handle -or- Go Deeper into Logo Design | Extension: Printmaking | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Disciplinary Core Ideas: | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Batch processing | 3. Reflecting | 4. Tips | 5. Material considerations | 5. Design considerations to share with learners | . | Discussion questions | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Learners will use digital fabrication to create a custom stamp featuring a personal design or logo that reflects their unique identities and values. By combining graphic design principles with self-reflection, they will use symbols and typography while designing their stamps, thinking critically about symmetry and composition. This activity offers an introduction into laser cutting, scoring, and engraving, including file prep and machine operation using both laser-safe rubber and wood. Designs can either be hand-drawn and digitally optimized for the laser cutter, or designed entirely digitally. Context . From McDonalds’ golden arches to Nike’s signature swoosh, many of us can recognize hundreds of logos at a glance. This is far from accidental; these symbols were designed to be iconic. Marketing leverages the science of psychology to influence our emotions and behaviors by combining carefully selected color schemes, fonts, and other graphics to convey a message. Logos must also work in monochrome–black and white or a single color–for contexts like screen printing and stamping. A well-crafted logo can do more than look pretty! It can tell a story about a brand’s identity, values, and mission. ",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Designing Digitally . Digitally design a custom stamp design and pair it with a laser-engraved handle. | Introduces XCS software and digital design. | Designs can be size-constrained (~2-3” square) | . | Curricular tie-ins: marketing, business, art, psychology . | Design a logo for a brand or business idea (research popular logos, analyze the design decisions behind them through the lens of psychology, etc.) | . | . 2. Exploration: Optimizing Hand-Drawn Designs . Hand-draw and digitally optimize a custom stamp design for laser cutting, and pair it with a laser-engraved handle. | Introduces optimization from hand-drawn designs to laser-ready files. | Incorporates extra brainstorming and discussion steps re: the design process and stamp composition. | Curricular tie-ins: marketing, business, art, psychology . | Design a logo for a brand or business idea (research popular logos, analyze the design decisions behind them through the lens of psychology, etc.) | . | . 3. Deep Dive: Add a Press-Fit Handle -or- Go Deeper into Logo Design . Upgrade from a two-dimensional engraved wooden panel to a three-dimensional press-fit handle -or- dedicate multiple sessions to deeper logo research, design, and reflection. | Introduces kerf and material measurements for press-fit optimization. | Pitch a brand idea (or pitch a redesign for an existing brand, like Nike), and design a custom logo that expresses that brand’s unique identity and values. | Pair and share to gather “customer” thoughts about your logo, and refine designs based on feedback collected. | . | Curricular tie-ins: marketing, business, art, psychology . | Design a logo for a brand or business idea (research popular logos, analyze the design decisions behind them through the lens of psychology, etc.) | . | . Extension: Printmaking . Instead of (or in addition to) attaching stamps to wooden handles, lay them on their backs and use paint or markers to color in their faces. Apply a piece of paper over top and use a roller to achieve even pressure across the stampface. | Similar to lithographic printmaking, this process allows multiple colors to be applied at once. | Alternatively, learners can produce multiple stamps, each illustrating a different layer of the same scene. These can be stamped over top of each other to achieve the same effect. | . ",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Printable worksheets | Laser cutter | XCS software (and/or other two-dimensional design software) | Black markers (washable for young learners) | Low-odor, laser-safe rubber | 3mm plywood for handles | Adhesive to join rubber to wood (Power Tac, Rubber Cement, or E6000) | Soap, water, and soft sponges or toothbrushes to wash soot off of the stamp faces post-cutting. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/#materials",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | ",
-    "url": "/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/#standards-alignment",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Disciplinary Core Ideas:",
-    "content": "| . | ",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
-    "content": "| ",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
-    "content": "| . ",
-    "url": "/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/#iste-standards",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Consider shape and composition when designing in 2D. | Identify, discuss, and apply key principles of graphic design like balance, symmetry, and negative space to tell a story. | Make and explain design choices based on what they wish to convey and to whom. | Give, receive, and incorporate constructive feedback. | Understand how design can impact consumer perception and brand identity. | Relate their learning to real-world companies and entrepreneurs. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Translate an idea into 2D design. | Translate a 2D design into a laser-cut file / prepare a file for laser cutting. | Engrave, cut, and score on the laser cutter. | Post-process laser-cut rubber. | . ",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | Learners can work alone or in groups of 2-3. | For hand-drawn logos, use our printable worksheets or design your own to keep students’ designs constrained to the proper size. (Work boxes should be scaled to the desired size for the finished stamp faces!) . | Younger learners can design on canvases twice or three times the size of the finished stamp, if desired. Their designs can then be scaled digitally before laser cutting. | . | Consider running some test cuts to determine the limits of your laser cutter on rubber. | Cut the word “test” in different font styles and sizes to demonstrate which work and which are too fine. | . | . 2. Batch processing . | To save time, learners’ designs can be engraved and cut in small batches or all at once during a break rather than one by one. | If batching for a make-and-take where you are less worried about teaching the intricacies of the design software, you may want to configure hand-drawn files on the control computer all at once. | . 3. Reflecting . | Don’t forget to reflect (flip) learners’ designs before engraving! . | Stamps create mirrored images of their faces when used. That means words and letters should appear backwards on the stamps themselves! | . | . 4. Tips . | If running the “design a brand logo” version of this activity, consider assigning brands or companies to each group rather than asking learners to create their own. | Give each one a core focus and 2–3 values. You can provide the names or ask learners to come up with their own. | Alternatively, consider redesigning logos for existing brands, like Nike. | Ask learners to list 2–3 values they associate with the company before getting started. | . | . | . 5. Material considerations . | This activity works best with laser-safe rubber, but can be replicated using wood (5mm works) or acrylic, or by gluing together cardboard layers. The key here is to ensure that the ink you’re ultimately using will stick to the material. | . 5. Design considerations to share with learners . | Details that are too small (or fonts that are too narrow) may essentially disintegrate during the engraving process. | Bold, blocky fonts work best. | Consider running a test before starting your design work: engrave “test” in multiple font styles and sizes to determine which work well and which do not. | . | Remember to reflect designs before cutting! Otherwise, they will appear correctly on the stamp face itself but backwards on stamped materials. | Take advantage of the tools in your design software, like patterning, reflecting, and aligning. | . ",
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-    "doc": "5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | Math (geometries, reflections, patterns) . | How does the concept of symmetry play a role in designing a logo? | What geometric shapes are most effective in creating a balanced and visually appealing logo? | How can reflections and patterns be used to create a unique and recognizable logo? | How do you calculate the area and perimeter of different shapes in your design? | What are the mathematical considerations when scaling your hand-drawn design to fit the stamp face size? | . | Art &amp; Design . | What are the key principles of graphic design, and how do they apply to logo creation? | How do balance, contrast, and negative space influence the effectiveness of a logo? | What considerations should be made when choosing fonts for a logo? | How does color affect a logo, and how can this be used when designing for monochromatic (single-color) applications like stamps? | How does the process of receiving and incorporating feedback enhance your design? | . | English Language Arts . | How can a logo tell a story about a brand or individual? | What emotions or messages do you want your logo to convey, and how can you achieve this through design? | How does the use of typography in a logo influence its perception and readability? | What are the key elements of a successful brand story, and how can your logo contribute to this narrative? | How can you use descriptive language to explain and justify your design choices? | . | History &amp; Social Studies . | How have logos evolved over time, and what historical events have influenced their design? | What are some examples of rebranding, and what prompted these changes? | How do cultural and societal changes impact logo design and branding strategies? | What ethical considerations should be taken into account when designing a logo (e.g., avoiding cultural appropriation)? | How does globalization affect branding and logo design for different cultural audiences? | How can historical and societal changes influence the evolution of brand logos? | What are the potential impacts of a logo on societal values and consumer behavior? | . | Engineering &amp; Technology . | What safety procedures should be followed when operating a laser cutter? | How can different laser cutter settings (power, speed, passes) affect the outcome? | How have technological advancements influenced the process and style of logo design? | . | Entrepreneurship &amp; Business . | How does a well-designed logo impact a brand’s identity and consumer perception? | hat are some iconic logos you are aware of, and what makes them effective or memorable? | How can a logo help in building brand recognition and loyalty? | Why is it important for different design elements (shape, color, typography) to work together to create a cohesive brand image? | What role do trademarks and copyright laws play in protecting brand logos? | . | Creativity &amp; Problem Solving . | How did you come up with the initial idea for your logo? | What challenges did you encounter during the design and fabrication process, and how did you overcome them? | How did feedback from peers influence your final design? | What creative techniques did you use to make your logo stand out? | How can you apply the skills learned in this activity to other design projects or entrepreneurial ventures? | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: 3D Printing for Casting &amp; Molding",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: 3D Printing for Casting &amp; Molding . | Context . | In the Real World | Key Concepts: . | Key Terms: | . | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Single-Part, Single-Step Molds | 2. Exploration: Single-Part, Two-Step Molds -or- Two-Part, Single-Step Molds | 3. Deep Dive: Two-Part, Two-Step Molds | Extension: Multi-Part (&gt;2) Molds | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Safety &amp; Logistics | 3. Batch processing | 4. Design considerations to share with learners | 5. De-molding tips | . | Discussion questions | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Learners will design and 3D print their very own one- or two-part molds! . These can then be used to cast objects directly, or to create secondary, more flexible molds to cast large batches of a design. This activity offers an introduction to complex, multi-step 3D design including the “cut” and “join” tools as well as an overview of casting and molding. Context . Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid is poured or injected into a rigid structure called a mold and allowed to cure or solidify. It takes advantage of the properties of liquids; specifically, their ability to conform to the shape of a vessel into which they’re poured. The special liquids that are poured into molds are called casting mediums. These are typically two-part mixtures that undergo a thermal or chemical change called curing to harden into a solid, creating items like: . | Specially-shaped bars of soap | Action figures and other plastic toys | Fancy chocolates | . The individual components must be precisely measured, combined at specific ratios, and mixed together fully in order to work correctly. Otherwise, the mixture will not cure properly, resulting in a wet or soft end product. In the Real World . Sand castles are often made using molds. Wet sand is packed into the forms, which are then carefully removed to leave behind castles in their shapes. Ice cubes and popsicles are also made made from molds. Water or juice is poured into the forms, which are then frozen. Plastic toys, clothes hangers, and utensils are also made from casting polymers into specially-designed molds. Key Concepts: . There are two key types of molds relevant to this activity (and many more used in real-world manufacturing!). | Single-part molds: Simple shapes without undercuts can be cast in single-part molds. | Straightforward to design, produce, and use. | Use less material and require less production time. | Easy to pour and de-mold. | . | Multi-part molds: Some shapes are too complex to cast using a single-part mold. These require multi-part molds, in which two or more parts fit together like three-dimensional puzzles, encompassing the object to be cast. Small funnels and air vents allow a casting medium to be poured in, and air bubbles to escape. Once the casting medium has cured, the multiple pieces of the mold are disassembled to provide access to the finished part inside. | Allow for complex shapes, undercuts, and intricate details. | Provide better access to all surfaces of the object. | Can be designed along natural seams or edges for the object being cast to minimize visible lines on the finished casting. Multi-part molds require special surface features called registers to help them lock together precisely, as well as exposed tunnels called sprues and vents to allow material to enter and air to escape. | . | . Key Terms: . | Mold: The rigid frame into which a casting medium is poured. | Casting Medium: The material you are pouring into a mold. This undergoes a chemical or physical change to harden from a liquid into a solid, and often gets mixed together from two parts. | Cast: To pour a casting medium into a mold; the solid form that comes out of a mold. | Curing: The chemical process a casting medium undergoes while hardening. | Registers: In multi-part molds, registers are design features that interlock to keep the mold precisely aligned during pouring and curing. | Sprue: In multi-part molds, sprues are like small, funnel-like openings into which the casting medium is poured. | Vent: In multi part molds, vents are small air shafts that allow air bubbles to escape from the interior cavity, preventing empty spaces in the finished product. | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Single-Part, Single-Step Molds . Design and 3D print a custom, single-part mold. In this version of the activity, the 3D print is the final mold and material is poured into the top. | Introduces the “extrude” and “fillet” commands in CAD (and optionally “draft” and “fillet”). | Investigates and compares both proud (positive distance) and recessed (negative distance) extrusions. | Plays with the surface features of dice. | Curricular tie-ins: art, design, manufacturing | . 2. Exploration: Single-Part, Two-Step Molds -or- Two-Part, Single-Step Molds . Option A) Design and 3D print a custom single-part, two step mold: In this version, the 3D print is simply a tool used to create the final mold. A casting agent is poured into the print and allowed to cure. This cured product then represents the final mold, and will be more flexible than the print. (Longer time requirement: two casting steps.) . | Allows for experimentation with / comparisons between different casting materials and their characteristics. | Curricular tie-ins: art, design, manufacturing, chemistry | . Option B) Design and 3D print a custom multi-part, single step mold: In this version, the 3D printed parts assemble into the final mold; however, registers, sprues, and vents must be added to guide the prints’ alignment and allow material to enter and air to exit. (Shorter time requirement: one casting step.) . | Introduces more complex spatial reasoning. | Requires more complex CAD design. | Curricular tie-ins: art, design, manufacturing | . 3. Deep Dive: Two-Part, Two-Step Molds . Design and 3D print a custom, multi-part mold. In this version the 3D printed parts assemble into the final mold; however, registers, sprues, and vents must be added to guide the prints’ alignment and allow material to enter and air to exit. | Introduces more complex spatial reasoning. | Allows learners to experiment with different casting materials or choose a material based on the intended application of their final product. | Curricular tie-ins: art, design, manufacturing | . Extension: Multi-Part (&gt;2) Molds . Some complex geometries can’t be cast from just two-part molds. They require too many undercuts or unique details. Challenge learners to create a three- or more-part mold. ",
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-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Computer with CAD software | 3D printer | PLA in a color of your choice | Casting mediums (any or all) . | Playdough | Hydrostone | Oomoo | Wax - will also require a crucible or pan and hotplate | . | Mold release agent (optional) | Mixing tools: . | Stirring sticks (popsicle sticks or tongue depressors) | Mixing cups (paper cups) -Measuring tools: | Small scales | Disposable volumetric measuring cups | . | Safety equipment: . | Gloves | Eye protection | Lab coats or aprons | Close-toed shoes for all participants | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | Disciplinary Core Ideas | . | ",
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-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
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-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Identify basic elements (tools/materials) and purposes of casting. | Describe the steps in the casting process. | Understand how molds and casting facilitate mass production in manufacturing. | Develop an understanding of chemical changes in casting mediums. | Compare the volume and/or weight of pre-cured liquid casting materials and post-cured parts. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Design in 3D. | Read a data sheet for casting mediums. | Understand the importance of gloves and eye safety. | Determine which casting agents to use based on the material a mold is made from, or the desired properties of the finished product (i.e. not casting sortaclear into oomoo). | Successfully mix two-part mixtures by weight or volume (i.e. oomoo, hydrostone). | Create a mold of an existing object or design one for an original idea. | Cast from a mold. | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | This is a messy process! Lay newspaper or butcher paper over any work surfaces to help simplify cleanup. | Consider blocking off any nearby sinks or lining drains drains with plastic wrap to prevent any accidental discarding of casting mediums into plumbing. | Discuss examples: Collect an assortment of plastic items that have been cast and challenge learners to look for their sprue marks, (tiny “belly buttons” that show where the casting material was poured into the mold) or seams (that show where the mold’s halves would have come together). | You can also challenge learners to guess which type of mold/casting was used for various items (i.e. rotary molding for hollow items). | . | For young learners, it can help to run a pre-activity creating custom ice-cubes or popsicles. This can expose them to the idea of a liquid being poured into a rigid form and hardening into a solid, taking on its shape. | . 2. Safety &amp; Logistics . | It’s tempting to run an edible activity here, like molding custom candies. However, note that in order for an activity to be legally considered food-safe, EVERY STEP of its process must be food-safe. That means the 3D printer (nozzle, bed, and all parts) would need to be food-safe; the PLA would need to be replaced with a food-safe medium, etc. | Cover safety protocols: Many curing processes are exothermic! That means the casting medium releases heat as it solidifies. This can potentially be dangerous if it occurs in a small, confined space or near something flammable. Leave excess mixed mediums alone in their cups to cure fully before disposing of them. | Consider reactions: Some polymers react or otherwise interfere with certain casting mediums during the curing process. Read the data sheet for more details. (For example: It is fine to cast Sortaclear or Oomoo in a PLA print—but for a multi-step piece, you cannot cast Sortaclear in an Oomoo mold, or vice versa, as they will meld together during curing.) | Discuss proper disposal procedures: DO NOT pour casting materials down the drain or into any plumbing. When mixed together with their activators (or in the case of hydrostone, with water) they will cure and solidify. This will cause extensive damage to pipes and plumbing. We advise to do this activity far away from plumbing to prevent accidents. | . 3. Batch processing . | 3D printed molds can be batch printed, but casting must happen individually for each learner. This should be done at the end of a session so that curing can happen overnight / between sessions. | . 4. Design considerations to share with learners . | Start by modeling the thing you want to create a cast of. Then, use that model as a tool to “cut” or “join with” a bounding box, depending on whether you are creating a single- or two-step mold. | For two-part molds, you may wish to add registers to help the pieces align more precisely. | Small hemispheres in diagonally opposite corners work well for this. The hemispheres on one half should be positive (convex) while those on the other should be negative (concave). | Consider making the concave hemispheres a tiny bit (~.5mm) larger in diameter than the convex ones to add a little buffer. | . | . 5. De-molding tips . | A flat tool like a paint scraper can help gently pry multi-part molds apart. | Scissors can be used to snip off overflow from the sprue. | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | General . | How are casting and molding processes used in real-world manufacturing? Can you give four examples? | What are some advantages and disadvantages of using 3D-printed molds in comparison to those made from a more flexible material? | How do undercuts affect the design of a mold, and what strategies can you use to accommodate them in single-part and multi-part molds? | What are the advantages and disadvantages of using multi-part molds for complex geometries compared to single-part molds? | How do registers, sprues, and vents improve the functionality of multi-part molds? | What are some common issues that can arise with casting materials, such as air bubbles or incomplete curing, and how can these be prevented or resolved? | How does the choice of mold release agent influence the casting process and the quality of the final product? | . | Math: Geometry &amp; Volume . | How does the shape of your mold affect the volume of the casting medium required? | How can you calculate the volume of the mold cavity to determine how much casting medium you need? | What geometric principles are important when designing a single-part versus a multi-part mold? | How do the dimensions and tolerances of your mold design affect the final cast object’s accuracy? | What is the difference between ratios by weight versus volume? Are they interchangeable in the same proportions? Why or why not? | . | Chemistry: Properties of Casting Materials . | What are the properties of different casting materials (e.g., Hydrostone, Oomoo, wax) and how do these properties affect the casting process? | What factors influence the curing time and final properties of the cast object? | Why is it important to mix casting materials at specific ratios, and what can happen if these ratios are not accurately measured? | How do exothermic reactions during the curing process affect the choice of materials and the safety precautions needed? | . | Manufacturing . | How does the use of 3D printing for mold making compare to other mold-making methods in terms of speed, cost, and precision? | What are some applications of casting and molding in modern manufacturing, and how do they benefit from advancements in 3D printing technology? | How can iterative design and testing improve the efficiency and quality of the manufacturing process when using 3D-printed molds? | What are some environmental considerations when using different casting materials, and how can sustainable practices be integrated into the manufacturing process? | . | Design . | How can you determine the optimal placement of sprues and vents in a multi-part mold to ensure complete filling and minimize defects? | What are some techniques for creating complex internal geometries within a mold? How do these techniques influence the final cast object? | How can the design of a mold be optimized for repetitive use in mass production? | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Press Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Fab a Flower Press",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/6.1_flower_press/#fab-a-flower-press",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Press Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Fab a Flower Press . | Overview . | Context | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Ideate . | 2. Design | 2a. For hand-drawn designs | 2b. For entirely digital designs | . | 3. Add holes | 4. Configure for cutting, scoring, and engraving | 5. Laser cut face plates . | 5.1 Connect laser cutter | 5.2 Auto-focus | 5.3 Check framing | 5.4 Run the job | 5.5 Remove finished pieces | . | 6. Design &amp; cut inner cardboard layers . | 6.1 Design inner layers | 6.2 Lay out inner layers | 6.3 Laser cut inner layers | . | 7. Assemble your press | 8. Use your press | . | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Press Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Combine art and science: customize and fabricate a botanical press that can be used to preserve leaves, buds, and blossoms for crafts or dissection. This activity highlights the enduring appeal of flower pressing while demonstrating how digital fabrication techniques can be used to replicate or enhance age-old tools. Context . For centuries, botanists and hobbyists alike have used flower presses to preserve to document plant species, create art, and preserve botanical specimens for scientific study. During the Victorian era in particular, the practice was a popular pastime with pressed flowers used in scrapbooks, cards, and framed artwork. Today, flower pressing continues to offer a hands-on way to explore plant anatomy, biodiversity, and ecology–or simply to capture memories. ",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Press Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | (1) 3mm basswood, plywood, or acrylic - enough to accommodate two 5” x 5” cutouts (face plates) | (1) sheet of corrugated cardboard - enough to accommodate six 4” x 4” cutouts (inner layers) | (4) 35mm bolts | (4-8) washers | (4) wing nuts (or regular nuts w/ 3D printed wing nut caps) | (10) sheets of wax paper for between cardboard - optional | . ",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Press Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "Your flower press consists of two key laser-cut parts: . | Two rigid outer face plates | Numerous inner cardboard layers | . You can also further build upon this activity with these optional add-ons: . | Creating vinyl-cut “jars” to preserve your specimens, building your very own herbarium. | 3D-printing wing nuts to aide in easy tightening and loosening of your press. | . 1. Ideate . Your top and bottom plate are fully customizable. They should share the same shape, be large enough to accommodate a few flowers and leaves per layer, and have room for at least three (ideally four) bolt holes spread evenly around their edges. Beyond these constraints, you can score or engrave whatever decorative elements you like! . | Consider incorporating text (typography, calligraphy, quotes, poetry, song lyrics) and graphics (botanical imagery, brand logos, images, signatures, etc.) | Remember to design around the holes in each corner for the bolts that will hold your press together. | . 2. Design . You have two options for your designs: . | Option #1: You can sketch or hand-draw your design and scan it (or send a photo) into the XCS software. | Option #2: You can create your design entirely digitally. | . 2a. For hand-drawn designs . | Send Your Sketch to the Computer . | Scan your final design or snap a quick photo from directly above it. | . | Cell phone cameras work fine for this! - Send the file to your computer. | USB, email, or airdrop are all fine options. | . | Import image into XCS: . | Click on “image” in the upper lefthand corner and import your design. | . | This works best with an SVG, but you can use any image you want, including jpg or png. | Note: If your image is too large, select “yes, scale to fit on canvas.” We’ll be cropping and resizing anyway. | . | Crop away unneeded area: . | Click “edit image.” | Click the “crop” icon and draw a box around the area you want to keep. You can adjust this box after you place it, so don’t worry about being too precise to start with. | . | Important: when you’re satisfied, click the small checkmark at the bottom of the screen. - Click “save.” | . | Convert to black-and-white: . | You need to do this even if you used black marker on a white background, as there is likely to be some residual color from the scanning process. | . | Select “black-and-white” from the bitmap image menu. | Adjust the sharpness as desired, and slide the “greyscale” slider all the way to the right (the maximum setting). | . | Trace image to get its outline: . | Select your design. In the “bitmap image” menu, click the bottom button: “trace.” | Adjust the sliders until you’re satisfied. | Click “save.” (It’s usually fine to use the preset settings here.) This creates an outline of your design on a new layer. | . | Note: In order to see this outline, you will need to turn off visibility in the original image layer, which we will do in the next step. | . | Ignore and hide the original image: . | In the “layer” menu, select Layer 1. This is your original image. | Under the “object setting” menu, click “ignore.” | Turn off visibility for Layer 1. You should only see your traced outline remaining. | (Note: you could just delete this image or the layer it’s on instead of hiding it, but you will not be able to go back and edit it later if desired.) | . | Resize object(s): . | Select all elements of your design and resize by entering a value in millimeters into the “size” box. You can adjust the width (W) or height (H). | Note: by default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed. | . | Add a bounding box if needed: . | If your original sketch didn’t include an outer bounding box (the overall shape of your face plates), you should add one now. | . | Option 1: Use a simple geometric shape from the shape library. | Option 2: Draw your own outline using vector lines. | . | . 2b. For entirely digital designs . | You may want to start with your bounding box and then add decorative elements from the XCS shape library or from online. | Consider using the design tools to your advantage: . | Outline: Select your desired offset in millimeters. A positive number will give an outline larger than the original object. A negative number will give an outline smaller than the original object. | Array: Create a gridded or circular pattern of an object. | Group: Combine multiple objects or design elements to easily move or resize them all at once. | Align: Control the positions of objects relative to one another. Useful for centering things. | Combine: Unite or subtract objects to create a visually layered effect. | Reflect: Flip an object horizontally or vertically. | . | . 3. Add holes . Don’t forget to add the holes for your bolts! These should be evenly spaced around the perimeter of your face plate to apply even pressure to your botanicals. | Using the “shapes” menu, select a circle. | Resize this circle to the appropriate diameter for your bolts. (Note: make sure it is slightly larger than the bolt itself–you want a tiny bit of wiggle room so its easy to insert them through multiple layers.) | Position this where you would like one of your holes; this should be somewhere where it will not impede your ability to lay out your botanicals. (Ideally, in a corner). | Copy and paste this circle several times, moving each new hole to an appropriate location. | You may wish to consider using the “array” function to achieve perfect spacing if your design is a regular, symmetrical shape. | . | Select the outer perimeter and all holes, and navigate to “combine” &gt; “subtract.” | . 4. Configure for cutting, scoring, and engraving . Some of your design elements will likely be engraved (fully rastered), while others may be scored (outlined). The outer edge and holes will need to be cut. | Select your material type from the main menu. (We recommend using 3mm plywood for flower presses.) | Select the outline and holes for your face plate. In the object setting menu, select “cut” as your processing type. | Select all elements to be engraved. In the object setting menu, select “engrave.” (Everything that appears black will be engraved; everything white will stay raised.) | Select all elements to be scored (outlined). In the object setting menu, select “score.” . | Note: You may wish to place each of these categories onto a separate layer for easy reference. With the objects selected, click “move to” and choose a new color. This will move those objects to that layer. | . | . 5. Laser cut face plates . 5.1 Connect laser cutter . | Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB. | Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine. | Load stock material: . | Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb. | Manually drag laser head over center of stock. | Close lid. | . | . 5.2 Auto-focus . | Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box). | Wait for machine to focus. | Open lid. | Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software. | . 5.3 Check framing . | In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross. | Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position. | . 5.4 Run the job . | Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so. | Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running! | . 5.5 Remove finished pieces . | Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.) | Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed. | Close lid. | . 6. Design &amp; cut inner cardboard layers . The inner layers of your press are made of compressible cardboard that will gently squeeze flowers flat. | Option #1: These layers can be sized and shaped identically to your press, in which case they will thread over your bolts and need to be removed one at a time. | Option #2: These layers can be slightly smaller than your press, with narrow margins around the bolt holes. | . Either option is fine! . 6.1 Design inner layers . | If your inner layers will perfectly match your face plates, simply toggle any decorative elements (engravings &amp; score lines) to “ignore” in the output settings. | If you wish to create smaller inner layers, you can select a new shape from the library, draw your own, or use the “outline” function an enter a negative number for “offset distance”. | Make sure your inner layers don’t interfere or overlap with the bolt holes in your face plates. | . | . 6.2 Lay out inner layers . | Copy &amp; paste or use the pattern function to lay out an array of this inner layer shape on your raw material. | . 6.3 Laser cut inner layers . | Make sure to switch your material to “3.5mm corrugated paper.” | Follow the same instructions as above to re-focus the machine and run the job. | . 7. Assemble your press . Assemble your flower press by stacking all its layers together on top of your bolts. | Thread a washer onto each bolt. | Thread the bolts upward through the holes in the bottom face plate. | Add your cardboard inner layers on top of the bottom plate. | Finish by threading the top plate onto the bolts. | Screw wingnuts onto each bolt and tighten against the face plate, applying even pressure across the press. | . 8. Use your press . Follow the one-in-twenty rule: if there are 20 of a specific flower in bloom, it’s generally okay to take one—if it’s a species that’s not endangered or protected. | Arrange your flowers or foliage, ensuring they are spaced evenly and not overlapping. | Multiple specimens can be pressed at once if they’re of similar thickness. | . | Add another layer of paper on top of the flowers, followed by another layer of cardboard. You can repeat this process until all of your flowers are sandwiched between layers, or you near the end of your bolts. | Once your flowers are arranged, tighten the bolts (or velcro straps, or secure the rubber bands in place) on the flower press to apply even pressure across the face plates. | Let the flowers dry for approximately two weeks. (Exact drying time will depend on the thickness of the specimens, the ambient temperature and humidity, and your desired level of drying.) | After two weeks, remove the wing nuts, washers and top plate. Then remove your cardboard and paper, layer by layer, to reveal the pressed botanicals between them. Use tweezers to remove these. | . ",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Press Activity Steps",
-    "title": "6. Botanical Press Activity Steps",
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-    "doc": "5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Make Your Mark: Turn a Hand-Drawn Design into a Rubber Stamp",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/#make-your-mark-turn-a-hand-drawn-design-into-a-rubber-stamp",
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-    "doc": "5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Make Your Mark: Turn a Hand-Drawn Design into a Rubber Stamp . | Overview . | Context | . | Activity Steps . | 1. Research | 2. Ideate | 3. Analog Design: Sketching! | 4. Test &amp; Iterate (optional) | 5. Send Your Sketch to the Computer | 6. Format Image for Laser Cutting (XCS) . | 6.1 Open laser cutter software: | 6.2 Select material | 6.3 Import image | 6.4 Crop away unneeded area | 6.5 Convert to black-and-white | 6.6 Trace image to get its outline | 6.7 Ignore and hide the original image | 6.8 Resize object(s) | 6.9 Add a bounding box | 6.10 Format for engraving | 6.11 Add cut outline | 6.12 Format for cutting | 6.13 Reflect image | . | 7. Prepare Laser Cutter . | 7.1 Connect laser cutter | 7.2 Load stock material | 7.3 Auto-focus | 7.4 Check framing | . | 8. Laser Cut Stamp Face . | 8.1 Run the job | 8.2 Remove finished pieces | 8.3 Post-process rubber pieces | . | 9. Design Wooden Handle . | 9.1 Configure material settings | 9.2 Turn off your original cut outline | 9.3 Create a new border around your original design | 9.4 Apply cut settings to border | 9.5 Format design treatment | 9.6 Reflect (again) | 9.7 Run job | . | 10. Assemble | 11. Test and Evaluate | 12. Reflect &amp; Extend | . | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Create a custom, reusable stamp you can use to personalize your future creations! . No need to learn complicated CAD for this activity. We’ll go from a hand-drawn design to a digital file with minimal prep using just a phone camera or scanner. Context . From McDonalds’ golden arches to Nike’s signature swoosh, many of us can recognize hundreds of logos at a glance. This is far from accidental; these symbols were designed to be iconic. Marketing leverages the science of psychology to influence our emotions and behaviors by combining carefully selected color schemes, fonts, and other graphics to convey a message. Logos must also work in monochrome–black and white or a single color–for contexts like screen printing and stamping. A well-crafted logo can do more than look pretty! It can tell a story about a brand’s identity, values, and mission. ",
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-    "doc": "5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "1. Research . | What eye-catching logos can you think of? Make a list. | What makes the logos on your list memorable? What do they signify to you? | What design elements can you identify? How do these combine to achieve impact? . | Shape | Typography | Contrast | Composition | . | . 2. Ideate . | Consider what makes you unique. What qualities or values do you hope to convey? . | It can help to generate a list of words or phrases that describe you or your brand. What design elements might help you achieve this? . | . 3. Analog Design: Sketching! . | Start by sketching a simple design. This might be a variation of your name, signature, or star sign. It might be an emoji, or a logo for your personal brand. Look for inspiration in things that matter to you, like songs, books, or nature. Less is more here; you don’t need delicate detail. | . 4. Test &amp; Iterate (optional) . | Share your draft or design ideas with a friend. | What emotions or concepts does your logo evoke for others? Is your messaging coming across clearly? | How might you incorporate this feedback to enhance your design? | . | Taking constructive feedback into account, redesign a final draft of your logo. | . 5. Send Your Sketch to the Computer . | Scan your final design or snap a quick photo from directly above it. | Cell phone cameras work fine for this! | . | Send the file to your computer. | USB, email, or airdrop are all fine options. | . | . 6. Format Image for Laser Cutting (XCS) . 6.1 Open laser cutter software: . | xTool’s free Creative Space (XCS software) is downloadable here. | . 6.2 Select material . | Materials appearing in the drop-down menu will automatically populate xTool’s recommended settings for score/engrave/cut processes. However, if you’re using laser-safe stamp rubber, you will likely need to select “user-defined material.” That’s all for now! We will measure the distance during a later step when we prepare the machine itself. | . 6.3 Import image . | Click on “image” in the upper lefthand corner and import your design. | This works best with an SVG, but you can use any image you want, including jpg or png. | Note: If your image is too large, select “yes, scale to fit on canvas.” We’ll be cropping and resizing anyway. | . | . 6.4 Crop away unneeded area . | Click “edit image.” | Click the “crop” icon and draw a box around the area you want to keep. You can adjust this box after you place it, so don’t worry about being too precise to start with. | Important: when you’re satisfied, click the small checkmark at the bottom of the screen. | Click “save.” | . 6.5 Convert to black-and-white . | You need to do this even if you used black marker on a white background, as there is likely to be some residual color from the scanning process. | Select “black-and-white” from the bitmap image menu. | Adjust the sharpness as desired, and slide the “greyscale” slider all the way to the right (the maximum setting). | . | . 6.6 Trace image to get its outline . | Select your design. In the “bitmap image” menu, click the bottom button: “trace.” | Adjust the sliders until you’re satisfied. | Click “save.” (It’s usually fine to use the preset settings here.) This creates an outline of your design on a new layer. In order to see this outline, you will need to turn off visibility in the original image layer, which we will do in the next step. | . 6.7 Ignore and hide the original image . | In the “layer” menu, select Layer 1. This is your original image. | Under the “object setting” menu, click “ignore.” | Turn off visibility for Layer 1. You should only see your traced outline remaining. | (Note: you could just delete this image or the layer it’s on instead of hiding it, but you will not be able to go back and edit it later if desired.) | . 6.8 Resize object(s) . | Select all elements of your design and resize by entering a value in millimeters into the “size” box. You can adjust the width (W) or height (H). | Note: by default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed. | . 6.9 Add a bounding box . | To avoid wasting material, we want to make the outer margin as small as possible. There are a few ways to do this. Which is best for you will depend on your personal preferences and the geometry of your design. You want a nice, blocky outline that avoids narrow spots (or “bridges” between design elements), since these are fragile and might break. | Option 1: Use a simple geometric shape from the shape library. | Option 2: Use the outline tool. Click “outline” and enter your desired offset. If your design has text or a lot of small details, make sure this margin is large enough to keep them all connected. | Option 3: Draw your own outline using vector lines. | . | . 6.10 Format for engraving . | Select both the object and bounding box. | Select combine &gt; subtract at overlap. The design and bounding box will now be joined into a single object. -With this selected, choose “engrave” as your processing type in the object setting menu. | Enter manual settings: . | Power: 80 | Speed: 80 | Pass: 2 | Lines per cm: 100-120 | . | You may want to run some tests to dial this in for your machine and use case, but we’ve found these work well for stamps roughly three - five centimeters in size. | . 6.11 Add cut outline . | We don’t just want to engrave our stamp designs - we also want to cut them out! To do this, we’ll need to add another line, this time right on top of or just slightly smaller than the design’s outer perimeter. We will use the “outline” tool for this. | Select the object. | Uncheck “add inner line for bitmap.” | Input a small negative offset distance: -0.1mm | Move this new outline to a new layer. | With the outline selected (which it should be if you haven’t clicked elsewhere yet), click “move to” in the layers menu and choose a new color. | . | . 6.12 Format for cutting . | Choose your outline layer from the layers menu. | Under processing type, choose “cut.” Enter manual settings: . | Power: 100 | Speed: 20 | Pass: 3 | . | . 6.13 Reflect image . | This is arguably your most important step! Stamps create mirrored images of the designs on their faces. That means you need to engrave your original design backwards onto the rubber. | Select all elements of your design (object and cut outline). | Choose “reflect” &gt; “reflect horizontally” from the top menu. | . | All done! You’re ready to cut! Don’t forget to save your file for future use. | . 7. Prepare Laser Cutter . 7.1 Connect laser cutter . | Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB. | Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine. | . 7.2 Load stock material . | Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb. | Manually drag laser head over center of stock. | Close lid. | . 7.3 Auto-focus . | With laser head centered over the stock, click the auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box). | Wait for machine to focus. | Open lid. | Manually drag laser head to desired starting position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software. | . 7.4 Check framing . | In the XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross (you might want the cross to land on the upper lefthand corner of your design, for example). | Select “framing.” | When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position. | . 8. Laser Cut Stamp Face . 8.1 Run the job . | Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so. | Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running! | . 8.2 Remove finished pieces . | Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.) | Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed. | Close lid. 8.3 Post-process rubber pieces . | Use a damp cloth, sponge, or toothbrush to gently rub away soot. | . 9. Design Wooden Handle . 9.1 Configure material settings . | The simplest handles are simple engravings on flat stock. 3mm plywood works nicely. Choose your material from the drop-down menu. | . 9.2 Turn off your original cut outline . | Toggle its layer to “ignore” under object settings. | . 9.3 Create a new border around your original design . | Geometric shapes are easy and elegant, but you can also apply an outline slightly larger than the original design if you prefer. | Move this new outline to a new layer. | . 9.4 Apply cut settings to border . | With the border layer selected, toggle processing type to “cut.” If you’ve chosen your stock material from the drop-down menu, the appropriate power and speed settings should automatically populate. | . 9.5 Format design treatment . | Select the original design and toggle processing type to either “engrave” or “score.” This is a matter of personal preference. (Scoring takes much less machine time, if this is a factor.) | . 9.6 Reflect (again) . | This time, you want to make sure your design is facing the correct way. Since we reflected it previously, you’ll now want to reflect it again to reverse that. | . 9.7 Run job . | Place handle stock onto machine bed. | Auto-focus. | Frame as needed. | Process. | Remove finished piece and scrap stock from bed. | . 10. Assemble . | Center your rubber stamp on the bottom of the block and glue in place. Ensure that “up” is the same direction on both the face and handle. Wait for the glue to dry, and you’re ready to go! | . 11. Test and Evaluate . | Get to stamping! Try several different colors of ink. How does the ink color affect how your logo is perceived by others? | . 12. Reflect &amp; Extend . | How might you use this logo and your brand identity to develop brand recognition? What kinds of marketing might you do? | Consider ethical questions relevant to branding and logo design, such as cultural appropriation, and misrepresentation. | How does corporate branding influence people’s societal values? | . ",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Flower Press",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/#faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-flower-press",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Flower Press . | Overview . | Context | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Customize a Flower Press | 2. Exploration: Add 3D-Print Jumbo Wing Nuts | 3. Deep Dive: Add Vinyl Cut “Specimen Jars” | Extension: Build an Herbarium | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Disciplinary Core Ideas: | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Batch processing | 3. Time-savers | 4. Adjustments | 5. Material considerations | 6. Design considerations to share with learners | 7. Best practices for collecting botanicals | . | Extensions | Discussion questions | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "In this activity, learners will use digital fabrication tools to make an analog tool of their own: a botanical press that can be used to preserve leaves, buds, and blossoms. Presses consist of two wooden face plates with layers of cardboard sandwiched between them, held together using wing nuts and bolts. Their outer shapes and engraved details are fully customizable. This activity offers an introduction to 2D design, laser cutting, and laser engraving for both plywood and cardboard, along with assembling a system. Context . For centuries, botanists and hobbyists alike have used flower presses to preserve to document plant species, create art, and preserve botanical specimens for scientific study. During the Victorian era in particular, the practice was a popular pastime with pressed flowers used in scrapbooks, cards, and framed artwork. Today, flower pressing continues to offer a hands-on way to explore plant anatomy, biodiversity, and ecology–or simply to capture memories. Pressed botanicals can be used for dissection or in artwork and crafts. ",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Customize a Flower Press . Digitally design parts for a custom flower press, including both engraved wooden face plates and inner cardboard layers. | Introduces XCS software and digital design. | Design constraints can be introduced to limit learners to decorating a templated square faceplate with engraved details (simplest option), or kept more open-ended for learners to fully custom the shapes of their face plates (more in-depth). | Design and format engraved details. | Design and format wooden face plates. | Design and format interior cardboard layers. | . | . | Designs can be hand-drawn and digitally optimized, or designed entirely digitally based on your preference. | Curricular tie-ins: art, design, biology, natural history, environmental science . | Picture book tie-in: Hector the Collector | Create an herbarium. | . | . 2. Exploration: Add 3D-Print Jumbo Wing Nuts . Fabricate your press as normal, and then design 3D-printed, press-fit caps to upgrade off-the-shelf nuts into jumbo wing nuts. | Introduces design for 3D printing (modeling a real-world object; using one model to “cut” another). | Curricular tie-ins: art, design, biology, natural history, engineering, environmental science . | Discuss creative problem-solving | . | . 3. Deep Dive: Add Vinyl Cut “Specimen Jars” . Design and vinyl cut clear “specimen jars,” ornaments, or other artistic creations to show off pressed botanicals. | Introduces vinyl cutting. | Can make ornaments, bookmarks, jewelry, suncatchers, greeting cards, and more. | Curricular tie-ins: art, design, biology, natural history, environmental science . | Picture book tie-in: Hector the Collector | Create an herbarium. | . | . Extension: Build an Herbarium . | A multi-week or season-long unit that asks learners to collect various stages and varieties of botanicals in their localities and stage them for presentation. | Specimens should be labeled, with short descriptions of their characteristics, where they were found, and when. | Learners should identify whether specimens are native, non-native, or invasive species and research their traditional, historical, and/or cultural uses (if any). | . | . ",
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-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | (1/3) sheet of 3mm basswood, plywood, or acrylic - enough to accommodate two 5” x 5” cutouts (face plates) | (1) sheet of corrugated cardboard - enough to accommodate six 4” x 4” cutouts (inner layers) | (4) 35mm bolts | (4-8) washers | (4) wing nuts (or regular nuts w/ 3D printed wing nut caps) | (10) sheets of paper for inner layers (can be newspaper / 2x inner layers + 2) | Extensions: . | Vinyl cut preservations jars: clear vinyl (must be clear!) | Winged nut caps: 3D printer filament in a color of your choice | . | Optional modifications: instead of bolts and wing nuts, you can use velcro straps or rubber bands to compress the two outer faces of the press. | . ",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | ",
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-    "title": "Disciplinary Core Ideas:",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
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-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Explore the integration of art and science. | Exercise design thinking to brainstorm, plan, and execute a design that reflects their personal interests or aesthetic preferences. | Understand the scientific basis and historical context of botanical preservation. | Define and understand the importance of invasive versus native species. | Explain ecological concepts / demonstrate an understanding of plants’ roles in our ecosystem and their significance to environmental science / our food chain. | Translate a concept into a digital design suitable for fabrication technologies. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Translate an idea into 2D design for engraving. | Translate a 2D design into a digital file. | Prepare a file for the laser cutter. | Use the laser cutter to cut and engrave. | (Optional) Design in 3D and 3D print a file. | (Optional) Format files for vinyl cutting &amp; use the vinyl cutter. | . ",
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-  },"90": {
-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | Learners can work alone or in groups of 2-3. | Pre-sort materials (nuts, bolts, washers) into kits for each learner or table. | . | For one-off workshops or younger learners, consider pre-printing jumbo wing nut caps and adding them to the kits. They are easier for little fingers to manipulate. | . | . | If learners will be hand-drawing their decorative designs, print or design a worksheet for each of them. Ask them to constrain their designs to the dedicated template boxes provided. These show the real size of the finished face plates and the placement of the bolt holes. | . 2. Batch processing . | Designs can be cut multiple at a time (3 learners’ sets / 6 frames)instead of one by one. | . 3. Time-savers . | If constraining all learners to the same size/shape face plates, you can pre-cut and distribute the cardboard inner layers and have them design and cut only the plates themselves. | If constraining the size and shape of the face plates, you can also pre-cut and distribute the bottom plates and have learners customize only their top plates. | This also allows for easy branding of bottom plates if in a workshop setting. | . | . 4. Adjustments . | For young learners or those with disabilities affecting their fine motor skills, consider swapping out the nuts and bolts for rubber bands or velcro straps. | Indents can be laser cut into the sides of the face plates to keep these aligned. | . | . 5. Material considerations . | Acrylic can also be used for face plates if desired. | Inner layers should be corrugated (compressible) cardboard. | . 6. Design considerations to share with learners . | Remember you will need a minimum of three holes placed around the perimeter of your face plates, roughly equidistant from one another in order to provide even pressure when the press is screwed shut. | Add these first so you don’t risk interfering with your engraving designs later. | . | . 7. Best practices for collecting botanicals . | Follow the one-in-twenty rule: if there are 20 of a specific flower in bloom, it’s generally okay to take one—if it’s a species that’s not endangered or protected. | Science tip: Keep your press somewhere cool to speed up drying and help preserve color. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/#facilitator-notes",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/#facilitator-notes"
-  },"91": {
-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Extensions",
-    "content": ". | Make an herbarium: Natural history museums catalog different species of flora in collections called herbariums. To create your own herbarium of local native or invasive flora, mount dried flora to cardboard or sheets of cardstock. Traditionally, these would have been sewn in place. | Arrange specimens as naturally as possible (in a way similar to how they might be found in nature) | Show both sides of the leaves; characteristic coloring or markings might only be identifiable on one side. (For things with fronds, bend one backward.) | Add minimalistic identifying information: the plant’s scientific name, the date it was collected, and where it was found. | . | Montessori: Take learners on a nature walk and ask them to identify and pick local flora. Give them a limit on the number they can choose, and emphasize the importance of leaving sensitive or endangered species untouched. (Review these together before setting out.) | Science: Can start the lesson with a dissection. Fold the front petals of a flower down before pressing it to expose the pistils and stamen hiding in its center. Once it’s dry, use glue or pins to mount it to cardboard and create an anatomical diagram labeling its parts. | History &amp; social studies: Discuss how indigenous peoples used dried plants for medicinal purposes and to create colorful dyes. | Art: Glue your pressed botanicals down to make a collage-style self-portrait. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/#extensions",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/#extensions"
-  },"92": {
-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | General: . | Why do scientists collect objects from nature? | What could we learn from a plant collection? | What information should botanists include on an herbarium label? Why? | If you were to start a natural history collection, what would you collect? Why? | . | Art &amp; Design: . | How could/did you incorporate artistic elements into the design of your botanical press? | What are some creative ways to display your pressed botanicals once they are preserved? | How can pressed botanicals be used in different forms of artwork? | . | History &amp; Social Studies: . | How has the practice of botanical preservation evolved over time? | In what ways did historical botanists contribute to our understanding of plant species? | How can preserving plants help in understanding the historical and cultural significance of different species? | . | Science (biology, environmental science): . | What are the differences between native and invasive plant species, and why is it important to understand these differences? | How does pressing flowers and leaves help in studying plant biology? | What role do plants play in our ecosystem, and why is it important to preserve them? | . | Creativity &amp; Problem Solving: . | What challenges did you encounter during the design and fabrication process, and how did you overcome them? | What creative techniques or tools did you use to when designing your press, or when using specimens from it? | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/#discussion-questions",
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-  },"93": {
-    "doc": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/"
-  },"94": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: Design and Cut a Custom Vinyl Sticker",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett and Racheal Naoum . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#faciltator-guide-design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#faciltator-guide-design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker"
-  },"95": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: Design and Cut a Custom Vinyl Sticker . | Overview . | Context | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Hand-Drawn Stickers | 2. Exploration: Digitally Designed Stickers | 3. Deep Dive: Multi-Layered Stickers | Extension: Vinyl-Cut Circuits | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Next Generation Science Standards | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Batch cutting | 3. Time management | 4. Design considerations to share with learners | . | Resources | Discussion questions | Evaluation Rubrics | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#table-of-contents"
-  },"96": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Learners will design and fabricate their very own custom stickers! . These can be hand-drawn or digitally designed before being formatted for cutting in the Silhouette Studio software. This activity offers a fun introduction to 2D design and the vinyl cutter, a versatile fabrication machine. Context . Vinyl cutting appears in projects big and small, ranging from custom decals for laptops and water bottles to whole-body car wraps and full-wall murals. It can also be used to make custom stencils and labels. It is a type of subtractive fabrication, meaning we start with a full sheet or roll of vinyl and remove—or subtract—the parts we don’t need. ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#overview",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#overview"
-  },"97": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Hand-Drawn Stickers . Design &amp; cut a hand-drawn sticker design. | Template (outline) provided. | Size constraint: 3.75 inches squared. | . 2. Exploration: Digitally Designed Stickers . Design, configure, and cut a CAD-created sticker design. | Can incorporate elements of SVG or PNG files from online. | Size constraint: 3.75 inches recommended (for easy batch fabrication). | . 3. Deep Dive: Multi-Layered Stickers . Design &amp; fabricate complex, multi-layered sticker designs using registration marks. | Multi-colored and/or multi-layered stickers using registration marks. | Invites more complex designs. | No size constraints. | . Extension: Vinyl-Cut Circuits . Vinyl cut copper tape to make customized, flexible circuits (that are even solderable!) These can be used to liven up greeting cards or scale models by adding coin batteries and LEDs, speakers, or small motors. ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#scalability",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#scalability"
-  },"98": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Silhouette Studio or other 2D design software | Vinyl cutter | Vinyl sheets or roll in the color(s) of your choice | Transfer tape or transfer paper | Weeding tools: picks and tweezers | Squeegee or plastic card | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#materials",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#materials"
-  },"99": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#standards-alignment",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#standards-alignment"
-  },"100": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Next Generation Science Standards",
-    "content": "| ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#next-generation-science-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#next-generation-science-standards"
-  },"101": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
-    "content": "| ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#common-core-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#common-core-standards"
-  },"102": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
-    "content": "| . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#iste-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#iste-standards"
-  },"103": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will / will be able to… . | Consider shape and composition when designing in 2D. | Identify, discuss, and apply key principles of graphic design like balance, symmetry, and negative space to tell a story. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Design in 2D. | Vinyl cut a design they’ve created. | Weed and transfer a vinyl-cut design. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#learning-outcomes",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#learning-outcomes"
-  },"104": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | (Optional) Print handouts for each learner to aid in the brainstorming process. | You may wish to pre-load the vinyl into your cutter; however, we recommend doing this as a demonstration for the larger group, to help familiarize learners with the mechanical operations of the vinyl cutter. | . 2. Batch cutting . | This activity is optimized for batch-cutting to economize time and materials; however, you can also cut one learner’s design at a time (or any other number) if that’s more appropriate for your setting. | If using the batch-cutting template (optimized for xDesign), each user account can be renamed so they match with a sticker model (01, 02, and so forth), so “Person 01” knows to work on “Sticker 01”, etc. All models are saved to a shared collab space. | When finished, ask learners to color their models red so that you have a visual indication that they are done. | . 3. Time management . | Try to split the lesson into 30 minutes modeling, 30 minutes cutting/working on sample stickers, and whatever time remains after the other two undoubtedly go long to pass out the cut stickers for learners to take home. Time management really depends entirely on the ability of the learners and the complexity of their designs. | . 4. Design considerations to share with learners . | Remain within the bounds of the 3.75-inch sticker base provided, and do not edit it to be larger (it won’t fit on the vinyl). | Use geometry larger than a 0.1 inch (2.54mm) circle. Cuts that are too small can easily get messed up and be difficult to “weed”. | Minimize the number of “islands” in the design. They add complexity to the transferring process. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#facilitator-notes",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#facilitator-notes"
-  },"105": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Resources",
-    "content": ". | templates in xDesign (batch-cutting) | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#resources",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#resources"
-  },"106": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#discussion-questions",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#discussion-questions"
-  },"107": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Evaluation Rubrics",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#evaluation-rubrics",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/#evaluation-rubrics"
-  },"108": {
-    "doc": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/"
-  },"109": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Custom Automaton",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett, with inspiration from The Exploratorium’s “Cardboard Automata” activity . ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-custom-automaton",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-custom-automaton"
-  },"110": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Custom Automaton . | Overview . | Context | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Design a Topper that Flaps | 2. Exploration: Design and Fabricate a Cam/Gear System (+ Topper) | 3. Deep Dive: Start from Scratch | Extension: Add Motorized Movement | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Adjustments | 3. Batch processing | 4. Design considerations to share with learners | . | Lesson Plan Outline . | Session 1: Introduction to Automata and Frame Design | Session 2: Experimenting with Cams, Gears, and Driveshafts | Session 3: Scene Construction and Final Assembly | . | Discussion questions | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#table-of-contents"
-  },"111": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Learners will design and fabricate a custom automaton, exploring the intersection of art and science. They will assemble a laser- or vinyl-cut box frame and add cams and followers to engineer a desired movement. Then, they will design and fabricate a topper that harnesses that movement to tell a story or illustrate a scene. This activity can be done entirely on the laser cutter or with the vinyl cutter and 3D printer thrown in. Context . From the Greek word automaton, which means “self-moving,” automata are kinetic sculptures that exhibit movement through mechanical means. They lie at the intersection of art and engineering, requiring both creative vision and a working knowledge of mechanical principles to construct. Historically, automata were considered almost magic, moving in highly complex ways driven by—sometimes hidden!—hand-cranked gears and complex systems of simple machines. Today, technology enables remote control through motor-powered systems. ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#overview",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#overview"
-  },"112": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Design a Topper that Flaps . Assemble pre-supplied components (press-fit box frame, crank, driveshaft, cams, and followers) into an automaton designed to transform circular motion into linear motion (i.e. it move a post up and down when the handle is cranked). Then, design and fabricate a custom winged topper that “flaps.” . | Light lift: most components are pre-supplied (we recommend pre-assembling frames). | Teaches assembly and vinyl cutting (wings). | Can be done in 2D or 3D design software, or crafted through analog means. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering (cranks, cams, followers), science (simple machines, energy &amp; motion), math (sine waves in motion), english language arts (storytelling) . | Discuss translation of rotational to linear motion | . | . 2. Exploration: Design and Fabricate a Cam/Gear System (+ Topper) . Engineer your own motion system by designing cams and/or gears that can be threaded onto a pre-supplied driveshaft. Then design and fabricate a custom topper that takes advantage of the motion you’ve created (circular, back and forth, etc.). | Allows for greater customization without designing from scratch. | Uses pre-supplied files / parts for the box frame and driveshaft (learners can assemble these themselves for this version), freeing them up to focus on designing custom cam and gear systems. | Can be done in 2D or 3D design software, or crafted through analog means. | Invites learners to create more complex motion systems. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering (cranks, cams, followers), science (simple machines, energy &amp; motion), math (sine waves in motion), english language arts (storytelling) . | Discuss multiple motion systems (can have different learners each make a different one for the sake of comparison before starting their own designs). | Can have learners prototype in analog with cardboard or craft foam before translating to digital design, if appropriate. | . | . 3. Deep Dive: Start from Scratch . Use CAD software to engineer an automaton from scratch: design a press-fit box frame, driveshaft, cams or gears, followers, and a topper (which can also be crafted through analog means). | Introduces more complex spatial reasoning and design in three dimensions. | Open-ended customization. | Recommended for multi-session instruction, including teaching caliper use, press-fit assembly, motion systems, etc. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering (cranks, cams, followers), science (simple machines, energy &amp; motion), math (sine waves in motion), english language arts (storytelling) . | Teaches CAD and whole-system thinking (possible to prototype in analog with plastic cups or tissue boxes, wooden skewers, and cardboard or craft foam before translating to the digital world). | . | . Extension: Add Motorized Movement . Challenge learners to add microservos to automate their driveshafts or add other mechanical motions. | They can also add vinyl-cut circuits (or copper tape) along with button batterys and LEDs to light up their creations. | Advanced learners can explore inputs and outputs, adding sensors that trigger movements based on their readings. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#scalability",
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-  },"113": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Laser cutter | 3-5mm plywood or sturdy cardboard (box frames, driveshaft, follower shaft) | Sturdy cardboard (cams &amp; followers) | Vinyl cutter | Thick (~110lb) cardstock for vinyl cutter (wings) . | Note: construction paper is not advised; it is too fibrous to cut cleanly. | . | (Optional) 3D Printer | (Optional) PLA filament in a color of your choice | (Optional) Decorative craft materials for toppers (googly eyes, feathers, sequins, etc.) | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#materials",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#materials"
-  },"114": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | Disciplinary Core Ideas | . | ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#standards-alignment",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#standards-alignment"
-  },"115": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
-    "content": "| ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#common-core-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#common-core-standards"
-  },"116": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
-    "content": "| . ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#iste-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#iste-standards"
-  },"117": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Identify the basic mechanisms of movement in automata, including cams, cranks, gears, and driveshafts. | Plan, test, and adjust different cam-and-gear configurations to engineer desired movements. | Apply creative thinking and storytelling techniques to design and construct dynamic scenes that harness movement to convey a narrative or theme. | Articulate the design choices, mechanical principles employed, and storytelling elements in their creations. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Translate an idea into a digital design to be fabricated. | Choose between fabrication methods for their desired outcomes. | Select materials appropriate for different fabrication methods and desired performance outcomes (rigidity, opacity, etc.). | Apply problem-solving skills to troubleshoot and resolve fabrication challenges such as material distortion, machine errors, or design discrepancies. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#learning-outcomes",
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-  },"118": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | Students can work alone or in groups of 2-3. | Several examples should be provided to show different types of movement. | Many great examples are available online, but seeing the mechanisms in person can be especially helpful to understand how they fit together. | One example of rotational-to-reciprocal movement (turn the crank to make the topper rise and fall) -plus- one example of horizontal rotational to vertical rotational movement (turn the crank to make the topper spin in a circle) should be sufficient in most contexts. | . | Offer examples of different shapes and combinations of cams, and the types of motion they create. | If time is limited, box frames can be pre-assembled to free learners up to focus on the conceptualization, design, and fabrication of their toppers and/or cam systems. | For workshop-style facilitation, this activity can be presented as a kit, with each learner or group given: press-fit parts for a box frame, a driveshaft, an assortment of cams, a 3D printed crank, and followers. | They would then have everything needed to experiment with designs, freeing them up to focus on crafting creative toppers. | . | . 2. Adjustments . | If time is limited, you can pre-fabricate (and even pre-assemble) frames and driveshafts. This frees learners up to focus more on cam shapes, gear interactions, and the scenes they want to illustrate with their toppers. | All elements of this activity can be fabricated on the laser cutter alone; however, the vinyl cutter works well for cardstock wings and cranks can be 3D printed if desired. All machines can be used to fabricate the toppers, as time allows. | Connectors can also be 3D printed (between the crank and driveshaft; between the follower shaft and topper elements, etc.) | . | . 3. Batch processing . | If all learners are ready at the same time, cams (or sets of cams) can all be laser cut at once and wings can all be vinyl cut at once. | . 4. Design considerations to share with learners . | How can you combine mechanisms to achieve multiple movements, either in unison or in sequence? | If laser-cutting, it is okay that driveshafts are square in cross-section as long as cams are cut with square holes that thread onto them (a round hole will spin freely on a round shaft if a perfect press-fit is not achieved). | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#facilitator-notes",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#facilitator-notes"
-  },"119": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Lesson Plan Outline",
-    "content": "Multi-session facilitation: 3 sessions (approximately 2 hours each) . Session 1: Introduction to Automata and Frame Design . | Introduction (15 minutes): . | Introduce the concept of automata and show examples of different types of kinetic sculptures. | Discuss the basic components of automata, including frames, cams, gears, driveshafts, and followers. | Explain the project goal: to design and build an automata that incorporates a dynamic scene. | . | Design Phase (30 minutes): . | Instruct learners to brainstorm ideas for their automata scene, considering themes, characters, and actions. | Guide learners in designing the frame for their automata using digital design software. Emphasize the importance of sturdy construction and precise measurements. | Demonstrate how to prepare the design files for laser cutting, including proper file formats and settings. | . | Prototyping (45 minutes): . | Divide learners into small groups and provide them with access to the laser cutter and materials. | Instruct learners to laser cut their frame designs and assemble them. | Encourage learners to test their frame prototypes and make adjustments as needed to ensure smooth movement and stability. Session 2: Experimenting with Cams, Gears, and Driveshafts . | . | Introduction to Mechanisms (15 minutes): . | Review the concepts of cams, gears, and driveshafts, explaining how each component creates its respective movement(s). | Show examples of different cam and gear shapes, sizes, and types, and discuss their effects on movement. | Discuss the importance of experimentation and observation in understanding how mechanisms work. | . | Experimentation (45 minutes): . | Provide learners with various cams, gears, driveshafts, and followers. | Instruct learners to experiment with different combinations of components to engineer desired movements. | Encourage learners to document their experiments and observations, noting the effects of different gear ratios, cam profiles, and follower placements. | . | Reflection (15 minutes): . | Facilitate a discussion on the results of learners’ experiments. Ask learners to share their findings and observations. | Guide learners in reflecting on how different combinations of cams, gears, and driveshafts can be used to achieve specific motions and effects. Session 3: Scene Construction and Final Assembly . | . | Introduction (15 minutes): . | Review the project goals and timeline for completion. | Remind learners of the importance of storytelling and creativity in designing their automata scenes. | . | Scene Design (45 minutes): . | Instruct learners to finalize their scene designs, considering how they will integrate movement into their storytelling. | Provide learners with craft materials for constructing their scenes, including paper, cardboard, and miniature figures. | Encourage learners to think about composition, color, and detail in their scene construction. | . | Final Assembly (45 minutes): . | Guide learners in integrating their scene designs with their frame prototypes and mechanisms. | Assist learners in attaching cams, gears, and driveshafts to their frames and ensuring proper alignment and functionality. | Encourage learners to test their completed automata scenes and make any necessary adjustments for smooth operation. | . | Presentation and Reflection (15 minutes): . | Have each learner or group present their automata to the class, demonstrating how their scene comes to life through movement. | Facilitate a reflection discussion, allowing learners to share their experiences, challenges, and successes in designing and building their automata. | Encourage learners to reflect on how their understanding of mechanical principles and creative storytelling influenced their design process. | . | . ",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#lesson-plan-outline"
-  },"120": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | General . | How did you balance the artistic and mechanical aspects of your automaton design to create a cohesive and functional piece? | What creative techniques did you use to ensure that your topper integrated well with the mechanical movement provided by the cams and followers? | What criteria did you use to evaluate the success of your automaton design, both mechanically and artistically? | How are the principles of cams, gears, and followers used in real-world mechanical systems? Give four examples. | What are some historical or modern-day examples where you think automata may have been / may be used? (i.e Disney). | How could the addition of sensors and other electronic components enhance the functionality and interactivity of your automaton? | . | English Language Arts: Storytelling . | What storytelling elements did you incorporate into your automaton, and how did they enhance the overall design? | How does the movement of the automaton contribute to the narrative or theme you intended to convey? | . | Mechanical Design . | How does the shape of the cams influence the type of movement (e.g., linear, circular) produced in your automaton? | What considerations did you take into account when designing the cam profiles and follower shapes to achieve smooth (or intentionally jarring) motion? | How does the placement and orientation of cams and followers affect the efficiency and functionality of your automaton? | What challenges did you face in ensuring that the cams and followers stayed properly aligned during operation, and how did you address them? | If using gears, how do different gear ratios affect the speed and type of movement in your automaton? | . | Math . | How does your automaton’s movement demonstrate math? (i.e. Sine waves) | Graph your design’s motion. | . | Physics: Forces, Energy, Motion . | What types of energy transformations occur within your automaton as it operates (e.g., mechanical energy to kinetic energy)? | How do the principles of forces and motion in your automaton relate to real-world mechanical systems like engines and machinery? | What are some examples of energy transformations in everyday mechanical devices, and how do they compare to those in your automaton? | How does the addition of weight to the topper affect the energy required to operate your device? | How can you minimize energy lost to friction in your design? | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#discussion-questions",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/#discussion-questions"
-  },"121": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "11. Automata Facilitator Guide",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/11.2_guide_automata/"
-  },"122": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: Balsa Gliders",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#faciltator-guide-balsa-gliders",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#faciltator-guide-balsa-gliders"
-  },"123": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: Balsa Gliders . | Overview . | Context . | In the Real World: | Parametric Design | . | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Manipulating Parametric Designs | 2. Exploration: Designing around Templated Features | 3. Deep Dive: Open-Ended Design Challenge | Extension: Engineering Stunt Planes | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Adjustments | 3. Batch processing | 4. Design considerations to share with learners | . | Discussion questions | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#table-of-contents"
-  },"124": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "In this multi-step activity appropriate for all ability levels, learners will design, fabricate, and test a three-piece glider. This lesson introduce seach of the three machines on the micro lab cart: learners will laser cut a fuselage, vinyl cut cardstock wings and tail, and 3D print clip-on weights. They can then test how fast, far, and straight their assembled gliders fly. If time allows, they can iterate on their designs. In addition to the three machines, this activity offers a high-level introduction to CAD and parametric modeling. Context . Four forces act upon a plane in the air: thrust, lift, gravity, and drag. | Thrust: the force propelling a plane forward. Thrust is most often generated by fuel combustion (or your throw!). | Lift: the force acting upward on a plane’s wings to keep it aloft. Lift is generated as a plane moves forward and air moves more quickly across the top of its wings than beneath them. Generally, the larger the wings, the greater the lift. | Gravity: the force pulling a plane’s mass down toward the ground. Lighter materials can help a plane stay airborne longer. | Drag: the frictional force a plane experiences from air flowing past it. Drag is the opposite of thrust, and slows a plane down. It is largely influenced by its tail design. | . Planes’ designs must balance all of these forces. The shapes, sizes, and materials used for the wings, body, nose, and tail can all drastically affect the way a plane flies. How can we engineer a glider to take advantage of these forces? . In the Real World: . Engineers don’t create perfect designs on the first try. They test, redesign, and retest their ideas again and again, making small changes each time based on their observations. This is called iterative prototyping, and it’s a key part of the engineering design process. Instead of thinking of lackluster designs as “failures,” think of them as rough drafts of a finished product. Each one is a step closer to success. Parametric Design . Parametric design is a smart way to tweak digital designs. Instead of creating a new CAD model from scratch each time they need to make a change, engineers use something called parametric modeling. This means they assign adjustable variables to each dimension of their design instead of values. These labels can be single variables, like x in a math equation, or they can be a function of a variable, like x+6 or x/2. We could even make them a function of each other: wing width could equal body length - tail width. Parametric design allows engineers to scale an entire model up or down or make small tweaks to a single part. ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#overview",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#overview"
-  },"125": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Manipulating Parametric Designs . Customize the shape of a pre-templated fuselage, wings, and tail by adjusting sliders, clicking and dragging handles on spines, or entering values into parametric text boxes. | Light lift: exposes learners to CAD and allows for customization without requiring them to do any design themselves, freeing up time for fabrication and iterative experimentation. | Introduces the concept and applications of parametric design. | Uses pre-printed clip-on weights. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, aerodynamics | . 2. Exploration: Designing around Templated Features . Connect the dots around pre-designed parametric assembly slots to draw customized shapes for a glider’s fuselage, wings, and tail. | Allows for greater customization without designing from scratch. | Uses pre-printed clip-on weights, or allows for design of custom weights. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, aerodynamics | . 3. Deep Dive: Open-Ended Design Challenge . Use CAD software to design the parts of a glider from scratch, within the constraints of a templated bounding box. | Introduces more complex spatial reasoning and design in three dimensions. | Open-ended customization. | Recommended for multi-session instruction, including teaching caliper use, press-fit assembly, and design &amp; 3D printing of clip-on weights. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, aerodynamics | . Extension: Engineering Stunt Planes . Challenge learners to design a plane that can perform tricks (turns, loop-the-loops) based on the shape of its wings. | Use the vinyl cutter to add crease lines to wings and tail to allow for easy folding. | Consider constructing an obstacle course or targets together as a class. | . ",
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-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | 3mm corrugated cardboard -or- 1.5mm or 3mm balsa wood | Thick (~110lb) cardstock for vinyl cutter . | Note: construction paper is not advised; it is too fibrous to cut cleanly. | . | 3D printer filament (PLA) in a color of your choice | Laser cutter | Vinyl cutter | 3D printer | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#materials",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#materials"
-  },"127": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | Disciplinary Core Ideas | . | ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#standards-alignment",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#standards-alignment"
-  },"128": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
-    "content": "| ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#common-core-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#common-core-standards"
-  },"129": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
-    "content": "| . ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#iste-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#iste-standards"
-  },"130": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Describe the steps of the iterative engineering design process. | Explain the four forces at play in aerodynamics: weight, lift, thrust, drag. | Use variables and controls to conduct an experiment. | Calculate the average distance of their flight trials. | Evaluate the relative success of their designs based on data collected. | Communicate their results and make recommendations from their experiments. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Use calipers to measure the thickness of stock material. | Define parametric design and explain its applications. | Laser cut a design they’ve created. | Vinyl cut a design they’ve created. | Operate the 3D printer to (at a minimum) start a print from a pre-prepared file. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#learning-outcomes",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#learning-outcomes"
-  },"131": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | Students can work alone or in groups of 2-3. | Short on time? Pre-cut fuselages and tails and have learners design just their plane’s wings. Nose weights can be 3D printed ahead of time, too! | Set up a testing zone: vinyl cut and install floor decals to measure distance, or roll out a tape measure for quicker setup and cleanup. Consider also creating targets or using hula hoops to build an obstacle course. | . 2. Adjustments . | This activity has several possible variations, depending on what machines and materials you have available. | Balsa wood body, wings, and tail = laser cutter only | Balsa wood body + cardstock wings and tail = both laser cutter or laser cutter + vinyl cutter | Cardstock body, wings, and tail = vinyl cutter only | 3D printed nose weights = optional (you can tape pennies on, instead!) | . | . 3. Batch processing . | Designs can be cut all at once instead of in separate design/redesign steps: ask each learner or group to design up to three (3) versions of their fuselage, wings, or tail at the beginning of the activity, and cut them together in a single batch. They can then mix and match these parts to test different configurations. | . 4. Design considerations to share with learners . | Consider the center of gravity when designing your plane. How might shifting the wings too far forward or backward affect that center of gravity? | . ",
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-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | General . | How did the shapes and sizes of the wings, fuselage, and tail affect the overall aerodynamics of your glider? What patterns did you notice? | What are the advantages of using parametric design? | How can/did iterative testing and redesign help improve the performance of your glider? | . | Digital Fabrication . | What are the key differences between using a laser cutter and a vinyl cutter for this project? | How does the precision of laser cutting influence the fit and performance of the glider parts? | How might using different materials (balsa wood vs. cardstock) for the entire glider affect its weight, durability, and flight characteristics? | What similarities and differences did you notice when prepping files for laser cutting versus vinyl cutting? | How does the ability to scale your design parametrically benefit the fabrication and iterative testing processes? | . | Physics: Aerodynamics . | How did the four forces of aerodynamics (thrust, lift, gravity, drag) interact to influence the flight of your glider? | What design features did you include to maximize lift and minimize drag? | How did the placement of the wings and tail affect the center of gravity and stability of your glider? | What modifications did you (or could you) make to improve the speed, distance, and straightness of your glider’s flight during testing? | How can adjusting the weight distribution (using clip-on weights) impact the glider’s performance? Why does this occur? | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/#discussion-questions",
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-  },"133": {
-    "doc": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/"
-  },"134": {
-    "doc": "7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps",
-    "title": "3D Print a Spinning Top",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/#3d-print-a-spinning-top",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/#3d-print-a-spinning-top"
-  },"135": {
-    "doc": "7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | Overview . | Context . | Forces, forces everywhere! | In the Real World | . | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Ideate . | 1.1 Sketch some ideas in three dimensions | 1.2 Translate your designs into profiles | . | 2. Design . | 2.1 Draw your top’s profile | 2.2 Revolve around the z-axis | 2.3 Save your file | . | 3. Prepare &amp; slice files | 4. Launch print | 5. Retrieve finished tops | 6. Give ‘em a spin! | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/#table-of-contents"
-  },"136": {
-    "doc": "7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Give engineering a spin: experiment with physics while designing and fabricating a custom spinning top! . Get hands-on with energy, force, and momentum. How long can your top spin before falling? . Context . As long as it’s spinning, a top can remain upright and stable–but eventually, it will begin to wobble and shake. As it slows, it will eventually fall. This is due to a delicate balance of forces: angular momentum works to keep a top spinning, while gravity and friction work to destabilize it. Forces, forces everywhere! . Several key physics concepts affecting a top’s performance: . At the most basic level, tops convert linear motion (movement along a straight line) into rotational motion (movement around an axis). | Rotational motion: An object’s movement around a central axis. In this case: the top’s spinning motion around its central spindle. | Angular Momentum: The rotational motion of an object around a fixed axis. In this context, it refers to the measure of the top’s tendency to continue rotating about its central axis. | Gravity: A downward force pulling objects toward the ground. If a top spins quickly enough, it can generate enough angular momentum to counteract gravity’s force and remain upright. | Friction: The resistance one objects experiences when rubbing over or against another. Tops experience friction between their points and the surfaces upon which they spin. | Precession: A phenomenon where the axis of rotation of a spinning object gradually changes direction in response to an external torque. In the case of a spinning top, precession occurs as a result of gravity. This causes the top to “wobble” slightly as it spins and slows, eventually throwing it off balance. | . In the Real World . From engines to whirlpools, spinning is ubiquitous in the real world. Let’s look at two examples: . | Figure Skating: When a figure skater performs a spin, they draw their arms close to their chest to increase their rotational speed, much like how a spinning top’s angular momentum increases when you give it a quick twist. By pulling their arms in, the skater reduces their moment of inertia, which is a measure of how mass is distributed around an axis of rotation. This reduction in moment of inertia allows them to spin faster while conserving angular momentum, just like how a spinning top maintains its rotation despite external forces. | The International Space Station (ISS): The ISS, like a spinning top, utilizes the principles of angular momentum to maintain its orientation and stability in space. Much like how a spinning top experiences precession due to external forces, the ISS occasionally experiences outside gravitational forces, (as well as interference from solar radiation pressure and atmospheric drag), and requires adjustments to its orientation to counteract. | . In both figure skating and space, conservation of angular momentum plays a crucial role in helping achieve and maintain a powerful spin. By manipulating their moments of inertia and making precise adjustments, individuals and spacecraft alike can maintain stability in their respective environments. ",
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-  },"137": {
-    "doc": "7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Computer with CAD software | 3D printer | PLA filament in a color of your choice | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/#materials",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/#materials"
-  },"138": {
-    "doc": "7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "1. Ideate . 1.1 Sketch some ideas in three dimensions . | Label the features you think will help your top perform well (brim width, spindle length, etc.) | Label approximate dimensions for each of these features. | . 1.2 Translate your designs into profiles . | First, draw a dotted line to represent your z-axis. | Then, sketch a single line representing the half-profile view of your design. - You may find it easier to draw the whole silhouette rather than just half. That’s fine! Just make sure it doesn’t intersect with the dotted axis line more than twice: once at the top and once at the bottom. Anything more than that will create multiple bodies. | Pay attention to the shape of your spindle’s bottom point. - If your point is too sharp, it may be difficult for the top to balance with any stability; if it’s too flat, it may create too much friction against the surface. Small, slightly rounded points work best. | Consider making your design hollow. - This keeps the mass toward the outer walls, increasing angular momentum to help your top spin longer. | . 2. Design . You can use any CAD or 3D design software you like for these steps. While specifics will depend on which software you choose, the steps outlined below offer a high-level overview of the design process. 2.1 Draw your top’s profile . | Create a new front-view sketch. | Using the line or spline tools, sketch the shape of the half-profile your top, using the z-axis as your center line. Don’t close the sketch; leave the z-axis open. | To create a nicely rounded point at the bottom of your spindle, you may want to consider adding a tiny circle using the “circle” tool in CAD, and erasing any extra line segments. | It can be tricky getting the placement right; make sure the center of your circle lands on the z-axis. | . | . 2.2 Revolve around the z-axis . | Select the “revolve” tool in your CAD software. | Select the profile line you just drew as your tool, and the z-axis as your axis. Click okay. This should have created a three-dimensional version of your drawing! Congratulations; you’ve just designed a top! | . 2.3 Save your file . | Save your finished top as a .stl file. | This is the file format most commonly used for 3D printing. Often referred to as a “mesh,” it is an intricate three-dimensional web made up of thousands upon thousands of tiny triangles. (STL stands for stereolithography, but you can think of it as “standard triangle language” or “standard tessellation language” instead.) | . | . 3. Prepare &amp; slice files . | Open your slicing software: Bambu Studio . | Note: Slicing softwares, often called “slicers,” are used to prepare .stl files for 3D printing. They offer tools and workflows to help you lay out multiple bodies on a single print bed, add supports, and more. | . | Import your design into the slicer: drag and drop! | Select the type of printer you’re using (P1S). | Select the bed type. | Select the filament type being used (PLA). | Select the slicing settings. | Click “slice.” This will create a .3mf file and take you to a preview window that shows you what your finished design looks. Your dice is now ready to print! | . 4. Launch print . You have two options to launch your print: 1) send it wirelessly, or 2) us an SD card. | Load filament (skip this step if already loaded): . | Hang filament spool on holder on back of machine so that filament unwinds clockwise. | . | Insert filament into the PTFE tupe on the top back side of the machine. | On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → – → bed heat, and head the nozzle to the recommended temperature for the filament (for PLA). | Wait for the nozzle to heat up. | On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → E → downward arrow several times until the filament comes out of the nozzle. | Load file: Select the file icon and select your file to start the print. | Note: The printer will likely run an automatic leveling check before printing. This usually takes a few minutes. | . | . 5. Retrieve finished tops . Once the printer is done, pop your dice off the bed. | If they seem stuck, you can either: using a soft prying tool (a 3D printed one works well!), or remove the magnetic bed entirely and gently flex it to help the objects release. | . 6. Give ‘em a spin! . Give your finished tops a test spin! You may have more luck spinning them just a few millimeters above your test surface and dropping them. | Try them out on different surfaces. How do different textures affect their performance? Why? | . ",
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-    "doc": "7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps",
-    "title": "7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps",
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-    "url": "/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/",
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-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: Engineer a Paper Pinwheel",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/#faciltator-guide-engineer-a-paper-pinwheel",
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-  },"141": {
-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: Engineer a Paper Pinwheel . | Overview . | Context | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Working from Pre-Designed Templates | 2. Exploration: Custom Designs &amp; Decorations | 3. Deep Dive: Complex Geometries &amp; Multiple Layers | Extension: Water Wheels | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Batch cutting | 3. Design considerations to share with learners | 4. Prototyping | . | Discussion questions | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/#table-of-contents"
-  },"142": {
-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Learners will design, vinyl cut, and fold custom paper pinwheels. This activity can be run as an iterative or comparative design challenge, with learners experimenting (or competing!) to see which design can achieve the most rotations within a single minute. A perfect complement for sustainable energy tie-ins, this lesson offers a tutorial in 2D design software and the vinyl cutter. Context . Paper . ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/#overview",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/#overview"
-  },"143": {
-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Working from Pre-Designed Templates . Cut, crease, and fold a paper pinwheel. | Focuses on teaching the fundamentals of the vinyl cutter &amp; digital software using pre-designed, four-bladed windmill templates. | Supports light customization (cardstock design, simple adjustments to existing templates). | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, design, sustainability . | Explore how windmills/turbines catch the wind. | Discuss sustainable energy. | . | . 2. Exploration: Custom Designs &amp; Decorations . Design and fabricate a paper windmill of your own design, experimenting with blade shape and number. | Focuses on teaching basic digital design principles in addition to the vinyl cutter itself, offering inspirational design ideas but not templates. | Can be run as an iterative design challenge or competition. | Can incorporate any number of blades as well as decorative or functional cutouts on the blades. | Facilitates (optional) exploration of optical illusions, including color mixing and spirals, etc as the blades turn quickly enough to blend these in unexpected ways. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, design, spatial reasoning, sustainability . | Explore how windmills/turbines catch the wind. | Discuss sustainable energy. | . | . 3. Deep Dive: Complex Geometries &amp; Multiple Layers . Design &amp; fabricate pinwheels with complex geometries and multiple layers capable of spinning in oposite directions. | Focuses on more advanced spatial reasoning and digital design principles. | Can be run as an iterative design challenge or competition. | Can incorporate any number of blades and decorative or functional cutouts, with multiple layers of stacked blades. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, design, spatial reasoning sustainability . | Explore how windmills/turbines catch the wind. | Discuss sustainable energy. | . | . Extension: Water Wheels . Swap cardstock for thin, waterproof plastic and challenge learners to create a water wheel instead of a wind-powered pinwheel. | Explore how water flow can be converted into rotational motion, and how this can be translated into energy. | Investigate design principles like blade shape, balance, and axle placement. | Will likely require additional materials &amp; assembly (learners will cut just the blade shapes, which they will then need to attach to a central axle. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, energy, sustainability | Expand discussions on sustainable energy. | Compare engineering considerations for wind- versus water-powered turbines. | . | . ",
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-  },"144": {
-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Vinyl cutter | Light hold (low-adhesion)cutting mat | Cardstock (preferably 100lb or higher) | Wooden pencils with rubber erasers | Push pins | Circular stickers (~1 inch diameter), tape, or glue | Fan or blowdrier with “cool” option | (Optional) Thin but rigid laser-safe plastic sheets | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/#materials",
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-  },"145": {
-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | Disciplinary Core Ideas: . | Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems (3-5-ETS1.A), | Developing Possible Solutions ((3-5-ETS1.B), | Optimizing the Design Solution (3-5-ETS1.C) | . | Science and Engineering Practice: . | Planning and Carrying Out Investigations (3-5-ETS1-2); | . | . | ",
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-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
-    "content": "| ",
-    "url": "/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/#common-core-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/#common-core-standards"
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-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
-    "content": "| . ",
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-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Define and explain the relevance of radial symmetry as it relates to pinwheel design. | Understand and articulate the relevance of sustainable energy. | Describe how turbines translate rotational motion into electrical energy that can be stored. | Use spatial reasoning to design two-dimensional cut files that fold into functional, three-dimensional forms. | Think critically about how to engineer an efficient pinwheel blade shape. | Practice creative problem-solving skills by testing and refining their designs for optimal performance. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Create custom designs using graphic design software. | Prepare files for, set up, and safely operate the vinyl cutter. | Crease and fold vinyl-cut designs into three-dimensional forms. | . ",
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-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | (Optional) Print handouts for each learner or prepare a slide to demonstrate how basic, four-bladed paper pinwheels are folded. | Create a set of examples to illustrate the possible design range for paper pinwheels (multi-layered, etc.). | . 2. Batch cutting . | If working within bounding boxes in xDesign, learners’ designs can be batch cut to economize time and materials. | If using the batch-cutting template (optimized for xDesign), each user account can be renamed so they match with a sticker model (01, 02, and so forth), so “Person 01” knows to work on “Sticker 01”, etc. All models are saved to a shared collab space. | When finished, ask learners to color their models red so that you have a visual indication that they are done. | . 3. Design considerations to share with learners . | Pinwheels will experience friction at their pivot point: the axle (between the paper and pushpin/rod). Making the hole slightly bigger and/or loosening the pushpin slightly can help minimize this friction to allow pinwheels to spin more freely. | Consider drawing on the pinwheels (even using the vinyl cutter, to introduce the pen holder) to experiment with color mixing or optical illusions. | . 4. Prototyping . | Quick, miniature paper prototyping can be useful for helping learners visualize how they can fold their blades and how different folds might affect the pinwheel’s performance. | This can be done with printer paper, notebook paper, or construction paper and scissors. | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | General: . | How do you expect different blade shapes (e.g., straight, curved, angled) influence the performance of a pinwheel? Does this differ based on which direction you want it to rotate? | What are the advantages and disadvantages of using vinyl cutting for creating pinwheel components compared to scissors? | What considerations should/did you take into account when designing the number and size of the pinwheel blades? | . | Physics: Forces, Energy, &amp; Motion: . | Where and how do pinwheels (and wind turbines) experience the four forces of aerodynamics (lift, drag, thrust, gravity)? How do these compete or interact to influence the rotation of your pinwheel? | How does friction at the pivot point (between the paper and the pushpin/rod) affect the efficiency of the pinwheel’s rotation? | What are some ways to minimize friction and ensure smooth rotation of the pinwheel? | How does the distribution of weight alnog and among the blades affect a pinwheel’s balance and stability? | What is the relationship between the wind speed and the number of rotations your pinwheel achieves in a given time? | . | Engineering: . | How many blades do real-world wind turbines typically have? Why do you think this is? | How might you design a pinwheel that can catch the wind in either direction? What would be the advantage, if any, to such a design? | What are the key factors to consider when designing a pinwheel? What about a water wheel? | How does/would the design of blades for water wheels differ from those for wind pinwheels? Which principles remain the same between the two? | How does changing the angle or curvature of the blades influence the pinwheel’s ability to capture wind and convert it into rotational motion? | . | Sustainability: . | How does the use of renewable energy sources, like wind power, contribute to sustainability? | What are some environmental benefits of using wind turbines or water wheels for energy generation? | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Make Your Mark: Digitally Design &amp; Laser Cut a Rubber Stamp",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
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-    "doc": "5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Make Your Mark: Digitally Design &amp; Laser Cut a Rubber Stamp . | Overview . | Context | . | Activity Steps . | 1. Research | 2. Ideate | 3. Analog Design: Sketching! | 4. Test &amp; Iterate (optional) | 5. Create Digital Design in XCS . | 5.1 Open laser cutter software: | 5.2 Select material | 5.3 Draw image | 5.4 Resize object | 5.5 Add a bounding box | 5.6 Format for engraving | 5.7 Add cut outline | 5.8 Format for cutting | 5.9 Reflect image | . | 6. Laser Cut Stamp Face . | 6.1 Connect laser cutter | 6.2 Auto-focus | 6.3 Check framing | 6.4 Run the job | 6.5 Remove finished pieces | . | 7. Design Wooden Handle . | 7.1 Configure material settings | 7.2 Turn off your original cut outline | 7.3 Create a new border around your original design | 7.4 Apply cut settings to border | 7.5 Format design treatment | 7.6 Reflect (again) | 7.7 Run job | . | 8. Assemble | 9. Test and Evaluate | . | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Create a custom, reusable stamp you can use to personalize your future creations! . Learn the basics of the xTool Creative Space (XCS) software to create a digital stamp design. Then laser engrave it onto rubber and add a simple wooden handle. Keep in mind that stamps use only a single ink color, meaning you should focus primarily on composition during the design process. Context . From McDonalds’ golden arches to Nike’s signature swoosh, many of us can recognize hundreds of logos at a glance. This is far from accidental; these symbols were designed to be iconic. Marketing leverages the science of psychology to influence our emotions and behaviors by combining carefully selected color schemes, fonts, and other graphics to convey a message. Logos must also work in monochrome–black and white or a single color–for contexts like screen printing and stamping. A well-crafted logo can do more than look pretty! It can tell a story about a brand’s identity, values, and mission. ",
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-    "doc": "5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "1. Research . | What eye-catching logos can you think of? Make a list. | What makes the logos on your list memorable? What do they signify to you? | What design elements can you identify? How do these combine to achieve impact? . | Shape | Typography | Contrast | Composition | . | . 2. Ideate . | Consider what makes you unique. What qualities or values do you hope to convey? . | It can help to generate a list of words or phrases that describe you or your brand. What design elements might help you achieve this? . | . 3. Analog Design: Sketching! . | Start by sketching a simple design. This might be a variation of your name, signature, or star sign. It might be an emoji, or a logo for your personal brand. Look for inspiration in things that matter to you, like songs, books, or nature. Less is more here; you don’t need delicate detail. | . 4. Test &amp; Iterate (optional) . | Share your draft or design ideas with a friend. | What emotions or concepts does your logo evoke for others? Is your messaging coming across clearly? | How might you incorporate this feedback to enhance your design? | . | Taking constructive feedback into account, redesign a final draft of your logo. | . 5. Create Digital Design in XCS . 5.1 Open laser cutter software: . | xTool’s free Creative Space (XCS software) is downloadable here. | . 5.2 Select material . | Materials appearing in the drop-down menu will automatically populate xTool’s recommended settings for score/engrave/cut processes. However, if you’re using laser-safe stamp rubber, you will likely need to select “user-defined material.” That’s all for now! We will measure the distance during a later step when we prepare the machine itself. | . 5.3 Draw image . | Use a combination of text, shapes, and vectors to translate your idea into the digital world. Don’t worry about size yet; just focus on composition. | Useful tools: . | Outline: Select your desired offset in millimeters. A positive number will give an outline larger than the original object. A negative number will give an outline smaller than the original object. | Array: Create a gridded or circular pattern of an object. | Group: Combine multiple objects or design elements to easily move or resize them all at once. | Align: Control the positions of objects relative to one another. Useful for centering things. | Combine: Unite or subtract objects to create a visually layered effect. | Reflect: Flip an object horizontally or vertically. | . | . 5.4 Resize object . | Once you’re happy with your composition, group all objects together so you can manipulate them as a single unit. (Select all objects &gt; right click &gt; group). | Resize by selecting the design and entering a value in millimeters into the “size” box. You can adjust the width (W) or height (H). By default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed. | . 5.5 Add a bounding box . | To avoid wasting material, we want to make the outer margin as small as possible. There are a few ways to do this. | Option 1: Use a simple geometric shape from the shape library. | Option 2: Use the outline tool. Click “outline” and enter your desired offset. If your design has text or a lot of small details, make sure this margin is large enough to keep them all connected. | Option 3: Draw your own outline using vector lines. | . | . 5.6 Format for engraving . | Select both the object and bounding box. | Select combine &gt; subtract at overlap. The design and bounding box will now be joined as a single unit. -With the design selected, choose “engrave” as your processing type in the object setting menu. | Enter manual settings: . | Power: 80 | Speed: 80 | Pass: 2 | Lines per cm: 100-120 | . | You may want to run some tests to dial this in for your machine and use case, but we’ve found these work well for stamps roughly three - five centimeters in size. | . 5.7 Add cut outline . | We don’t just want to engrave our stamp designs - we also want to cut them out! To do this, we’ll need to add another outline, this time slightly smaller than the design’s outer perimeter. | Select the object. | Uncheck “add inner line for bitmap.” | Input a NEGATIVE offset distance: -0.1mm | Move this new outline to a new layer. | With the outline selected (which it should be if you haven’t clicked elsewhere yet), click “move to” in the layers menu and choose a new color. | . | . 5.8 Format for cutting . | Choose your outline layer from the layers menu. | Under processing type, choose “cut.” Enter manual settings: . | Power: 100 | Speed: 20 | Pass: 3 | . | . 5.9 Reflect image . | This is arguably your most important step! Stamps create mirrored images of the designs on their faces. That means you need to engrave your original design backwards onto the rubber. | . | Select all elements of your design (object and cut outline). | Choose “reflect” &gt; “reflect horizontally” from the top menu. | . | All done! You’re ready to cut! Don’t forget to save your file for future use. | . 6. Laser Cut Stamp Face . 6.1 Connect laser cutter . | Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB. | Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine. | Load stock material: . | Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb. | Manually drag laser head over center of stock. | Close lid. | . | . 6.2 Auto-focus . | Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box). | Wait for machine to focus. | Open lid. | Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software. | . 6.3 Check framing . | In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross. | Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position. | . 6.4 Run the job . | Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so. Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running! | . 6.5 Remove finished pieces . | Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.) | Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed. | Close lid. | . | Post-process rubber pieces | Use a damp cloth, sponge, or toothbrush to gently rub away soot. | . 7. Design Wooden Handle . 7.1 Configure material settings . | The simplest handles are simple engravings on flat stock. 3mm plywood works nicely. Choose your material from the drop-down menu. | . 7.2 Turn off your original cut outline . | Toggle its layer to “ignore” under object settings. | . 7.3 Create a new border around your original design . | Geometric shapes are easy and elegant, but you can also apply an outline slightly larger than the original design if you prefer. | Move this new outline to a new layer. | . 7.4 Apply cut settings to border . | With the border layer selected, toggle processing type to “cut.” If you’ve chosen your stock material from the drop-down menu, the appropriate power and speed settings should automatically populate. | . 7.5 Format design treatment . | Select the original design and toggle processing type to either “engrave” or “score.” This is a matter of personal preference. (Scoring takes much less machine time, if this is a factor.) | . 7.6 Reflect (again) . | This time, you want to make sure your design is facing the correct way. Since we reflected it previously, you’ll now want to reflect it again to reverse that. | . 7.7 Run job . | Place handle stock onto machine bed. | Auto-focus. | Frame as needed. | Process. | Remove finished piece and scrap stock from bed. | . 8. Assemble . Center your rubber stamp on the bottom of the block and glue in place. Ensure that “up” is the same direction on both the face and handle. Wait for the glue to dry, and you’re ready to go! . 9. Test and Evaluate . Get to stamping! Try several different colors of ink. How does the ink color affect how your logo is perceived by others? Reflect &amp; Extend How might you use this logo and your brand identity to develop brand recognition? What kinds of marketing might you do? Consider ethical questions relevant to branding and logo design, such as cultural appropriation, and misrepresentation. How does corporate branding influence people’s societal values? . ",
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-    "doc": "4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Laser-Cut Cardboard Invention Kits",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/4.1_invention%20kits/#laser-cut-cardboard-invention-kits",
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-    "doc": "4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Laser-Cut Cardboard Invention Kits . | Overview . | Context | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Brainstorm design ideas . | 1.1 Choose shapes | 1.2 Decide on slot placement | . | 2. Design digitally | 3. Determine material thickness and kerf . | 3.1 Use calipers to measure your cardboard’s width | 3.2 Determine kerf | 3.3 Calculate &amp; test optimal slot width | . | 4. Add slots to your digital design | 5. Laser Cut Shapes . | 5.1 Connect laser cutter | 5.2 Auto-focus | 5.3 Check framing | 5.4 Run the job | 5.5 Remove finished pieces | . | 6. Assemble! | . | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Create your very own invention kit! . In this activity, you will design and laser cut a series of two-dimensional shapes that can be assembled into three-dimensional structures. Finished kits can be used for brainstorming, rapid prototyping, and more. Use them to build things both imaginative and useful-from decorative artpieces to functional solutions for real-world problems! . Context . In the real world, engineers and inventors often face tight deadlines for solving problems. It’s easy to get overwhelmed—or to not know where to start! . Invention kits can help facilitate brainstorming and accelerate the prototyping process. They provide a ready-made set of components that can be easily assembled and reconfigured to test out different design concepts or build scale models. LEGO bricks are a great example of an invention kit. They can be quickly assembled or disassembled in a variety of ways to illustrate a concept or test out an idea. Your invention kits will work similarly, allowing you to build upward or outward—but you get to customize the pieces! . ",
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-    "doc": "4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | xTool Creative Studio (XCS) software | xTool Laser Cutter | Corrugated cardboard | Calipers | . ",
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-    "doc": "4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "1. Brainstorm design ideas . Begin by listing possible themes for your invention kit. 1.1 Choose shapes . Consider both decorative and functional shapes that could be useful for building different kinds of structures. Here are a few ideas to help you get started: . | Basic geometries: circles, squares, triangles, trapezoids | Body parts: heads, bodies, arms, hands, legs, feet, tails | Decorative details: wings, flowers, bows, hats, mustaches, hair | Mechanical elements: wheels, gears, | Infrastructural shapes: geometries inspired by buildings and bridges | . Then sketch your ideas on paper to visualize the shapes and their potential applications. 1.2 Decide on slot placement . Looking at your designs, decide where you want to add slots and/or holes. | Remember: this determines how your pieces will fit together—but only add a few per piece! Too many, can compromise the strength of your cardboard. | Add lines or narrow rectangles to your sketch to indicate slot placement. | . 2. Design digitally . You can use any 2D design or 3D CAD software for this step. Although parametric options will make your life easier, the instructions below are for xTool Creative Space (XCS), which is not parametric. | Draw your design. You can use the XCS shape library, import files from the internet or a different design software, or draw with vectors. | Resize. You must do this before you add slots, since they will be precisely formatted for your material and should not be scaled. | Select the design and enter a value in millimeters into the “size” box. | You can adjust the width (W) or height (H). | By default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed. | . | . 3. Determine material thickness and kerf . Just like LEGOs, cardboard construction kits rely on a press-fit system to stay together. Their slots must be just the right width for the cardboard they’re made from. In order to engineer your slots correctly, you need to know two values: . | material thickness | laser kerf | . Kerf refers to the width of the material burned away by the laser. 3.1 Use calipers to measure your cardboard’s width . Calipers are a useful tool for precisely measuring material thickness. | Power on: Press the power button to turn the calipers on. | Zero: Ensuring the calipers are completely closed, press the zero button. This will reset the measurement to 0.00 mm/inch. | Open calipers: Gently open the jaws of the calipers slightly wider than the thickness of the cardboard. | Insert cardboard: Place the cardboard between the jaws of the calipers, making sure it is perpendicular to the jaws for an accurate measurement. | Choose an edge or area of the cardboard that is free from creases or damage for the most accurate measurement. | . | Close calipers: Slowly slide the jaws together until they touch both sides of the cardboard. (Try not to compress the cardboard; this will lead to inaccurate readings.) | Read measurement: Read the measurement on the digital display. This will show the thickness of the cardboard in either millimeters (mm) or inches (in). | Use the “units” button to switch between millimeters and inches. | . | Double check: For accuracy, repeat several times at different points on the cardboard and average the readings. | Write down measurement: You will need this value in the next step. | Tips for ensuring accurate measurements: . | Avoid excess pressure: Do not apply excessive force when closing the jaws as it can compress the cardboard and result in an inaccurate measurement. | Clean jaws: Ensure the caliper jaws are clean and free from debris before measuring. | Consistent positioning: Measure at consistent positions to avoid variations in thickness due to structural inconsistencies in the cardboard. | . | . | . 3.2 Determine kerf . Unlike scissors, laser cutters work by vaporizing a tiny portion of the material they’re cutting. The kerf is the width of material removed. Sometimes, when we’re creating something purely decorative, kerf can be ignored. However, when precision matters, so does kerf. For these construction kits, precision matters. If you don’t compensate for the extra material lost to kerf, your slots will be slightly too wide to hug the cardboard tightly, causing your assemblies to be loose. | Cut a small shape out of your cardboard. This shape can be any size and shape, but we recommend keeping things simple with a 25-millimeter square. | Use calipers to measure the cutout piece. | Subtract this measurement from the intended size in the original design file, or from the size of the hole left behind in the stock material. | Subtract the shape’s width from that of the hole it left behind. Kerf = [width of square as designed] - [width of real square] . | . | Note that since kerf can vary based on material type, material thickness, and laser cutter settings–even on the same machine–you should always do a test cut for any new project. | . 3.3 Calculate &amp; test optimal slot width . The optimal width for the slots in your construction kit is determined by two factors: 1) the width of your material, and 2) the kerf. | Calculate slot width: subtract kerf from material thickness to estimate your slot width: . Slot width = [measured material thickness] - [kerf] . | Test to double check. Calculations are a great place to start, but it’s always best to cut some test pieces to confirm the best fit (and double check your calculations). Since some materials are more compressible than others—meaning they have some spring to them, like cardboard—the ideal slot thickness can still vary. | Option #1: Design your own test pieces to cut and measure. (A comb-like design allows you to cut multiple slots of different widths into the same tester. Consider also engraving the slot’s widths directly onto the comb for easy reference.) | Option #2: Adjust or use the comb provided. | . | . Cut and experiment with your tester to identify the best fit. This will be your slot width. 4. Add slots to your digital design . Remember to resize your designs before adding slots, since its important to preserve their precise dimensions. | Draw a slot. - Use the rectangle tool to draw a rectangle. - Resize the rectangle to match the desired width of your slots. - Duplicate this, and work with the copy going forward. Leave the original alone to use as a tool for future copying &amp; pasting. | Position slots. - Drag your dimensioned rectangle to position it relative to the shapes composing your invention kit. - Place it as desired, using the alignment tools to help with positioning. It’s okay to have some overhang; you’ll get rid of that shortly. | Note: If you need to adjust the length of your rectangle, click the padlock icon to unlock the dimensions (unconstraining width from height) in order to do so. This prevents the width from scaling proportionately. | Repeat as appropriate to place all slots around your shape. | . | . | Eliminate overhang and join slot to shape. - Select both your shape and slot(s). - Select “combine” -&gt; “subtract”. | . 5. Laser Cut Shapes . 5.1 Connect laser cutter . | Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB. | Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine. | Load stock material: . | Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb. | Manually drag laser head over center of stock. | Close lid. | . | . 5.2 Auto-focus . | Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box). | Wait for machine to focus. | Open lid. | Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software. | . 5.3 Check framing . | In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross. | Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position. | . 5.4 Run the job . | Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so. | Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running! | . 5.5 Remove finished pieces . | Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.) | Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed. | Close lid. | . 6. Assemble! . It’s time to slot your pieces together! What can you create? . ",
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-    "doc": "11. Automata Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Fabricate a Custom Automaton",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett, with inspiration from The Exploratorium’s “Cardboard Automata” activity . ",
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-    "doc": "11. Automata Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | Fabricate a Custom Automaton . | Overview . | Context | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Experiment | 2. Ideate | 3. prototype | 4. Design | 5. Prepare files | 6. Fabricate | 7. Assemble | . | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "11. Automata Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Integrate art and science: engineer movement to tell a story. Automatons are kinetic sculptures built from simple machines that combine to create prescribed patterns of motion. Design and build your own! . Assemble a laser- or vinyl-cut box frame, and add cams and followers to engineer a desired movement. Then, craft a topper that harnesses that movement to tell a story or illustrate a scene. Context . From the Greek word automaton, which means “self-moving,” automata are kinetic sculptures that exhibit movement through mechanical means. They lie at the intersection of art and engineering, requiring both creative vision and a working knowledge of mechanical principles to construct. Historically, automata were considered almost magic, moving in highly complex ways driven by—sometimes hidden!—hand-cranked gears and complex systems of simple machines. Today, technology enables remote control through motor-powered systems. ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.1_automata/#overview",
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-  },"166": {
-    "doc": "11. Automata Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | computer with CAD software | laser cutter | 3D printer | 3-5mm plywood -or- sturdy cardboard (box frame) | cardboard (cams &amp; followers) | laser cutter | PLA filament in a color of your choice | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/11.1_automata/#materials",
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-    "doc": "11. Automata Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "For this particular activity, it can be useful to start with an experimentation step using our pre-supplied tinkering files. 1. Experiment . Engineers often build early prototypes in order to explore their ideas in hands-on ways. Tinkering is a useful way to understand complex systems. | Assemble your box frame. Make sure the holes for your driveshaft are aligned. Use glue as needed to hold the panels together. | Press-fit your follower onto the follower rod. (Use glue as needed to keep it in place). Flip your frame upside-down and thread the follower rod through the hole in the top panel. | Thread your driveshaft halfway through the hole in one side of your frame. Add any cams in the appropriate orientation to achieve your desired motion. Then thread the driveshaft through the hole in the other side of the frame. 4. Add a crank to one side and a press-fit stopper (or blob of clay) to the other, to keep it from popping out. | Flip your frame back over, right-side-up. Place the follower atop the appropriate cams, adjusting the cams’ placement on the driveshaft as necessary for alignment. | Give your crank a spin! Does your follower shaft move as expected? (Adding a small post-it note “flag” to the top of the shaft can help make spins, twists, and turns more easily visible). | Experiment with different cam shapes, combinations, and positions to achieve different types of motion. | Document your experiments, noting any observations and findings related to gear ratios, cam profiles, and follower placements. | . 2. Ideate . | Now that you’ve seen what’s possible, brainstorm the movement you want to create. Consider characters, actions, and scenes that could come to life through movement to help you tell a story. | Sketch your scene. Diagram its movements, and label the components (frame, crank, drive shaft, cams, followers) and mechanisms needed to achieve those movements (shape of cams, gears, etc.). | Consider how you can apply your findings to your automata design to achieve your desired movement and storytelling. | . 3. prototype . | Use cardboard cutouts and sketches to rough out your scene. Take this opportunity to figure out sizing for your objects, and to determine which fabrication method may work best for each. | Consider foreground, middle-ground, and background. | How can you make something appear to pop out from behind something? Dive into water? Walk across a surface? | . | . 4. Design . | Create CAD or vector designs for the elements that will bring your scene to life. | Consider how they will attach to the top of your frame, to your followers, and (if relevant) to each other. | Note that you may choose to re-fabricate elements of your box frame depending on the design of your topper. | For example, if you would prefer to avoid adhesives or want to be able to swap different elements of your scene back and forth, you might laser cut a new top panel to enable tab-in-slot assembly. | . | . | . 5. Prepare files . | Save your design files in the appropriate format for your fabrication method. | Load them into the software appropriate for your machines and prepare them as needed. | 3D printer: STL files, sliced in Bambu Labs | Laser cutter: SVG files with power settings calibrated in XCS | Vinyl cutter: SVG files with power settings calibrated in Silhouette Studio. | . | . 6. Fabricate . | Load your files into the machines and launch the jobs. | . 7. Assemble . | With your pieces fabricated, it’s time to assemble your automata! . | Make sure your followers are properly aligned with your cams or gears. | . | Give your assembled piece a spin. | Does it behave as you expected? | Are you able to achieve your desired motion? | . | . ",
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-    "title": "11. Automata Activity Steps",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: 3D Print a Spinning Top",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/#faciltator-guide-3d-print-a-spinning-top",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: 3D Print a Spinning Top . | Overview . | Context . | Forces, forces everywhere! | In the Real World | . | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Single-Piece Revolved Tops | 2. Exploration: Multi-Piece Stackable Tops | 3. Deep Dive: Mechanically Launchable or Asymmetrical Tops | Extension: Optical Illusions | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Batch processing | 3. Time-savers | 4. Material considerations | 5. Design considerations to share with learners | . | Extension ideas | Discussion questions | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Learners will experiment with physics while designing and fabricating custom spinning tops! . This activity introduces the “extrude” and/or “revolve” commands in CAD software as well as how to use a slicer to prep files for 3D printing. It also offers a hands-on way to explore the topics of energy, Forces, and momentum while practicing iterative design in digital fabrication. Learners will be challenged to design tops that can spin as long as possible, requiring careful engineering to achieve a balance of speed and stability. Context . As long as it’s spinning, a top can remain upright and stable–but eventually, it will begin to wobble and shake. As it slows, it will eventually fall. This is due to a delicate balance of forces: angular momentum works to keep a top spinning, while gravity and friction work to destabilize it. Forces, forces everywhere! . Several key physics concepts affecting a top’s performance: . At the most basic level, tops convert linear motion (movement along a straight line) into rotational motion (movement around an axis). | Rotational motion: An object’s movement around a central axis. In this case: the top’s spinning motion around its central spindle. | Angular Momentum: The rotational motion of an object around a fixed axis. In this context, it refers to the measure of the top’s tendency to continue rotating about its central axis. | Gravity: A downward force pulling objects toward the ground. If a top spins quickly enough, it can generate enough angular momentum to counteract gravity’s force and remain upright. | Friction: The resistance one objects experiences when rubbing over or against another. Tops experience friction between their points and the surfaces upon which they spin. | Precession: A phenomenon where the axis of rotation of a spinning object gradually changes direction in response to an external torque. In the case of a spinning top, precession occurs as a result of gravity. This causes the top to “wobble” slightly as it spins and slows, eventually throwing it off balance. | . In the Real World . From engines to whirlpools, spinning is ubiquitous in the real world. Let’s look at two examples: . | Figure Skating: When a figure skater performs a spin, they draw their arms close to their chest to increase their rotational speed, much like how a spinning top’s angular momentum increases when you give it a quick twist. By pulling their arms in, the skater reduces their moment of inertia, which is a measure of how mass is distributed around an axis of rotation. This reduction in moment of inertia allows them to spin faster while conserving angular momentum, just like how a spinning top maintains its rotation despite external forces. | The International Space Station (ISS): The ISS, like a spinning top, utilizes the principles of angular momentum to maintain its orientation and stability in space. Much like how a spinning top experiences precession due to external forces, the ISS occasionally experiences outside gravitational forces, (as well as interference from solar radiation pressure and atmospheric drag), and requires adjustments to its orientation to counteract. | . In both figure skating and space, conservation of angular momentum plays a crucial role in helping achieve and maintain a powerful spin. By manipulating their moments of inertia and making precise adjustments, individuals and spacecraft alike can maintain stability in their respective environments. ",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Single-Piece Revolved Tops . Design, slice, and 3D print single-piece tops using the “revolve” command in CAD. | Introduces the “revolve” command. | Optional focus on hollow designs. | Single print per learner (batch printing is an option). | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, math . | Forces, angular momentum, geometry of spindle point. | . | . 2. Exploration: Multi-Piece Stackable Tops . Design and fabricate multi-piece tops with disks that stack interchangeably onto a spindle to facilitate iterative experimentation. | Introduces multi-piece design for iterative testing. | Square spindles with tiny support platforms and removable, stackable layers. | All components within each learner’s set can be 3D printed at once (batch printing for multiple students at once is an option) while still allowing them to test out multiple designs via manual reconfiguration. | . | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, math . | Forces, angular momentum, geometry of spindle point. | Investigation of how different arrangements of the same layers can change the distribution of mass around a rotational axis to affect the center of gravity. | Can run, document, and graph the results from experiments with different designs while still only running one set of prints per learner. | . | . 3. Deep Dive: Mechanically Launchable or Asymmetrical Tops . Design fabricate tops that can be launched like BeyBlades -or- asymmetrical tops that are still able to find their balance. | More complex CAD design work. | Curricular tie-ins: engineering, math . | Forces, angular momentum, geometry of spindle point | Symmetry | . | . Extension: Optical Illusions . | Learners can add hand-drawn or vinyl-cut decorative elements to the tops of their tops to investigate optical illusions as they spin. | Color-blending | Movement (zoetrope-style) | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Computer with CAD software | 3D printer | PLA filament in a color of your choice | . ",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | Disciplinary Core Ideas | . | ",
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-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
-    "content": "| . ",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Identify the forces acting upon a spinning top. | Understand how a top’s shape, weight distribution, and center of gravity affect how it spins. | Define angular momentum and articulate its relevance. | Develop and test hypotheses around how to optimize the longevity and stability of a top’s spin. | Evaluate their own designs. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Use the “revolve” and/or pattern functions in CAD to create three-dimensional forms around a central axis. | Gauge tolerances for 3D printing press-fit designs (optional). | Prepare &amp; slice a file for 3D printing. | Add supports as needed for 3D printing. | Use the 3D printer to fabricate an object of their own design. | . ",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | Print optional handouts for each learner to help with brainstorming. | Bring examples to compare and discuss different tops or spinners before starting the brainstorming and design process: ideally, several of different designs (tall and narrow, short and squat, etc.) . | Ask learners why they think different tops spin at different speeds; why they spin for different lengths of time; and what factors they think affect a top’s stability while spinning. | . | Practice drawing profiles of three-dimensional objects. | Assemble a handful of irregularly shaped but rotationally symmetrical three-dimensional objects, like vases. | Ask learners to line-sketch front views (profiles) of these objects. | Ask learners to add a dotted line to their sketches to illustrate their z-axis. | Ask learners to trace over half of their drawings—the portion on just the right side of the vertical axis line—using a bolder penstroke or different color. This shows the design that gets revolved. | . | Optional: practice paper fan-art to illustrate how revolving a shape around a central axis can result in a 3D object. | To facilitate experimentation and design comparisons when multiple rounds of printing aren’t feasible, consider running option #2, “Exploration.” In this version of the activity, learners can design and print multiple options (different shapes, for example) all at once instead of in successive rounds. | When designing multi-piece stackable tops, the spindle must be an angled shape (like a square) when viewed top-down, with the holes in the stackable pieces matching this shape. A round spindle would simply spin freely in a round hole. | . 2. Batch processing . | Learners’ designs can be batched together for printing, with the prints launched during a reflection period or overnight. Depending on their sizes, up to 25 individual tops or roughly 6 sets of multi-piece kits can fit on a single print bed. | . 3. Time-savers . | If 3D printing is not an option during the lesson, spindles can be pre-printed ahead of time and distributed to learners and stackable layers can be laser-cut out of acrylic or wood. | . 4. Material considerations . | Stackable layers can also be laser cut out of acrylic or wood and stacked onto 3D printed spindles. | . 5. Design considerations to share with learners . | When designing multi-piece stackable tops, the spindle must be an angled shape (like a square) when viewed top-down, with the holes in the stackable pieces matching this shape. A round spindle would simply spin freely in a round hole. | Center of gravity: The center of gravity plays a crucial role in determining the stability of a spinning top. For a top to spin smoothly and remain upright, its center of gravity must align with the axis of rotation. This alignment ensures that the gravitational force acting upon it balanced. A lower center of gravity can enhance stability. Engineers can design tops with features like weighted bases to help prolong spin times. | Balanced rotation: Symmetry can help contribute to balanced rotation. A symmetrically shaped top distributes its mass evenly around its axis of rotation, reducing wobbling and vibration during spinning. | . ",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Extension ideas",
-    "content": ". | Weight comparisons within a geometrically identical design: Print two tops with different infills (or different wall thicknesses, if hollow) but identical shapes. | One is lighter than the other. Which will stay spinning longer? | . | Shape/size comparison: Design an experiment to test tops of different shapes (circle, square, triangle) or sizes (small, medium, large). | Make predictions about which will spin the longest, travel the farthest, or have the most stability. | Test out the different designs and compare the results to your predictions. | Why do you think the different designs perform differently? | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | General . | What observations did you make during your first test spin of the top, and how (if at all) did you adjust your design based on these observations? | What criteria did you use to evaluate the success of your spinning top design? | How could you design an experiment to test the effects of different shapes, sizes, or weights on the spin performance of your tops? | What hypotheses did you form about the factors that influence the longevity and stability of a top’s spin, and how did you test them? | How can documenting and graphing the results of your experiments help you understand the physics of spinning tops better? | Beyond ice skating and the ISS, can you think of other real-world objects or systems that rely on the principles of angular momentum and rotational motion to function effectively? | How might engineers use the concepts learned in this activity to solve practical problems in various fields? | . | Science: Physics &amp; Engineering . | How does the shape and weight distribution of a spinning top affect its stability and spin time? | What is angular momentum, and why is it important for the spinning top to maintain its motion? | How do gravity and friction influence the performance of a spinning top? | . | Creativity &amp; Problem Solving . | What challenges did you encounter during the design and fabrication process, and how did you overcome them? | What creative techniques or tools did you use to when designing your tops? | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Activity Steps",
-    "title": "3D Print Custom (or Weighted!) Dice",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
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-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | 3D Print Custom (or Weighted!) Dice . | Overview . | Context | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Ideate . | 1.1 Choose a geometry | 1.2 Select a theme | . | 2. Design . | 2.1 Model your die’s geometry | 2.2 Add design features to your faces | 2.3 Extrude design features | 2.4 Save your file | . | 3. Prepare and slice files | 4. Launch Print | 5. Retrieve finished dice | 6. Give your dice a roll! | . | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Design your own 3D-printable dice! . Use CAD (computer-aided design) software to build out an idea in three dimensions. Choose your dice geometry and decide what to put on each face. Print a cubic, numbered design or a polyhedral, text-based one—or make your die weighted to skew the odds! . Context . The earliest known dice, excavated from Mesopotamian tombs and dating back to around 3000 BCE, were made from materials like bone, wood, and stone. Historians speculate that these were used not only in games of chance, but also for decision-making. Later, in ancient Greece and Rome, dice games were popular pastimes. The fairness and randomness of dice are crucial to maintaining the integrity of games of chance. A fair die is one that has an equal probability of landing on any of its faces. A standard six-sided die should have a 1 in 6 chance of landing on any outcome on any given roll. This requires significant precision in modern-day manufacturing processes to balance the weight and shape of the die. Any imperfections, such as asymmetrical faces, uneven weight distribution, or air bubbles within the material can bias the roll, making certain outcomes more likely than others. To assess whether dice are truly fair and random, statistical tests and experiments are often conducted. These involve rolling the dice a large number of times and recording the results to determine whether each face appears with roughly equal frequency. Beyond gaming, the principles of probability explored through dice have practical applications in fields like computer science, where random numbers must be generated for simulations and to encode messages. ",
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-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Computer with CAD software | 3D printer | PLA filament in a color of your choice | . ",
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-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "1. Ideate . 1.1 Choose a geometry . Like other polyhedra, dice have three features: . | Faces: the sides of a three-dimensional body. | Edges: Straight runs where two sides meet. | Vertices: Points, where multiple sides meet. | . A standard cubic has six faces, but polyhedral dice have more—sometimes many more. Dice used in games like Dungeons and Dragons, can have up to 20 faces! Do a little research to identify the name of your chosen geometry. Start by determining the number of sides your die will have. Then work backwards to figure out its geometry. Some quick research will help you figure out its name. Some things to note: . | On regular polyhedra, all faces are equivalent to each other, as are all | On mirror-symmetric polyhedra, two identical, many-sided pyramids appear joined at their bases. | . There are many other geometries, too. These are just the most common! . 1.2 Select a theme . Dice can sport more than just numbers. Their faces can feature words or symbols instead! . | Choose a theme for your die. Will its faces feature numbers? Colors? Phrases? Here are some ideas to help you get started: . | Story starters: Dedicate multiple dice to different story components (genres, settings, characters, conflicts, heroes, villains) or parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs). Then roll the dice and build a story using the results. | Decision makers: Take inspiration from the Magic 8-Ball! Write a different decision word on each face and let the dice decide for you: yes, no, maybe, roll again. | Mindfulness aids: Describe a different breathing exercise or calming technique on each face. | . | List out the specific features. Make sure you have one per side. (It can help to start with a numbered list.) . | Map out which features will appear where (on adjacent faces versus opposite ones, for example). Sketching the die in three dimensions from a few different perspectives may help you visualize this. | . 2. Design . You can use any CAD or 3D design software you like for these steps. While specifics will depend on which software you choose, the steps outlined below offer a high-level overview of the design process for a traditional cubic (six-sided) die. 2.1 Model your die’s geometry . | Start with a square. Use the sketch function to lay this out in two dimensions. | The dimensions of each side should be equal to your desired dimensions for the finished object. (Standard dice are 16mm or .66 inches cubed, but you can also go for an oversized option like 25mm or 1 inch.) | . | Extrude your square into a cube. Select your square and use the extrude command, entering your desired side dimension into the distance box. | To “extrude” something means to pull or push it in a set direction. (When you squeeze a tube of toothpaste, you’re extruding it through the hole in the tube.) | In CAD, you can extrude (a) enclosed, two-dimensional shapes or (b) faces of a three-dimensional object. | . | If you’d like to round the corners or edges of your dice, you can use the “fillet” command. Fillets replace an angle with a curved arc. You can determine the curve by selecting its radius. Play around with this until you get a shape you like. Apply it to all edges or corners. | . 2.2 Add design features to your faces . You will design each face individually now that your body is done. | Click the first face and choose “create sketch.” You will now be able to design in two dimensions directly on the face you’ve selected. | Use the CAD tools to add or design your text, numbers, or symbols as desired. | Repeat this process until you have designed all six sides of your dice. | . 2.3 Extrude design features . Since you’ll be 3D printing these dice, its features must be three dimensional. That means we need to extrude again. You have a choice to make here. Your features can either be 1) proud, meaning they are raised off the dice’s surface, or 2) recessed, meaning they will look engraved or cut into its surface. Keep in mind that raised features might affect how your dice rolls or bounces off a tabletop! . | Select your designs (hold command to select them all at once!). | Choose the extrude command again. | Under “distance,”” enter either a positive or negative number (we recommend 2-3mm, or about 0.08inches). | A positive value will create raised features; a negative one will create recessed features. | . | Choose “join” for a positive number or “cut” for a negative number. | . 2.4 Save your file . | Save your finished dice as a .stl file. | This is the file format most commonly used for 3D printing. Often referred to as a “mesh,” it is an intricate three-dimensional web made up of thousands upon thousands of tiny triangles. (STL stands for stereolithography, but you can think of it as “standard triangle language” or “standard tesslelation language” instead.) | . | . 3. Prepare and slice files . Slicing softwares, often called “slicers,” are used to prepare .stl files for 3D printing. They offer tools and workflows to help you lay out multiple bodies on a single print bed, add supports, and more. You cannot skip this step! . | Open your slicing software: Bambu Studio | Import your file into the software. (Use the file icon, or simply drag and drop.) | Select the type of printer you’re using (P1S). | Select the filament type being used: likely PLA. | Select the slicing settings. | You may need to add supports here. | . | Click “slice.” This will create a .3mf file and take you to a preview window that shows you what your finished design looks. | . Your die is now ready to print! . 4. Launch Print . You have two options to launch your print: 1) send it wirelessly, or 2) us an SD card. | Load filament (skip this step if already loaded): . | Hang filament spool on holder on back of machine so that filament unwinds clockwise. | . | Insert filament into the PTFE tupe on the top back side of the machine. | On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → – → bed heat, and head the nozzle to the recommended temperature for the filament (for PLA). | Wait for the nozzle to heat up. | On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → E → downward arrow several times until the filament comes out of the nozzle. | Load file: Select the file icon and select your file to start the print. | Note: The printer will likely run an automatic leveling check before printing. This usually takes a few minutes. | . | . 5. Retrieve finished dice . Once the printer is done, pop your dice off the bed. If they seem stuck, you can either use a soft prying tool (a 3D printed one works well!), or remove the magnetic bed and gently flex it to help the objects release. Use pliers to remove any supports. 6. Give your dice a roll! . Give your finished die a roll! Does seem to land randomly, or to favor one result over the others? How might you adjust your design to change this? . ",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/"
-  },"188": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: Design, Cut, and Fold Paper Pop-Ups!",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#faciltator-guide-design-cut-and-fold-paper-pop-ups",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#faciltator-guide-design-cut-and-fold-paper-pop-ups"
-  },"189": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: Design, Cut, and Fold Paper Pop-Ups! . | Overview . | Context | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Cutting and Creasing Pop-up Nametags | 2. Exploration: Designing Dynamic Greeting Cards | 3. Deep Dive: Complex Engineering for Pop-Up Books | Extension: Incorporating Paper Circuits | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Batch cutting | 3. Time management | 4. Design considerations to share with learners | 5. Prototyping | . | Discussion questions | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#table-of-contents"
-  },"190": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Learners will use a vinyl cutter to make two-dimensional artworks “pop!” by adding score and cut lines to digital designs. Pop-ups can be as simple as custom nametags or as complex as greeting cards or storybook scenes. This activity introduces the basics of paper engineering and the art of using mountain and valley folds, as well as teaching basics around the vinyl cutter and 2D design. Context . Paper pop-ups are a form of engineering that use basic forces—simple pushes and pulls—to fold and unfold dynamic three-dimensional scenes from simple cardstock. Some of the earliest pop-ups were used to make books and other texts interactive, inviting readers to lift flaps, pull tabs, and unfold elaborate spreads tucked into the pages. Today, paper engineering is often used to make greeting cards and decorations “pop”! . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#overview",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#overview"
-  },"191": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Cutting and Creasing Pop-up Nametags . Cut, crease, and fold a custom pop-up nametag. | Single color / sheet of cardstock. | Uses letters only; allows learners to learn how to add cut and score lines on letters to create a desired effect. | Introduces Silhouette Studio and the vinyl cutter. | Curricular tie-ins . | Engineering / design: introduce mountain and valley folds. | . | . 2. Exploration: Designing Dynamic Greeting Cards . Design and fabricate a custom pop-up greeting card. | Multiple colors / layers of cardstock. | This version requires two rounds of cutting: one for the pop-up backer, and another to cut out the features that get glued on top. | . | Scalable for different ability levels, simple to complex. | More open-ended: allows focus on illustrating a feeling or theme. | Curricular tie-ins . | ELA or foreign languages: invite learners to write customized messages for their cards. | . | . 3. Deep Dive: Complex Engineering for Pop-Up Books . Design &amp; fabricate complex, multi-layered sticker designs using registration marks. | Multiple colors / layers of cardstock. | This version requires two rounds of cutting: one for the pop-up backer, and another to cut out the features that get glued on top. | . | Tie-ins to existing pop-up art/books like 123D. | Can be done individually or in groups: each learner/group illustrates one scene of a larger story. | For extended units: fabricate an entire short pop-up book | . | Curricular tie-ins . | Engineering: invites the incorporation of other paper-driven mechanisms (e.g. pull-tabs, paper levers, etc.) | ELA / history: investigate illustrating a scene in literature or history. | . | . Extension: Incorporating Paper Circuits . Add copper tape, button batteries, and LEDs to make light-up circuits! . | No soldering required = appropriate for any level! | Add copper tape, a coin cell battery, and LEDs to really bring pop-ups to life. | Consider adding a press-tab; when two copper-clad paper “buttons” are pressed together, it closes a circuit to illuminate the bulb. | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#scalability",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#scalability"
-  },"192": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Silhouette Studio or other 2D design software | Vinyl cutter | Cardstock | Decorative craft materials - googly eyes, feathers, sequins, etc. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#materials",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#materials"
-  },"193": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | Disciplinary Core Ideas: . | Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems (3-5-ETS1.A), | Developing Possible Solutions ((3-5-ETS1.B), | Optimizing the Design Solution (3-5-ETS1.C) | . | Science and Engineering Practice: . | Planning and Carrying Out Investigations (3-5-ETS1-2); | . | . | ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#standards-alignment",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#standards-alignment"
-  },"194": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
-    "content": "| ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#common-core-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#common-core-standards"
-  },"195": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
-    "content": "| . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#iste-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#iste-standards"
-  },"196": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of paper engineering, including cuts, creases, and mechanisms. | Apply spatial reasoning in two and three dimensions. | Define, differentiate between, and manipulate mountain and valley folds. | Understand the roles pushes and pulls play in paper pop-ups and provide examples of similar forces at work in the real world. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Prepare a file for the vinyl cutter, applying appropriate settings for both scoring and cutting. | Use the vinyl cutter to create scores and cuts, including loading material onto and removing it from a cutting mat. | Conceptualize and manipulate mountain and valley folds. Use tools to help direct and reinforce creases. | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#learning-outcomes",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#learning-outcomes"
-  },"197": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | (Optional) Print handouts for each learner to introduce key concepts like mountain and valley folds. | Create an example to illustrate how the finished products will work. | Preparing multiple versions of this example to illustrate it at various points along the fabrication/assembly process can help learners understand the complexities of mountain and valley creasing more easily. | . | Consider 3D printing some simple tools to assist with folding and creasing (files provided). | You may wish to pre-load the vinyl into your cutter; however, we recommend doing this as a demonstration for the larger group, to help familiarize learners with the mechanical operations of the vinyl cutter. | . 2. Batch cutting . | This activity is optimized for batch-cutting to economize time and materials; however, you can also cut one learner’s design at a time (or any other number) if that’s more appropriate for your setting. | If using the batch-cutting template (optimized for xDesign), each user account can be renamed so they match with a sticker model (01, 02, and so forth), so “Person 01” knows to work on “Sticker 01”, etc. All models are saved to a shared collab space. | When finished, ask learners to color their models red so that you have a visual indication that they are done. | . 3. Time management . | Try to split the lesson into 30 minutes for design and file prep, 30 minutes for cutting, and 30 minutes for creasing and folding. | . 4. Design considerations to share with learners . | Use only capital letters and bold, blocky fonts. | For especially long names that may not fit into the recommended template size, you can either A) reduce the font size until the name fits, or B) cut this name as a one-off outside of the batch run. | . 5. Prototyping . | If prototyping with printer paper, we had success with the following settings: . | Material: choose “cardstock, plain” even when using printer paper (the others don’t have the option to score) | Cut: . | Passes: 1 | Force: 20 | Speed: 4 | . | Score: . | Blade depth: 1 | Passes: 1 | Force: 6 | Speed: 2 | . | . | . ",
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-  },"198": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | Art &amp; Design: . | How can different colors and textures of cardstock impact the final look of your pop-up design? | What are some design elements that work well in a pop-up format? Why? | How does the use of negative space (areas without cuts or scores) affect the overall design? | . | Science: Form &amp; Movement: . | What basic principles of physics (pushes and pulls) are involved in making your pop-up work? | How do mountain and valley folds contribute to the movement and structure of pop-up elements? | Can you think of other real-world applications where similar folding mechanisms are used? | . | Math: Geometry &amp; Origami: . | How do geometric shapes and angles play a role in the design of pop-up mechanisms? | What mathematical principles can be observed in the creation of folds and creases? | How can understanding symmetry and asymmetry help in designing effective pop-up cards? | . | English Language Arts or Foreign Languages (Greeting Card Version): . | How can the design of a pop-up card enhance the message you are trying to convey? | In what ways can pop-up cards be used to communicate emotions or themes in a unique way? | How might the process of writing a letter in another language change your approach to designing a pop-up card? | . | Engineering &amp; Technology: . | What challenges did you encounter when using the vinyl cutter, and how did you overcome them? | How does the precision of digital design software contribute to the accuracy of your pop-up creation? | In what ways can iterative testing improve the final design of your pop-up card? | . | Creativity &amp; Problem Solving: . | What creative techniques did you use to make your pop-up design stand out? | How did you solve any problems that arose during the cutting and folding process? | What other materials or tools could you use to enhance your pop-up cards? | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/#discussion-questions",
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-  },"199": {
-    "doc": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.2_guide_popups/"
-  },"200": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Faciltator Guide: Print Custom (or Weighted!) Dice",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#faciltator-guide-print-custom-or-weighted-dice",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#faciltator-guide-print-custom-or-weighted-dice"
-  },"201": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | Faciltator Guide: Print Custom (or Weighted!) Dice . | Overview . | Context | . | Scalability . | 1. Exposure: Custom Cubic Dice | 2. Exploration: Complex Geometries &amp; Polyhedra | 3. Deep Dive: Engineering Weighted “Trick” Dice | Extension: Accessible Game Design | . | Materials | Standards Alignment | Common Core Standards | ISTE Standards | Learning Outcomes . | General goals | Fabrication goals | . | Facilitator Notes . | 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation | 2. Brainstorming &amp; paper prototyping | 3. Batch processing | 4. Design considerations to share with learners | 5. Themes | . | Extension ideas | Discussion questions | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#table-of-contents"
-  },"202": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "3D Print Custom (or Weighted!) Dice",
-    "content": " ",
-    "url": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#3d-print-custom-or-weighted-dice",
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-  },"203": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Learners will design their own 3D-printable dice. They will first choose their die’s geometry (cubic or polyhedral), and then decide what to put on each face. Dice can be either traditional (numbered) or creatively themed (decorated with text or symbols). This activity introduces learners to the “extrude” command in CAD software, as well as to slicer software to format 3D print files. Advanced learners can experiment with adding hidden asymmetry inside a hollow object to create weighted “trick” dice. Finished dice can be used as story-starters in English class, to run experiments investigating statistics, or as part of a larger activity on game design. Context . The earliest known dice, excavated from Mesopotamian tombs and dating back to around 3000 BCE, were made from materials like bone, wood, and stone. Historians speculate that these were used not only in games of chance, but also for decision-making. Later, in ancient Greece and Rome, dice games were popular pastimes. The fairness and randomness of dice are crucial to maintaining the integrity of games of chance. A fair die is one that has an equal probability of landing on any of its faces. A standard six-sided die should have a 1 in 6 chance of landing on any outcome on any given roll. This requires significant precision in modern-day manufacturing processes to balance the weight and shape of the die. Any imperfections, such as asymmetrical faces, uneven weight distribution, or air bubbles within the material can bias the roll, making certain outcomes more likely than others. To assess whether dice are truly fair and random, statistical tests and experiments are often conducted. These involve rolling the dice a large number of times and recording the results to determine whether each face appears with roughly equal frequency. Beyond gaming, the principles of probability explored through dice have practical applications in fields like computer science, where random numbers must be generated for simulations and to encode messages. ",
-    "url": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#overview",
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-  },"204": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Scalability",
-    "content": "1. Exposure: Custom Cubic Dice . Design and customize traditional, cubic dice. | Introduces the “extrude” and “fillet” commands in CAD (and optionally “draft” and “fillet”). | Investigates and compares both proud (positive distance) and recessed (negative distance) extrusions. | Plays with the surface features of dice. | Curricular tie-ins: math, geometry, statistics, english language arts, social-emotional learning . | Use dice as story-starters, with different words or parts of speech on each face as creative prompts for English lessons. | Invite learners to create their own mindfulness aids, with different meditation techniques or breathing exercises on each face. | Explore the probability of different outcomes when rolling dice, and ask learners to calculate and analyze the likelihood of rolling specific numbers or combinations. | . | . 2. Exploration: Complex Geometries &amp; Polyhedra . Design complex polyhedral dice with many sides and learn about their geometries. | Introduces designing complex three-dimensional geometries in CAD. | Introduces polyhedra, including how to name polyhedra. | Investigates and compares both proud (positive distance) and recessed (negative distance) extrusions. | Curricular tie-ins: math, geometry, statistics . | Consider (or calculate) how the odds change when additional faces are added to a die’s geometry. | Introduce Euler’s formula, which states that the number of Faces (F) and vertices (V) added together will always be exactly two more than the number of edges (E) a polyhedra has. | . | . 3. Deep Dive: Engineering Weighted “Trick” Dice . Design custom “loaded” dice with invisible internal weights to skew the odds. | Encourage learners to be intentional about which face(s) they want to favor, and to design accordingly. | Include a cutaway image or sketch in deliverables to that show the design’s interior. | . | Run probability tests (multiple trials) to see how successfully learners have skewed the odds. | Have them identify a goal probability before beginning the assignment (just enough to favor their odds; not enough to be 100%) and then test to see whether their real-world results match this target. If time allows, invite iterative design to try to meet the target. | . | Curricular tie-ins: math, probability, statistics . | Explore experimental vs. theoretical probability: compare the outcomes of experimental data (actual rolls) with theoretical predictions. | Ask learners to swap their dice without revealing which outcome is weighted, and see if their partners can guess based on 3, 5, or 10 rolls. Have them consider (or calculate) how many rolls, at a minimum, they would need in order to correctly ascertain which outcome is weighted. | . | . Extension: Accessible Game Design . Dice can be woven into a larger, multi-session unit about accessibility, where learners can (re)design board games, in general or for someone with a disability. | Session 1: Design game board or game cards | Session 2: Fabricate game pieces | Session 3: 3D print dice | Session 4: Vinyl cut packaging / box / card decals | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#scalability",
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-  },"205": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Computer with CAD software | 3D printer | PLA filament in a color of your choice | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#materials",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#materials"
-  },"206": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Standards Alignment",
-    "content": ". | Next Generation Science Standards . | Disciplinary Core Ideas | . | ",
-    "url": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#standards-alignment",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#standards-alignment"
-  },"207": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Common Core Standards",
-    "content": "| ",
-    "url": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#common-core-standards",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#common-core-standards"
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-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "ISTE Standards",
-    "content": "| . ",
-    "url": "/topics/8.2_guide_dice/#iste-standards",
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-  },"209": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Learning Outcomes",
-    "content": "General goals . Learners will be able to… . | Design an object in three dimensions. | Think critically and creatively about how to lay out their dice. | Make decisions about what features to include on each face. | Determine the probability of an occurrence based on multiple trials. | Calculate probability as a fraction, decimal, and percentage. | Compare theoretical with experimental outcomes through testing. | . Fabrication goals . Learners will be able to… . | Use CAD to translate an idea into 3D design for 3D printing. | Add design elements to a 3D body’s faces. | Prepare &amp; slice a file for 3D printing. | Add supports as needed for 3D printing. | Use the 3D printer to fabricate an object of their own design. | . ",
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-  },"210": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Facilitator Notes",
-    "content": "1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation . | Collect a variety of dice and/or other polyhedra to look at together as examples. | Practice naming 2D geometries and the 3D polyhedra comprising them. | . | Print or design optional handouts for each learner to help with brainstorming. | Discuss polyhedra and the relationships between two-dimensional and three-dimensional ones. | For older or more advanced learners, this activity could be run iteratively, with learners printing two or more designs to experiment with different weights and weight distributions (infills) and design features (proud versus engraved designs, rounded corners, etc.) | . 2. Brainstorming &amp; paper prototyping . | Have learners list the design elements they want to include on their die’s faces (use a numbered list with as many lines as there are faces). | Since three-dimensional geometries can be tricky to visualize, it can be helpful to start by creating paper prototypes. | Provide or have learners make 2D, flattened views to map layout of faces so they can visualize which ones will be next to one another. They can then cut these out and fold them into dice. | Alternatively, if no 2D maps are available, learners can cut out as many shapes as their final die will have and tape them together one-by-one. | . | Ask learners to sketch multiple perspectives of the finished, 3D product. | This helps teach spatial thinking. | . | . | . 3. Batch processing . | Learners’ designs can be batched together for printing, with the prints launched during a reflection period or overnight. Depending on their sizes, 25+ dice can typically fit on a single bed. | . 4. Design considerations to share with learners . | How the the numbers/features on a face are extruded (whether they are proud and sticking up from the face or recessed down into it) can effect how the die will roll. | Proud features may interfere with the rolling. | . | . 5. Themes . | Dice can be used for more than numbers! Incorporate this activity into your existing curricula by adjusting its theme accordingly. | Story starters: Make a set of multiple dice, with one dedicated to a different story component (genre, setting, character, conflict, hero, villain) or part of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs). Once fabricated, roll the dice and write, tell, or act out a short story that incorporates the words and concepts that appear. (Stories should include a beginning, middle, and end!) | Decision makers: Take inspiration from the Magic 8-Ball! Write a different decision on each face and let the dice decide for you: yes, no, maybe, roll again, etc. | Mindfulness aids: Put a different breathing exercise or calming technique on each face. | Tricksters: How might you adjust your design to favor one or two outcomes over the others? Can you make this invisible? What about undetectable entirely? What happens if you put a small sphere or other weight into your cube as it prints? | . | . ",
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-  },"211": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Extension ideas",
-    "content": ". | Experimental inquiry: . | Ask learners to design experiments to compare theoretical (expected) versus experimental (real-world) results from their dice, rolling a set number of times and recording and/or graphing the results. | . | Trickery Revealed: . | Have learners swap their weighted dice without revealing to one another which face is weighted. | . | Challenge them to determine the weighted side in as many rolls as possible, and to then test their theories. | Discuss the math behind the fewest rolls needed to determine probability. | . | A Delicate Balance . | Offer advanced learners to an iterative design challenge: to design and fabricate a weighted die that lands on the weighted side with only a specific degree of frequency. This requires subtle manipulation of the interior weight distribution, and much iterative testing to match real-world statistical results to the goal frequency. | . | . ",
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-  },"212": {
-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "Discussion questions",
-    "content": ". | General . | How could iterative testing improve the functionality and fairness of your custom dice? | What criteria did you use to evaluate the success of your dice design? | How do the principles of geometry and probability apply to real-world scenarios like games and decision-making tools? | . | Math &amp; Geometry . | How does the shape and number of faces on a die affect the probability of rolling a specific number or symbol? | What are the differences in probability between rolling a standard six-sided die versus a polyhedral die with more faces (for example, 10)? | How can you calculate the theoretical probability of each outcome for your custom die? | What is the minimum number of rolls needed to statistically determine if a die is fair or loaded? | . | Experimental Design . | How did/could you design and conduct an experiment to compare the theoretical probability of each outcome with the experimental results? | How can you use statistical methods to determine if your dice are fair or biased? | How can you represent the data from your dice rolls using graphs or charts to visualize the probability distribution?nd friction influence the performance of a spinning top? | . | Creativity &amp; Problem Solving . | What challenges did you encounter during the design and fabrication process, and how did you overcome them? | What creative techniques or tools did you use to when designing your dice? | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "title": "8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide",
-    "content": " ",
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-  },"214": {
-    "doc": "2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Paper Pop-Ups: Cut, Crease, and Fold a Custom Name Tag",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.1_popups/#paper-pop-ups-cut-crease-and-fold-a-custom-name-tag",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.1_popups/#paper-pop-ups-cut-crease-and-fold-a-custom-name-tag"
-  },"215": {
-    "doc": "2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of Contents",
-    "content": ". | Paper Pop-Ups: Cut, Crease, and Fold a Custom Name Tag . | Overview . | Context | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Prepare a New Project in Silhouette Studio | 2. Create your design! | 3. Add a bounding box | 4. Add &amp; format pop-up details . | 4.1 Open the pop-up design panel | 4.2 Toggle the switch to “on” | 4.3 Place &amp; adjust centerline | 4.4 Adjust pop-out depth | 4.5 Adjust cut and crease lines | . | 5. Configure cut settings | 6. Set up the vinyl cutter | 7. Prepare your material on a mat | 8. Cut! | 9. Remove your material from the mat. | 10. Bend and crease | . | . | . ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.1_popups/#table-of-contents",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.1_popups/#table-of-contents"
-  },"216": {
-    "doc": "2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Use a vinyl cutter to make two-dimensional artwork “pop!” . Add score and cut lines to cardstock to fabricate dynamic, custom name tags that can fold flat when not in use. This activity introduces the vinyl cutter and Silhouette Studio software at a beginner level. Context . Paper pop-ups are a form of engineering that use basic forces—simple pushes and pulls—to fold and unfold dynamic three-dimensional scenes from simple cardstock. Some of the earliest pop-ups were used to make books and other texts interactive, inviting readers to lift flaps, pull tabs, and unfold elaborate spreads tucked into the pages. Today, pop-up paper engineering remains common in decorative items like ornaments and greeting cards. Many designs draw inspiration from the Japanese twin arts of origami and kirigami. While origami relies on folds and creases alone, kirigami incorporates cuts as well. ",
-    "url": "/topics/2.1_popups/#overview",
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-    "relUrl": "/topics/2.1_popups/#overview"
-  },"217": {
-    "doc": "2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Silhouette Studio software | Vinyl cutter | Light hold (low-adhesion)cutting mat | Cardstock (preferably 100lb or higher) | Decorative craft materials (googly eyes, feathers, sequins, etc.) | . ",
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-    "doc": "2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "1. Prepare a New Project in Silhouette Studio . First, you need to set up your digital workspace. | Open a new project in Silhouette Studio (downloadable here). | Input the size of the material you will be working with. | Under “page setup,” either select from the dropdown menu under “media size” or manually input the width and height in the text boxes below. | The other settings should be fine as-is, but feel free to adjust the media color or rotate the view as desired. | . | . 2. Create your design! . You can either work directly in Silhouette Studio, import an existing .png or .svg file from the web (respecting copyright restrictions), or bring over a design from a third-party design software like InkScape. | To add text: Choose the “text” tool on the lefthand menu, use your cursor to select your placement, and type your desired text. A toolbar will appear across the top of the screen where you can select your desired font style and size. Bolder, blockier fonts work best for pop-ups. | To import a file: Drag and drop! | . 3. Add a bounding box . This will be the outer shape of your finished card or name tag. | Create a bounding box in the shape of your choice, sized to how large you want your finished piece. | Center this around your pop-up design. | . 4. Add &amp; format pop-up details . Silhouette Studio has a built-in pop-up tool that will automatically add many of the elements you need. This is somewhat limited, and works best to create supports for other decorative elements (for example, if you wanted to glue colored letters in place on top of pop-up scaffolding.) However, we can make it work for these name tags, too. 4.1 Open the pop-up design panel . | In the righthand menu, click on the pop-up icon. (This looks like a tiny card with a heart in it.) | . 4.2 Toggle the switch to “on” . | Some new solid and dotted lines will appear on your design. | Dotted lines indicate creases. | Solid lines indicate cuts. | . | . 4.3 Place &amp; adjust centerline . | The horizontal dotted line illustrates where the centerline crease in your card will fall. Drag the tiny double-pointed arrow icon up or down to adjust its placement. | This doesn’t affect the height of the design itself; just how far out it will “pop.” | . | Drag the red dots to adjust the width of the center crease. | Make sure the dotted centerline extends the full width of the bounding box so your finished card will fold all the way across. | . | . 4.4 Adjust pop-out depth . | Adjust the height of your design by clicking and dragging the white registration mark at the top. | Adjust how far out your design “pops” by clicking and dragging the white registration mark at the bottom. | . 4.5 Adjust cut and crease lines . | Base width: How much material connects the bottom of the design to the page. If this exceeds the width of the legs on any of your letters, they won’t cut properly. | Strut width: How many supporting connections connect the top of your design to the back of the card, and their thickness. | Dash pitch: The width of the perforation cuts for your creases. | . 5. Configure cut settings . Now, it’s time to prepare the file for the printer. | Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen). | Select “line” from the top menu. Each line color—-in this case, red and blue–should have its own row. | Choose your material for both rows (they will be the same; likely cardstock, plain although coverstock, heavy also works, depending on your material). | Select an action for each row: cut for red and score for blue. | If you are using the autoblade tool, you can perform both functions in the same pass. Choose tool no. 1 for both rows. (Note: your scored lines will be finely perforated rather than scored.) | If you are using two different tools—one for cutting and another for scoring—choose the correct tool number and carriage as appropriate for each row. | . | . 6. Set up the vinyl cutter . Be sure to set up somewhere with enough room for the mat to feed through. There’s no need for a spool feeder for this project, since you’ll be using cardstock and a mat. | Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds. | Connect to the machine via bluetooth or a USB cable. | Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. | (Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.) | . | Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): . | Open the machine’s hood. | On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out. | Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted. | Push the locking mechanism back into place. | . | . 7. Prepare your material on a mat . We’ll be using a low-adhesion mat for this project. | Position your cardstock to align the upper left corner of the material with the upper left corner of the mat and press it firmly into place. | Line the mat up with the machine. | Push the arrow button to load the mat, centering it between the pressure wheels. | Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut. | . 8. Cut! . Almost done! . | With your mat lined up and ready, click “send file.” . | The machine will take a few moments to process your file, cutting first and then scoring. | . | When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the cutting mat. | . 9. Remove your material from the mat. To remove your workpiece, peel the mat off of the cardstock instead of vice versa. This helps keep your finished product flat and intact. Peeling the workpiece from the mat will likely result in torn or curled cardstock. | Turn the mat over so your workpiece is flat on the table. Then, gently peel the mat off of the workpiece. | . 10. Bend and crease . Bring your design into three dimensions. | Gently bend along the mountain and valley folds to create folds. | Once you are happy with these, you can go back through with more force, using your fingernails or a 3D-printed tool—to create creases. | . | With your creases in place, carefully fold the whole card flat. | Be patient; it’s easy to accidentally bend a crease backwards the first time. | . | Glue the workpiece to a backer if desired, being careful to line up their center creases. | Decorate: . | Add doodles, sequins, googly eyes, or whatever other decorative elements tickle your fancy! | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps",
-    "title": "3D Printing for Casting &amp; Molding",
-    "content": "By Claire Dorsett . ",
-    "url": "/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/#3d-printing-for-casting--molding",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Table of contents",
-    "content": ". | 3D Printing for Casting &amp; Molding . | Overview . | Context . | In the Real World | Key Concepts: . | Key Terms: | . | . | . | Materials | Activity Steps . | 1. Ideate | 2. Design mold . | 2.1 Model the finished object | 2.2 Model a mold around the object . | 2.2a For a one-part, one-step mold | 2.2b For a two-part, one-step mold | 2.2c For a one-part, two-step mold | 2.2d For a two-part, two-step mold | . | . | 3. Prepare &amp; slice files | 4. 3D print mold | 5. Prepare mold for casting | 6. Cast . | 6.1 Prepare workspace | 6.2 Choose your casting medium | 6.3 Mix your casting medium | 6.4 Pour | 6.5 Clean up | 6.6 Wait to cure | . | 7. De-mold | 8. For multi-step molds: casting a finished product | . | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Overview",
-    "content": "Design and 3D print your very own one- or two-part molds! Use these to cast objects directly, or create a secondary, flexible mold to cast large batches of a design. Context . Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid is poured or injected into a rigid structure called a mold and allowed to cure or solidify. It takes advantage of the properties of liquids; specifically, their ability to conform to the shape of a vessel into which they’re poured. The special liquids that are poured into molds are called casting mediums. These are typically two-part mixtures that undergo a thermal or chemical change called curing to harden into a solid, creating items like: . | Specially-shaped bars of soap | Action figures and other plastic toys | Fancy chocolates | . The individual components must be precisely measured, combined at specific ratios, and mixed together fully in order to work correctly. Otherwise, the mixture will not cure properly, resulting in a wet or soft end product. In the Real World . Sand castles are often made using molds. Wet sand is packed into the forms, which are then carefully removed to leave behind castles in their shapes. Ice cubes and popsicles are also made made from molds. Water or juice is poured into the forms, which are then frozen. Plastic toys, clothes hangers, and utensils are also made from casting polymers into specially-designed molds. Key Concepts: . There are two types of molds relevant to this activity (and many more used in real-world manufacturing!). | Single-part molds: Simple shapes without undercuts can be cast in single-part molds. | Straightforward to design, produce, and use | Use less material and require less production time | Easy to pour and demold | . | Multi-part molds: Some shapes are too complex to cast using a single-part mold. These require multi-part molds, in which two or more parts fit together like three-dimensional puzzles, encompassing the object to be cast. Small funnels and air vents allow a casting medium to be poured in, and air bubbles to escape. Once the casting medium has cured, the multiple pieces of the mold are disassembled to provide access to the finished part inside. | Allow for complex shapes, undercuts, and intricate details | Provide better access to all surfaces of the object | Can be designed along natural seams or edges for the object being cast to minimize visible lines on the finished casting | . | . Key Terms: . | Mold: The rigid frame into which a casting medium is poured. | Casting Medium: The material you are pouring into a mold. This undergoes a chemical or physical change to harden from a liquid into a solid, and often gets mixed together from two parts. | Cast: To pour a casting medium into a mold; the solid form that comes out of a mold. | Curing: The chemical process a casting medium undergoes while hardening. | Registers: In multi-part molds, registers are design features that interlock to keep the mold precisely aligned during pouring and curing. | Sprue: In multi-part molds, sprues are like small, funnel-like openings into which the casting medium is poured. | Vent: In multi part molds, vents are small air shafts that allow air bubbles to escape from the interior cavity, preventing empty spaces in the finished product. | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Materials",
-    "content": ". | Computer with CAD software | 3D printer | PLA in a color of your choice | Casting mediums (any or all) . | Playdough | Hydrostone | Oomoo | Wax - will also require a crucible or pan and hotplate | . | Mold release agent (optional) | Mixing tools: . | Stirring sticks (popsicle sticks or tongue depressors) | Mixing cups (paper cups) -Measuring tools: | Small scales | Disposable volumetric measuring cups | . | Safety equipment: . | Gloves | Eye protection | Lab coats or aprons | Close-toed shoes for all participants | . | . ",
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-    "doc": "9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps",
-    "title": "Activity Steps",
-    "content": "There are a few different options for this activity. 1. Ideate . First, determine what you will cast and how. | Choose an object you wish to cast. This can be something you will model CAD (or downloaded from the internet, with requisite copyright permissions), or a real-world item you want to replicate. | Consider the object’s geometry. Does it have undercuts that will necessitate a multi-part mold? | If you are making a mold of an existing object, determine what it is made of. | Some plastics will react with or otherwise inhibit the curing process for certain casting mediums. (For example, Sortaclear will meld with Oomoo). Be sure to read your data sheet! | Determine whether your object floats or sinks in the casting material, and develop a plan for how to keep it in place during casting. (Fine thread or fishing line can help you suspend or submerge an object as needed). | . | Determine how many parts and how many steps your mold will require. | Single-part molds have only once piece, with the casting agent poured directly into their top. | Multi-part molds have multiple pieces (usually two halves) that fit together with small, funnel-like sprues and vents left open to accommodate the casting agent and release displaced air. | Single-step molds are 3D prints that are cast directly into. | Multi-step molds will require you to 3D print a mold that is then used to cast a second, more flexible mold from. It can be easier to remove objects from this secondary mold, but creating it will require you to think critically about your design geometries along the way. | . | . 2. Design mold . You can use any CAD or 3D design software you like for these steps. While specifics will depend on which software you choose, the steps outlined below offer a high-level overview of the design process. Note: While the initial steps are the same, later steps vary slightly depending on whether you are creating a one-step or two-step mold. 2.1 Model the finished object . | First, create (or import) a CAD representation of the object you wish to cast. We will design the mold around this. | . 2.2 Model a mold around the object . Steps here vary slightly, depending on whether you are creating a multi-step or multi-part mold. Please note the subsection labels. 2.2a For a one-part, one-step mold . | Model a three-dimensional box that fully encompasses the face of the object you wish to replicate and is slightly larger in each dimension. | Use the original object to “cut” into this box. | . 2.2b For a two-part, one-step mold . | Model a box slightly larger than the object (~1cm in in each direction) with the object centered within it. | Select the object and use it as a tool to “cut” the box. This will leave you with a cavity inside. | Create a center plane between two faces of the box so that it splits your object—and the box—in half. | Use the plane you just created to “cut” or split apart both the object and the box. | Add a sprue and vent. Choose the side of the mold you wish to pour your casting medium into, and add two small, parallel cylinders (no smaller than~3mm in diameter) running from the inner cavity to the outside of the mold. | Use these cylinders as tools to “cut” both halves of the mold. You should be left with small channels. | You may wish to add registers to help the two halves of your mold fit together more precisely. | Small hemispheres in diagonally opposite corners works well for this. The hemispheres on one half of the mold should be positive (convex) while those on the other should be negative (concave). Consider making the concave hemispheres ~.5mm larger in diameter than the convex ones to add a little buffer. | . | . 2.2c For a one-part, two-step mold . | Create a plane or new sketch on the opposite side of the face you wish to replicate. | Sketch a rectangle slightly larger han the object’s footprint. | Create an offset line approximately 3mm outside of the rectangle you just made. This should create a margin all the way around your object. | Extrude the margin a distance slightly greater than the object’s height. (~3-5mm). | Extrude the back of the box (margin included) ~3-5mm. | Join all of the bodies together. You should now have a hollow box with your object on the bottom. | . 2.2d For a two-part, two-step mold . | Create a center plane between two faces of your object, splitting it in half alone your desired seam. | Use the plane you just created to “cut” the object, dividing it into two halves. Rotate one of these halves so that both are side-by-side on the same plane. | For each half of your object, create a “bed.” This should be a box around it with ~3mm-5mm-thick walls. | Add a sprue and vent. Choose the side of the mold you wish to pour your casting medium into and add two small, parallel cylinders (no smaller than~3mm in diameter) running from the object to the outside of the mold. | Make sure these are in the same spots on both halves! | . | Use these cylinders as tools to “cut” both halves of the mold. You should be left with small channels. | You may wish to add registers to help the two halves of your mold fit together more precisely. | Small hemispheres in diagonally opposite corners works well for this. The hemispheres on one half should be positive (convex) while those on the other should be negative (concave). Consider making the concave hemispheres ~.5mm larger in diameter than the convex ones to add a little buffer. | . | . 3. Prepare &amp; slice files . | Open your slicing software: Bambu Studio . | Slicing softwares, often called “slicers,” are used to prepare .stl files for 3D printing. They offer tools and workflows to help you lay out multiple bodies on a single print bed, add supports, and more. | . | Import your design into the slicer. Use the file icon or drag and drop. | Select the type of printer you’re using (P1S). | Select the bed type. | Select the filament type being used (PLA). | Select the slicing settings. | Click “slice.” This will create a .3mf file and take you to a preview window that shows you what your finished design looks. | . Your dice is now ready to print! . 4. 3D print mold . You have two options to launch your print: 1) send it wirelessly, or 2) us an SD card. | Load filament (skip this step if already loaded): . | Hang filament spool on holder on back of machine so that filament unwinds clockwise. | . | Insert filament into the PTFE tupe on the top back side of the machine. | On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → – → bed heat, and head the nozzle to the recommended temperature for the filament (for PLA). | Wait for the nozzle to heat up. | On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → E → downward arrow several times until the filament comes out of the nozzle. | Load file: Select the file icon and select your file to start the print. | Note: The printer will likely run an automatic leveling check before printing. This usually takes a few minutes. | . | Once the printer is done, pop your mold off the bed. If it seems stuck, gently use a soft prying tool (a 3D printed one works well!), or remove the magnetic bed from the printer and gently flex it to help the mold release. | . 5. Prepare mold for casting . There is some setup required before casting. | Although not required, you may wish you spray a mold-release agent into your mold. This can help the finished product slide out more easily. | If using a multi-part mold, fit both halves together. Use clamps or rubber bands to keep them firmly joined. Make sure your sprue and vents are clear. | Note: if you have many tiny details, you may wish to wait until after mixing your casting medium before assembling your mold. Painting a thin layer of the medium into an nooks and crannies before sealing it up can help prevent air bubbles. | . | . 6. Cast . Here’s where the (messy) magic happens. A few important notes: . | NEVER pour casting materials down the drain or into any plumbing. These can cure and solidify in the pipes, causing extensive (and expensive!) damage. | Many curing processes are exothermic! That means they get hot; the casting medium releases heat as it solidifies. This can potentially be dangerous if it occurs in a small, confined space or near something flammable. | Leave excess mixed mediums alone in their cups to cure fully before disposing of them. | . 6.1 Prepare workspace . | This is a messy process! Lay mats, newspapers, paper towels, or another protective layer across your workspace before beginning. | . 6.2 Choose your casting medium . | Choose your casting material based on the properties you want your finished piece to have. Some examples: . | Hydrostone yields a hard, white, brittle finish. | Oomoo yields a malleable, soft, bluish finish. | Sortaclear ranges in firmness and maleability, but is considered food safe (assuming the rest of the equipment used was also food safe). | . | . 6.3 Mix your casting medium . | Following the instructions on your casting medium’s data sheet, mix together Parts A and B in the ratios directed. | These may be measured by volume (using measuring cups or graduated cylinders) or by weight (using a scale). -You will have a limited amount of time to fully mix the material and pour it into your mold once the two parts combine. On the data sheet, look for “working time.” | . | Once you’ve combined parts A and B, use a stirring tool like a popsicle stick or tongue depressor to gently mix the two together. | Do this slowly to avoid introducing air bubbles. | Try to avoid folding the material over onto itself, as this also mixes air in. | You will know you’re done when the medium looks homogenous, meaning the same throughout. You shouldn’t have any chunks, or marbling of colors. | . | . 6.4 Pour . | Slowly and carefully, pour your casting medium into your mold through the sprue. If your sprue is large enough, you can also use a funnel. | Keep filling until your mold begins to overflow. Then give it a few taps on the table to help any air bubbles rise, and pour a bit more material in if space allows. | Repeat this until no further air bubbles surface. | . 6.5 Clean up . | Clean up any spills before they have a chance to cure. | Leave excess casting materials in their mixing cups to cure before disposing of them. | Remember, NEVER put any casting materials down the drain! | . 6.6 Wait to cure . | Now you wait! Your data sheet will tell you the approximate curing time for your casting medium. | . 7. De-mold . | After waiting the appropriate curing time, remove any clamps or rubber bands from multi-part molds and carefully open them. | Trim off any seams or overfill from the sprue or vent. | . 8. For multi-step molds: casting a finished product . You have just used a mold to cast another mold! This new mold is likely more flexible than a rigid 3D print, allowing for easer removal of finished objects. To cast your finished object, repeat the instructions outlined in Step #6. ",
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deleted file mode 100644
index 46c594b808085929aff7f080bb2bdfd1f86d6a33..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/assets/js/vendor/lunr.min.js
+++ /dev/null
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-/**
- * ORIGINAL MIT LICENSE
- * Copyright (C) 2013 by Oliver Nightingale
-
-  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
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-* lunr.Pipeline
-* Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
-*/,T.Pipeline=function(){this._stack=[]},T.Pipeline.registeredFunctions=Object.create(null),T.Pipeline.registerFunction=function(e,t){t in this.registeredFunctions&&T.utils.warn("Overwriting existing registered function: "+t),e.label=t,T.Pipeline.registeredFunctions[e.label]=e},T.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered=function(e){e.label&&e.label in this.registeredFunctions||T.utils.warn("Function is not registered with pipeline. This may cause problems when serialising the index.\n",e)},T.Pipeline.load=function(e){var t=new T.Pipeline;return e.forEach((function(e){var r=T.Pipeline.registeredFunctions[e];if(!r)throw new Error("Cannot load unregistered function: "+e);t.add(r)})),t},T.Pipeline.prototype.add=function(){var e=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);e.forEach((function(e){T.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(e),this._stack.push(e)}),this)},T.Pipeline.prototype.after=function(e,t){T.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(t);var r=this._stack.indexOf(e);if(-1==r)throw new Error("Cannot find existingFn");r+=1,this._stack.splice(r,0,t)},T.Pipeline.prototype.before=function(e,t){T.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(t);var r=this._stack.indexOf(e);if(-1==r)throw new Error("Cannot find existingFn");this._stack.splice(r,0,t)},T.Pipeline.prototype.remove=function(e){var t=this._stack.indexOf(e);-1!=t&&this._stack.splice(t,1)},T.Pipeline.prototype.run=function(e){for(var t=this._stack.length,r=0;r<t;r++){for(var i=this._stack[r],n=[],s=0;s<e.length;s++){var o=i(e[s],s,e);if(null!=o&&""!==o)if(Array.isArray(o))for(var a=0;a<o.length;a++)n.push(o[a]);else n.push(o)}e=n}return e},T.Pipeline.prototype.runString=function(e,t){var r=new T.Token(e,t);return this.run([r]).map((function(e){return e.toString()}))},T.Pipeline.prototype.reset=function(){this._stack=[]},T.Pipeline.prototype.toJSON=function(){return this._stack.map((function(e){return T.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(e),e.label}))}
-/*!
-* lunr.Vector
-* Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
-*/,T.Vector=function(e){this._magnitude=0,this.elements=e||[]},T.Vector.prototype.positionForIndex=function(e){if(0==this.elements.length)return 0;for(var t=0,r=this.elements.length/2,i=r-t,n=Math.floor(i/2),s=this.elements[2*n];i>1&&(s<e&&(t=n),s>e&&(r=n),s!=e);)i=r-t,n=t+Math.floor(i/2),s=this.elements[2*n];return s==e||s>e?2*n:s<e?2*(n+1):void 0},T.Vector.prototype.insert=function(e,t){this.upsert(e,t,(function(){throw"duplicate index"}))},T.Vector.prototype.upsert=function(e,t,r){this._magnitude=0;var i=this.positionForIndex(e);this.elements[i]==e?this.elements[i+1]=r(this.elements[i+1],t):this.elements.splice(i,0,e,t)},T.Vector.prototype.magnitude=function(){if(this._magnitude)return this._magnitude;for(var e=0,t=this.elements.length,r=1;r<t;r+=2){var i=this.elements[r];e+=i*i}return this._magnitude=Math.sqrt(e)},T.Vector.prototype.dot=function(e){for(var t=0,r=this.elements,i=e.elements,n=r.length,s=i.length,o=0,a=0,u=0,l=0;u<n&&l<s;)(o=r[u])<(a=i[l])?u+=2:o>a?l+=2:o==a&&(t+=r[u+1]*i[l+1],u+=2,l+=2);return t},T.Vector.prototype.similarity=function(e){return this.dot(e)/this.magnitude()||0},T.Vector.prototype.toArray=function(){for(var e=new Array(this.elements.length/2),t=1,r=0;t<this.elements.length;t+=2,r++)e[r]=this.elements[t];return e},T.Vector.prototype.toJSON=function(){return this.elements}
-/*!
-* lunr.stemmer
-* Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
-* Includes code from - http://tartarus.org/~martin/PorterStemmer/js.txt
-*/,T.stemmer=(t={ational:"ate",tional:"tion",enci:"ence",anci:"ance",izer:"ize",bli:"ble",alli:"al",entli:"ent",eli:"e",ousli:"ous",ization:"ize",ation:"ate",ator:"ate",alism:"al",iveness:"ive",fulness:"ful",ousness:"ous",aliti:"al",iviti:"ive",biliti:"ble",logi:"log"},r={icate:"ic",ative:"",alize:"al",iciti:"ic",ical:"ic",ful:"",ness:""},i="[aeiouy]",n="[^aeiou][^aeiouy]*",s=new RegExp("^([^aeiou][^aeiouy]*)?[aeiouy][aeiou]*[^aeiou][^aeiouy]*"),o=new RegExp("^([^aeiou][^aeiouy]*)?[aeiouy][aeiou]*[^aeiou][^aeiouy]*[aeiouy][aeiou]*[^aeiou][^aeiouy]*"),a=new RegExp("^([^aeiou][^aeiouy]*)?[aeiouy][aeiou]*[^aeiou][^aeiouy]*([aeiouy][aeiou]*)?$"),u=new RegExp("^([^aeiou][^aeiouy]*)?[aeiouy]"),l=/^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/,c=/^(.+?)([^s])s$/,h=/^(.+?)eed$/,d=/^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/,f=/.$/,p=/(at|bl|iz)$/,y=new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$"),m=new RegExp("^"+n+i+"[^aeiouwxy]$"),g=/^(.+?[^aeiou])y$/,x=/^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/,v=/^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/,w=/^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/,Q=/^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/,k=/^(.+?)e$/,S=/ll$/,E=new RegExp("^"+n+i+"[^aeiouwxy]$"),L=function(e){var i,n,L,b,P,T,O;if(e.length<3)return e;if("y"==(L=e.substr(0,1))&&(e=L.toUpperCase()+e.substr(1)),P=c,(b=l).test(e)?e=e.replace(b,"$1$2"):P.test(e)&&(e=e.replace(P,"$1$2")),P=d,(b=h).test(e)){var I=b.exec(e);(b=s).test(I[1])&&(b=f,e=e.replace(b,""))}else P.test(e)&&(i=(I=P.exec(e))[1],(P=u).test(i)&&(T=y,O=m,(P=p).test(e=i)?e+="e":T.test(e)?(b=f,e=e.replace(b,"")):O.test(e)&&(e+="e")));return(b=g).test(e)&&(e=(i=(I=b.exec(e))[1])+"i"),(b=x).test(e)&&(i=(I=b.exec(e))[1],n=I[2],(b=s).test(i)&&(e=i+t[n])),(b=v).test(e)&&(i=(I=b.exec(e))[1],n=I[2],(b=s).test(i)&&(e=i+r[n])),P=Q,(b=w).test(e)?(i=(I=b.exec(e))[1],(b=o).test(i)&&(e=i)):P.test(e)&&(i=(I=P.exec(e))[1]+I[2],(P=o).test(i)&&(e=i)),(b=k).test(e)&&(i=(I=b.exec(e))[1],P=a,T=E,((b=o).test(i)||P.test(i)&&!T.test(i))&&(e=i)),P=o,(b=S).test(e)&&P.test(e)&&(b=f,e=e.replace(b,"")),"y"==L&&(e=L.toLowerCase()+e.substr(1)),e},function(e){return e.update(L)}),T.Pipeline.registerFunction(T.stemmer,"stemmer")
-/*!
-* lunr.stopWordFilter
-* Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
-*/,T.generateStopWordFilter=function(e){var t=e.reduce((function(e,t){return e[t]=t,e}),{});return function(e){if(e&&t[e.toString()]!==e.toString())return e}},T.stopWordFilter=T.generateStopWordFilter(["a","able","about","across","after","all","almost","also","am","among","an","and","any","are","as","at","be","because","been","but","by","can","cannot","could","dear","did","do","does","either","else","ever","every","for","from","get","got","had","has","have","he","her","hers","him","his","how","however","i","if","in","into","is","it","its","just","least","let","like","likely","may","me","might","most","must","my","neither","no","nor","not","of","off","often","on","only","or","other","our","own","rather","said","say","says","she","should","since","so","some","than","that","the","their","them","then","there","these","they","this","tis","to","too","twas","us","wants","was","we","were","what","when","where","which","while","who","whom","why","will","with","would","yet","you","your"]),T.Pipeline.registerFunction(T.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter")
-/*!
-* lunr.trimmer
-* Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
-*/,T.trimmer=function(e){return e.update((function(e){return e.replace(/^\W+/,"").replace(/\W+$/,"")}))},T.Pipeline.registerFunction(T.trimmer,"trimmer")
-/*!
-* lunr.TokenSet
-* Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
-*/,T.TokenSet=function(){this.final=!1,this.edges={},this.id=T.TokenSet._nextId,T.TokenSet._nextId+=1},T.TokenSet._nextId=1,T.TokenSet.fromArray=function(e){for(var t=new T.TokenSet.Builder,r=0,i=e.length;r<i;r++)t.insert(e[r]);return t.finish(),t.root},T.TokenSet.fromClause=function(e){return"editDistance"in e?T.TokenSet.fromFuzzyString(e.term,e.editDistance):T.TokenSet.fromString(e.term)},T.TokenSet.fromFuzzyString=function(e,t){for(var r=new T.TokenSet,i=[{node:r,editsRemaining:t,str:e}];i.length;){var n=i.pop();if(n.str.length>0){var s,o=n.str.charAt(0);o in n.node.edges?s=n.node.edges[o]:(s=new T.TokenSet,n.node.edges[o]=s),1==n.str.length&&(s.final=!0),i.push({node:s,editsRemaining:n.editsRemaining,str:n.str.slice(1)})}if(0!=n.editsRemaining){if("*"in n.node.edges)var a=n.node.edges["*"];else{a=new T.TokenSet;n.node.edges["*"]=a}if(0==n.str.length&&(a.final=!0),i.push({node:a,editsRemaining:n.editsRemaining-1,str:n.str}),n.str.length>1&&i.push({node:n.node,editsRemaining:n.editsRemaining-1,str:n.str.slice(1)}),1==n.str.length&&(n.node.final=!0),n.str.length>=1){if("*"in n.node.edges)var u=n.node.edges["*"];else{u=new T.TokenSet;n.node.edges["*"]=u}1==n.str.length&&(u.final=!0),i.push({node:u,editsRemaining:n.editsRemaining-1,str:n.str.slice(1)})}if(n.str.length>1){var l,c=n.str.charAt(0),h=n.str.charAt(1);h in n.node.edges?l=n.node.edges[h]:(l=new T.TokenSet,n.node.edges[h]=l),1==n.str.length&&(l.final=!0),i.push({node:l,editsRemaining:n.editsRemaining-1,str:c+n.str.slice(2)})}}}return r},T.TokenSet.fromString=function(e){for(var t=new T.TokenSet,r=t,i=0,n=e.length;i<n;i++){var s=e[i],o=i==n-1;if("*"==s)t.edges[s]=t,t.final=o;else{var a=new T.TokenSet;a.final=o,t.edges[s]=a,t=a}}return r},T.TokenSet.prototype.toArray=function(){for(var e=[],t=[{prefix:"",node:this}];t.length;){var r=t.pop(),i=Object.keys(r.node.edges),n=i.length;r.node.final&&(r.prefix.charAt(0),e.push(r.prefix));for(var s=0;s<n;s++){var o=i[s];t.push({prefix:r.prefix.concat(o),node:r.node.edges[o]})}}return e},T.TokenSet.prototype.toString=function(){if(this._str)return this._str;for(var e=this.final?"1":"0",t=Object.keys(this.edges).sort(),r=t.length,i=0;i<r;i++){var n=t[i];e=e+n+this.edges[n].id}return e},T.TokenSet.prototype.intersect=function(e){for(var t=new T.TokenSet,r=void 0,i=[{qNode:e,output:t,node:this}];i.length;){r=i.pop();for(var n=Object.keys(r.qNode.edges),s=n.length,o=Object.keys(r.node.edges),a=o.length,u=0;u<s;u++)for(var l=n[u],c=0;c<a;c++){var h=o[c];if(h==l||"*"==l){var d=r.node.edges[h],f=r.qNode.edges[l],p=d.final&&f.final,y=void 0;h in r.output.edges?(y=r.output.edges[h]).final=y.final||p:((y=new T.TokenSet).final=p,r.output.edges[h]=y),i.push({qNode:f,output:y,node:d})}}}return t},T.TokenSet.Builder=function(){this.previousWord="",this.root=new T.TokenSet,this.uncheckedNodes=[],this.minimizedNodes={}},T.TokenSet.Builder.prototype.insert=function(e){var t,r=0;if(e<this.previousWord)throw new Error("Out of order word insertion");for(var i=0;i<e.length&&i<this.previousWord.length&&e[i]==this.previousWord[i];i++)r++;this.minimize(r),t=0==this.uncheckedNodes.length?this.root:this.uncheckedNodes[this.uncheckedNodes.length-1].child;for(i=r;i<e.length;i++){var n=new T.TokenSet,s=e[i];t.edges[s]=n,this.uncheckedNodes.push({parent:t,char:s,child:n}),t=n}t.final=!0,this.previousWord=e},T.TokenSet.Builder.prototype.finish=function(){this.minimize(0)},T.TokenSet.Builder.prototype.minimize=function(e){for(var t=this.uncheckedNodes.length-1;t>=e;t--){var r=this.uncheckedNodes[t],i=r.child.toString();i in this.minimizedNodes?r.parent.edges[r.char]=this.minimizedNodes[i]:(r.child._str=i,this.minimizedNodes[i]=r.child),this.uncheckedNodes.pop()}}
-/*!
-* lunr.Index
-* Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
-*/,T.Index=function(e){this.invertedIndex=e.invertedIndex,this.fieldVectors=e.fieldVectors,this.tokenSet=e.tokenSet,this.fields=e.fields,this.pipeline=e.pipeline},T.Index.prototype.search=function(e){return this.query((function(t){new T.QueryParser(e,t).parse()}))},T.Index.prototype.query=function(e){for(var t=new T.Query(this.fields),r=Object.create(null),i=Object.create(null),n=Object.create(null),s=Object.create(null),o=Object.create(null),a=0;a<this.fields.length;a++)i[this.fields[a]]=new T.Vector;e.call(t,t);for(a=0;a<t.clauses.length;a++){var u=t.clauses[a],l=null,c=T.Set.empty;l=u.usePipeline?this.pipeline.runString(u.term,{fields:u.fields}):[u.term];for(var h=0;h<l.length;h++){var d=l[h];u.term=d;var f=T.TokenSet.fromClause(u),p=this.tokenSet.intersect(f).toArray();if(0===p.length&&u.presence===T.Query.presence.REQUIRED){for(var y=0;y<u.fields.length;y++){s[F=u.fields[y]]=T.Set.empty}break}for(var m=0;m<p.length;m++){var g=p[m],x=this.invertedIndex[g],v=x._index;for(y=0;y<u.fields.length;y++){var w=x[F=u.fields[y]],Q=Object.keys(w),k=g+"/"+F,S=new T.Set(Q);if(u.presence==T.Query.presence.REQUIRED&&(c=c.union(S),void 0===s[F]&&(s[F]=T.Set.complete)),u.presence!=T.Query.presence.PROHIBITED){if(i[F].upsert(v,u.boost,(function(e,t){return e+t})),!n[k]){for(var E=0;E<Q.length;E++){var L,b=Q[E],P=new T.FieldRef(b,F),O=w[b];void 0===(L=r[P])?r[P]=new T.MatchData(g,F,O):L.add(g,F,O)}n[k]=!0}}else void 0===o[F]&&(o[F]=T.Set.empty),o[F]=o[F].union(S)}}}if(u.presence===T.Query.presence.REQUIRED)for(y=0;y<u.fields.length;y++){s[F=u.fields[y]]=s[F].intersect(c)}}var I=T.Set.complete,R=T.Set.empty;for(a=0;a<this.fields.length;a++){var F;s[F=this.fields[a]]&&(I=I.intersect(s[F])),o[F]&&(R=R.union(o[F]))}var C=Object.keys(r),N=[],j=Object.create(null);if(t.isNegated()){C=Object.keys(this.fieldVectors);for(a=0;a<C.length;a++){P=C[a];var _=T.FieldRef.fromString(P);r[P]=new T.MatchData}}for(a=0;a<C.length;a++){var D=(_=T.FieldRef.fromString(C[a])).docRef;if(I.contains(D)&&!R.contains(D)){var A,B=this.fieldVectors[_],V=i[_.fieldName].similarity(B);if(void 0!==(A=j[D]))A.score+=V,A.matchData.combine(r[_]);else{var z={ref:D,score:V,matchData:r[_]};j[D]=z,N.push(z)}}}return N.sort((function(e,t){return t.score-e.score}))},T.Index.prototype.toJSON=function(){var e=Object.keys(this.invertedIndex).sort().map((function(e){return[e,this.invertedIndex[e]]}),this),t=Object.keys(this.fieldVectors).map((function(e){return[e,this.fieldVectors[e].toJSON()]}),this);return{version:T.version,fields:this.fields,fieldVectors:t,invertedIndex:e,pipeline:this.pipeline.toJSON()}},T.Index.load=function(e){var t={},r={},i=e.fieldVectors,n=Object.create(null),s=e.invertedIndex,o=new T.TokenSet.Builder,a=T.Pipeline.load(e.pipeline);e.version!=T.version&&T.utils.warn("Version mismatch when loading serialised index. Current version of lunr '"+T.version+"' does not match serialized index '"+e.version+"'");for(var u=0;u<i.length;u++){var l=(h=i[u])[0],c=h[1];r[l]=new T.Vector(c)}for(u=0;u<s.length;u++){var h,d=(h=s[u])[0],f=h[1];o.insert(d),n[d]=f}return o.finish(),t.fields=e.fields,t.fieldVectors=r,t.invertedIndex=n,t.tokenSet=o.root,t.pipeline=a,new T.Index(t)}
-/*!
-* lunr.Builder
-* Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
-*/,T.Builder=function(){this._ref="id",this._fields=Object.create(null),this._documents=Object.create(null),this.invertedIndex=Object.create(null),this.fieldTermFrequencies={},this.fieldLengths={},this.tokenizer=T.tokenizer,this.pipeline=new T.Pipeline,this.searchPipeline=new T.Pipeline,this.documentCount=0,this._b=.75,this._k1=1.2,this.termIndex=0,this.metadataWhitelist=[]},T.Builder.prototype.ref=function(e){this._ref=e},T.Builder.prototype.field=function(e,t){if(/\//.test(e))throw new RangeError("Field '"+e+"' contains illegal character '/'");this._fields[e]=t||{}},T.Builder.prototype.b=function(e){this._b=e<0?0:e>1?1:e},T.Builder.prototype.k1=function(e){this._k1=e},T.Builder.prototype.add=function(e,t){var r=e[this._ref],i=Object.keys(this._fields);this._documents[r]=t||{},this.documentCount+=1;for(var n=0;n<i.length;n++){var s=i[n],o=this._fields[s].extractor,a=o?o(e):e[s],u=this.tokenizer(a,{fields:[s]}),l=this.pipeline.run(u),c=new T.FieldRef(r,s),h=Object.create(null);this.fieldTermFrequencies[c]=h,this.fieldLengths[c]=0,this.fieldLengths[c]+=l.length;for(var d=0;d<l.length;d++){var f=l[d];if(null==h[f]&&(h[f]=0),h[f]+=1,null==this.invertedIndex[f]){var p=Object.create(null);p._index=this.termIndex,this.termIndex+=1;for(var y=0;y<i.length;y++)p[i[y]]=Object.create(null);this.invertedIndex[f]=p}null==this.invertedIndex[f][s][r]&&(this.invertedIndex[f][s][r]=Object.create(null));for(var m=0;m<this.metadataWhitelist.length;m++){var g=this.metadataWhitelist[m],x=f.metadata[g];null==this.invertedIndex[f][s][r][g]&&(this.invertedIndex[f][s][r][g]=[]),this.invertedIndex[f][s][r][g].push(x)}}}},T.Builder.prototype.calculateAverageFieldLengths=function(){for(var e=Object.keys(this.fieldLengths),t=e.length,r={},i={},n=0;n<t;n++){var s=T.FieldRef.fromString(e[n]),o=s.fieldName;i[o]||(i[o]=0),i[o]+=1,r[o]||(r[o]=0),r[o]+=this.fieldLengths[s]}var a=Object.keys(this._fields);for(n=0;n<a.length;n++){var u=a[n];r[u]=r[u]/i[u]}this.averageFieldLength=r},T.Builder.prototype.createFieldVectors=function(){for(var e={},t=Object.keys(this.fieldTermFrequencies),r=t.length,i=Object.create(null),n=0;n<r;n++){for(var s=T.FieldRef.fromString(t[n]),o=s.fieldName,a=this.fieldLengths[s],u=new T.Vector,l=this.fieldTermFrequencies[s],c=Object.keys(l),h=c.length,d=this._fields[o].boost||1,f=this._documents[s.docRef].boost||1,p=0;p<h;p++){var y,m,g,x=c[p],v=l[x],w=this.invertedIndex[x]._index;void 0===i[x]?(y=T.idf(this.invertedIndex[x],this.documentCount),i[x]=y):y=i[x],m=y*((this._k1+1)*v)/(this._k1*(1-this._b+this._b*(a/this.averageFieldLength[o]))+v),m*=d,m*=f,g=Math.round(1e3*m)/1e3,u.insert(w,g)}e[s]=u}this.fieldVectors=e},T.Builder.prototype.createTokenSet=function(){this.tokenSet=T.TokenSet.fromArray(Object.keys(this.invertedIndex).sort())},T.Builder.prototype.build=function(){return this.calculateAverageFieldLengths(),this.createFieldVectors(),this.createTokenSet(),new T.Index({invertedIndex:this.invertedIndex,fieldVectors:this.fieldVectors,tokenSet:this.tokenSet,fields:Object.keys(this._fields),pipeline:this.searchPipeline})},T.Builder.prototype.use=function(e){var t=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);t.unshift(this),e.apply(this,t)},T.MatchData=function(e,t,r){for(var i=Object.create(null),n=Object.keys(r||{}),s=0;s<n.length;s++){var o=n[s];i[o]=r[o].slice()}this.metadata=Object.create(null),void 0!==e&&(this.metadata[e]=Object.create(null),this.metadata[e][t]=i)},T.MatchData.prototype.combine=function(e){for(var t=Object.keys(e.metadata),r=0;r<t.length;r++){var i=t[r],n=Object.keys(e.metadata[i]);null==this.metadata[i]&&(this.metadata[i]=Object.create(null));for(var s=0;s<n.length;s++){var o=n[s],a=Object.keys(e.metadata[i][o]);null==this.metadata[i][o]&&(this.metadata[i][o]=Object.create(null));for(var u=0;u<a.length;u++){var l=a[u];null==this.metadata[i][o][l]?this.metadata[i][o][l]=e.metadata[i][o][l]:this.metadata[i][o][l]=this.metadata[i][o][l].concat(e.metadata[i][o][l])}}}},T.MatchData.prototype.add=function(e,t,r){if(!(e in this.metadata))return this.metadata[e]=Object.create(null),void(this.metadata[e][t]=r);if(t in this.metadata[e])for(var i=Object.keys(r),n=0;n<i.length;n++){var s=i[n];s in this.metadata[e][t]?this.metadata[e][t][s]=this.metadata[e][t][s].concat(r[s]):this.metadata[e][t][s]=r[s]}else this.metadata[e][t]=r},T.Query=function(e){this.clauses=[],this.allFields=e},T.Query.wildcard=new String("*"),T.Query.wildcard.NONE=0,T.Query.wildcard.LEADING=1,T.Query.wildcard.TRAILING=2,T.Query.presence={OPTIONAL:1,REQUIRED:2,PROHIBITED:3},T.Query.prototype.clause=function(e){return"fields"in e||(e.fields=this.allFields),"boost"in e||(e.boost=1),"usePipeline"in e||(e.usePipeline=!0),"wildcard"in e||(e.wildcard=T.Query.wildcard.NONE),e.wildcard&T.Query.wildcard.LEADING&&e.term.charAt(0)!=T.Query.wildcard&&(e.term="*"+e.term),e.wildcard&T.Query.wildcard.TRAILING&&e.term.slice(-1)!=T.Query.wildcard&&(e.term=e.term+"*"),"presence"in e||(e.presence=T.Query.presence.OPTIONAL),this.clauses.push(e),this},T.Query.prototype.isNegated=function(){for(var e=0;e<this.clauses.length;e++)if(this.clauses[e].presence!=T.Query.presence.PROHIBITED)return!1;return!0},T.Query.prototype.term=function(e,t){if(Array.isArray(e))return e.forEach((function(e){this.term(e,T.utils.clone(t))}),this),this;var r=t||{};return r.term=e.toString(),this.clause(r),this},T.QueryParseError=function(e,t,r){this.name="QueryParseError",this.message=e,this.start=t,this.end=r},T.QueryParseError.prototype=new Error,T.QueryLexer=function(e){this.lexemes=[],this.str=e,this.length=e.length,this.pos=0,this.start=0,this.escapeCharPositions=[]},T.QueryLexer.prototype.run=function(){for(var e=T.QueryLexer.lexText;e;)e=e(this)},T.QueryLexer.prototype.sliceString=function(){for(var e=[],t=this.start,r=this.pos,i=0;i<this.escapeCharPositions.length;i++)r=this.escapeCharPositions[i],e.push(this.str.slice(t,r)),t=r+1;return e.push(this.str.slice(t,this.pos)),this.escapeCharPositions.length=0,e.join("")},T.QueryLexer.prototype.emit=function(e){this.lexemes.push({type:e,str:this.sliceString(),start:this.start,end:this.pos}),this.start=this.pos},T.QueryLexer.prototype.escapeCharacter=function(){this.escapeCharPositions.push(this.pos-1),this.pos+=1},T.QueryLexer.prototype.next=function(){if(this.pos>=this.length)return T.QueryLexer.EOS;var e=this.str.charAt(this.pos);return this.pos+=1,e},T.QueryLexer.prototype.width=function(){return this.pos-this.start},T.QueryLexer.prototype.ignore=function(){this.start==this.pos&&(this.pos+=1),this.start=this.pos},T.QueryLexer.prototype.backup=function(){this.pos-=1},T.QueryLexer.prototype.acceptDigitRun=function(){var e,t;do{t=(e=this.next()).charCodeAt(0)}while(t>47&&t<58);e!=T.QueryLexer.EOS&&this.backup()},T.QueryLexer.prototype.more=function(){return this.pos<this.length},T.QueryLexer.EOS="EOS",T.QueryLexer.FIELD="FIELD",T.QueryLexer.TERM="TERM",T.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE="EDIT_DISTANCE",T.QueryLexer.BOOST="BOOST",T.QueryLexer.PRESENCE="PRESENCE",T.QueryLexer.lexField=function(e){return e.backup(),e.emit(T.QueryLexer.FIELD),e.ignore(),T.QueryLexer.lexText},T.QueryLexer.lexTerm=function(e){if(e.width()>1&&(e.backup(),e.emit(T.QueryLexer.TERM)),e.ignore(),e.more())return T.QueryLexer.lexText},T.QueryLexer.lexEditDistance=function(e){return e.ignore(),e.acceptDigitRun(),e.emit(T.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE),T.QueryLexer.lexText},T.QueryLexer.lexBoost=function(e){return e.ignore(),e.acceptDigitRun(),e.emit(T.QueryLexer.BOOST),T.QueryLexer.lexText},T.QueryLexer.lexEOS=function(e){e.width()>0&&e.emit(T.QueryLexer.TERM)},T.QueryLexer.termSeparator=T.tokenizer.separator,T.QueryLexer.lexText=function(e){for(;;){var t=e.next();if(t==T.QueryLexer.EOS)return T.QueryLexer.lexEOS;if(92!=t.charCodeAt(0)){if(":"==t)return T.QueryLexer.lexField;if("~"==t)return e.backup(),e.width()>0&&e.emit(T.QueryLexer.TERM),T.QueryLexer.lexEditDistance;if("^"==t)return e.backup(),e.width()>0&&e.emit(T.QueryLexer.TERM),T.QueryLexer.lexBoost;if("+"==t&&1===e.width())return e.emit(T.QueryLexer.PRESENCE),T.QueryLexer.lexText;if("-"==t&&1===e.width())return e.emit(T.QueryLexer.PRESENCE),T.QueryLexer.lexText;if(t.match(T.QueryLexer.termSeparator))return T.QueryLexer.lexTerm}else e.escapeCharacter()}},T.QueryParser=function(e,t){this.lexer=new T.QueryLexer(e),this.query=t,this.currentClause={},this.lexemeIdx=0},T.QueryParser.prototype.parse=function(){this.lexer.run(),this.lexemes=this.lexer.lexemes;for(var e=T.QueryParser.parseClause;e;)e=e(this);return this.query},T.QueryParser.prototype.peekLexeme=function(){return this.lexemes[this.lexemeIdx]},T.QueryParser.prototype.consumeLexeme=function(){var e=this.peekLexeme();return this.lexemeIdx+=1,e},T.QueryParser.prototype.nextClause=function(){var e=this.currentClause;this.query.clause(e),this.currentClause={}},T.QueryParser.parseClause=function(e){var t=e.peekLexeme();if(null!=t)switch(t.type){case T.QueryLexer.PRESENCE:return T.QueryParser.parsePresence;case T.QueryLexer.FIELD:return T.QueryParser.parseField;case T.QueryLexer.TERM:return T.QueryParser.parseTerm;default:var r="expected either a field or a term, found "+t.type;throw t.str.length>=1&&(r+=" with value '"+t.str+"'"),new T.QueryParseError(r,t.start,t.end)}},T.QueryParser.parsePresence=function(e){var t=e.consumeLexeme();if(null!=t){switch(t.str){case"-":e.currentClause.presence=T.Query.presence.PROHIBITED;break;case"+":e.currentClause.presence=T.Query.presence.REQUIRED;break;default:var r="unrecognised presence operator'"+t.str+"'";throw new T.QueryParseError(r,t.start,t.end)}var i=e.peekLexeme();if(null==i){r="expecting term or field, found nothing";throw new T.QueryParseError(r,t.start,t.end)}switch(i.type){case T.QueryLexer.FIELD:return T.QueryParser.parseField;case T.QueryLexer.TERM:return T.QueryParser.parseTerm;default:r="expecting term or field, found '"+i.type+"'";throw new T.QueryParseError(r,i.start,i.end)}}},T.QueryParser.parseField=function(e){var t=e.consumeLexeme();if(null!=t){if(-1==e.query.allFields.indexOf(t.str)){var r=e.query.allFields.map((function(e){return"'"+e+"'"})).join(", "),i="unrecognised field '"+t.str+"', possible fields: "+r;throw new T.QueryParseError(i,t.start,t.end)}e.currentClause.fields=[t.str];var n=e.peekLexeme();if(null==n){i="expecting term, found nothing";throw new T.QueryParseError(i,t.start,t.end)}if(n.type===T.QueryLexer.TERM)return T.QueryParser.parseTerm;i="expecting term, found '"+n.type+"'";throw new T.QueryParseError(i,n.start,n.end)}},T.QueryParser.parseTerm=function(e){var t=e.consumeLexeme();if(null!=t){e.currentClause.term=t.str.toLowerCase(),-1!=t.str.indexOf("*")&&(e.currentClause.usePipeline=!1);var r=e.peekLexeme();if(null!=r)switch(r.type){case T.QueryLexer.TERM:return e.nextClause(),T.QueryParser.parseTerm;case T.QueryLexer.FIELD:return e.nextClause(),T.QueryParser.parseField;case T.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE:return T.QueryParser.parseEditDistance;case T.QueryLexer.BOOST:return T.QueryParser.parseBoost;case T.QueryLexer.PRESENCE:return e.nextClause(),T.QueryParser.parsePresence;default:var i="Unexpected lexeme type '"+r.type+"'";throw new T.QueryParseError(i,r.start,r.end)}else e.nextClause()}},T.QueryParser.parseEditDistance=function(e){var t=e.consumeLexeme();if(null!=t){var r=parseInt(t.str,10);if(isNaN(r)){var i="edit distance must be numeric";throw new T.QueryParseError(i,t.start,t.end)}e.currentClause.editDistance=r;var n=e.peekLexeme();if(null!=n)switch(n.type){case T.QueryLexer.TERM:return e.nextClause(),T.QueryParser.parseTerm;case T.QueryLexer.FIELD:return e.nextClause(),T.QueryParser.parseField;case T.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE:return T.QueryParser.parseEditDistance;case T.QueryLexer.BOOST:return T.QueryParser.parseBoost;case T.QueryLexer.PRESENCE:return e.nextClause(),T.QueryParser.parsePresence;default:i="Unexpected lexeme type '"+n.type+"'";throw new T.QueryParseError(i,n.start,n.end)}else e.nextClause()}},T.QueryParser.parseBoost=function(e){var t=e.consumeLexeme();if(null!=t){var r=parseInt(t.str,10);if(isNaN(r)){var i="boost must be numeric";throw new T.QueryParseError(i,t.start,t.end)}e.currentClause.boost=r;var n=e.peekLexeme();if(null!=n)switch(n.type){case T.QueryLexer.TERM:return e.nextClause(),T.QueryParser.parseTerm;case T.QueryLexer.FIELD:return e.nextClause(),T.QueryParser.parseField;case T.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE:return T.QueryParser.parseEditDistance;case T.QueryLexer.BOOST:return T.QueryParser.parseBoost;case T.QueryLexer.PRESENCE:return e.nextClause(),T.QueryParser.parsePresence;default:i="Unexpected lexeme type '"+n.type+"'";throw new T.QueryParseError(i,n.start,n.end)}else e.nextClause()}},b=this,P=function(){return T},"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(P):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=P():b.lunr=P()}();
diff --git a/_site/bin/duplitopics.py b/_site/bin/duplitopics.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 52f4248a2227fa57edff1dc465f6c6b21bcbe876..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/bin/duplitopics.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-import argparse
-import os
-import shutil
-
-def copy_and_rename_directory(topics_file, source_directory, destination_directory):
-    # Read topics from the file
-    with open(topics_file, 'r') as file:
-        topics = file.read().splitlines()
-
-    # Ensure the destination directory exists
-    os.makedirs(destination_directory, exist_ok=True)
-
-    for topic in topics:
-        # Generate the new directory path based on the topic and destination directory
-        new_directory = os.path.join(destination_directory, topic)
-        
-        # Copy the directory
-        shutil.copytree(source_directory, new_directory)
-        print(f"Copied and renamed {source_directory} to {new_directory}")
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    # Setup argument parser
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Copy a directory for each topic listed in a file, placing them in a specified destination directory and renaming accordingly.")
-    parser.add_argument("topics_file", type=str, help="Path to the file containing the list of topics.")
-    parser.add_argument("source_directory", type=str, help="Path to the source directory to be copied.")
-    parser.add_argument("destination_directory", type=str, help="Path to the destination directory where the copies will be placed.")
-
-    # Parse arguments
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    # Execute the main function
-    copy_and_rename_directory(args.topics_file, args.source_directory, args.destination_directory)
-
diff --git a/_site/bin/setup b/_site/bin/setup
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d35d75c7208655829c9c6ba04e71a93321de76d..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/bin/setup
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-
-bundle install
diff --git a/_site/bin/start b/_site/bin/start
deleted file mode 100644
index d8c3e15694b8d80bbca0dbc2ba11a70dd951861b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/bin/start
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-
-bundle exec jekyll serve
diff --git a/_site/bin/topics b/_site/bin/topics
deleted file mode 100644
index aac3ec7161259107d1292606cdf14e45fd68df0f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/bin/topics
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-drivers
-passives
-regulators
-thermals
-transformers
-transistors
diff --git a/_site/css/main.css b/_site/css/main.css
deleted file mode 100644
index e87d25671e4b6e069ca9d528d6f496da8eae591c..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/css/main.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-img, video {
-  width: 90%;
-  border-radius: 15px;
-}
-
-.legend {
-  color: #A0A0A0;
-  font-size: 0.7em;
-}
diff --git a/_site/favicon.ico b/_site/favicon.ico
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ad756d9ed5743940aa6a35e44c30b2584b62330..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Binary files a/_site/favicon.ico and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/_site/index.html b/_site/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index f7385bf4176b05d358c0232fefa95a57dc531529..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/just-the-docs-default.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/just-the-docs-head-nav.css" id="jtd-head-nav-stylesheet"> <style id="jtd-nav-activation"> .site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li:not(:nth-child(1)) > a, .site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li > ul > li > a, .site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li > ul > li > ul > li > a { background-image: none; } .site-nav > ul.nav-list:not(:first-child) a, .site-nav li.external a { background-image: none; } .site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li:nth-child(1) > a { font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; }.site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li:nth-child(1) > button svg { transform: rotate(-90deg); }.site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li.nav-list-item:nth-child(1) > ul.nav-list { display: block; } </style> <script src="/assets/js/vendor/lunr.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/just-the-docs.js"></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <!-- Begin Jekyll SEO tag v2.8.0 --> <title>Home | Example</title> <meta name="generator" content="Jekyll v4.3.3" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Home" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="description" content="A starter template for a Jeykll site using the Just the Docs theme!" /> <meta property="og:description" content="A starter template for a Jeykll site using the Just the Docs theme!" /> <link rel="canonical" href="http://localhost:4000/" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://localhost:4000/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Example" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Home" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebSite","description":"A starter template for a Jeykll site using the Just the Docs theme!","headline":"Home","name":"Example","url":"http://localhost:4000/"}</script> <!-- End Jekyll SEO tag --> <script> MathJax = { tex: { inlineMath: [ ['$', '$'], ['\\(', '\\)'] ] }, svg: { fontCache: 'global' } }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="MathJax-script" async src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-svg.js"> </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css"> </head> <body> <a class="skip-to-main" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"> <symbol id="svg-link" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Link</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather feather-link"> <path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-menu" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Menu</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather feather-menu"> <line x1="3" y1="12" x2="21" y2="12"></line><line x1="3" y1="6" x2="21" y2="6"></line><line x1="3" y1="18" x2="21" y2="18"></line> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Expand</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather feather-chevron-right"> <polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline> </svg> </symbol> <!-- Feather. 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Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/" class="nav-list-link">1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.1_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.2_guide_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.1_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.1_invention%20kits/" class="nav-list-link">4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. 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diff --git a/_site/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/index.html b/_site/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d40d6561c139c86dc57e65996509a009bf97e146..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/_site/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/just-the-docs-default.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/just-the-docs-head-nav.css" id="jtd-head-nav-stylesheet"> <style id="jtd-nav-activation"> .site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li:not(:nth-child(2)) > a, .site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li > ul > li > a, .site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li > ul > li > ul > li > a { background-image: none; } .site-nav > ul.nav-list:not(:first-child) a, .site-nav li.external a { background-image: none; } .site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li:nth-child(2) > a { font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; }.site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li:nth-child(2) > button svg { transform: rotate(-90deg); }.site-nav > ul.nav-list:first-child > li.nav-list-item:nth-child(2) > ul.nav-list { display: block; } </style> <script src="/assets/js/vendor/lunr.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/just-the-docs.js"></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <!-- Begin Jekyll SEO tag v2.8.0 --> <title>Laser Cutter Tutorials | Example</title> <meta name="generator" content="Jekyll v4.3.3" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Laser Cutter Tutorials" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="description" content="A starter template for a Jeykll site using the Just the Docs theme!" /> <meta property="og:description" content="A starter template for a Jeykll site using the Just the Docs theme!" /> <link rel="canonical" href="http://localhost:4000/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://localhost:4000/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Example" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Laser Cutter Tutorials" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage","description":"A starter template for a Jeykll site using the Just the Docs theme!","headline":"Laser Cutter Tutorials","url":"http://localhost:4000/topics/0.1_laser_tutorials/"}</script> <!-- End Jekyll SEO tag --> <script> MathJax = { tex: { inlineMath: [ ['$', '$'], ['\\(', '\\)'] ] }, svg: { fontCache: 'global' } }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="MathJax-script" async src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-svg.js"> </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css"> </head> <body> <a class="skip-to-main" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-none"> <symbol id="svg-link" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Link</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather feather-link"> <path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-menu" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Menu</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather feather-menu"> <line x1="3" y1="12" x2="21" y2="12"></line><line x1="3" y1="6" x2="21" y2="6"></line><line x1="3" y1="18" x2="21" y2="18"></line> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Expand</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather feather-chevron-right"> <polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline> </svg> </symbol> <!-- Feather. 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Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/" class="nav-list-link">1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.1_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.2_guide_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.1_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.1_invention%20kits/" class="nav-list-link">4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 class="no_toc" id="general-tutorials"> <a href="#general-tutorials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-tutorials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General Tutorials </h1> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#laser-cutting" id="markdown-toc-laser-cutting">Laser Cutting</a> <ul> <li><a href="#xtool-s1-laser-cutter" id="markdown-toc-xtool-s1-laser-cutter">xTool S1 Laser Cutter</a> <ul> <li><a href="#connecting-the-laser-cutter" id="markdown-toc-connecting-the-laser-cutter">Connecting the laser cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#auto-focusing" id="markdown-toc-auto-focusing">Auto-focusing</a></li> <li><a href="#framing" id="markdown-toc-framing">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="#running-a-job" id="markdown-toc-running-a-job">Running a job</a></li> <li><a href="#removing-finished-pieces" id="markdown-toc-removing-finished-pieces">Removing finished pieces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#xcs-software-tutorials" id="markdown-toc-xcs-software-tutorials">XCS Software Tutorials</a> <ul> <li><a href="#downloading-xcs" id="markdown-toc-downloading-xcs">Downloading XCS</a></li> <li><a href="#selecting-materials" id="markdown-toc-selecting-materials">Selecting materials</a></li> <li><a href="#designing" id="markdown-toc-designing">Designing</a></li> <li><a href="#importing-an-image" id="markdown-toc-importing-an-image">Importing an image</a></li> <li><a href="#formatting-for-cutting-engraving-or-scoring" id="markdown-toc-formatting-for-cutting-engraving-or-scoring">Formatting for cutting, engraving, or scoring:</a></li> <li><a href="#useful-tools-and-their-applications" id="markdown-toc-useful-tools-and-their-applications">Useful tools and their applications</a></li> <li><a href="#grouping--ungrouping-objects" id="markdown-toc-grouping--ungrouping-objects">Grouping &amp; ungrouping objects</a></li> <li><a href="#resizing-an-object" id="markdown-toc-resizing-an-object">Resizing an object</a></li> <li><a href="#adding-an-outline-around-an-object" id="markdown-toc-adding-an-outline-around-an-object">Adding an outline around an object</a></li> <li><a href="#reflecting-an-object" id="markdown-toc-reflecting-an-object">Reflecting an object</a></li> <li><a href="#adding-slots-to-a-digital-design" id="markdown-toc-adding-slots-to-a-digital-design">Adding slots to a digital design</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#useful-knowledge" id="markdown-toc-useful-knowledge">Useful Knowledge</a> <ul> <li><a href="#determining-kerf" id="markdown-toc-determining-kerf">Determining kerf</a></li> <li><a href="#designing-press-fit-assemblies" id="markdown-toc-designing-press-fit-assemblies">Designing press-fit assemblies</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-use-calipers-to-measure-your-materials-thickness" id="markdown-toc-1-use-calipers-to-measure-your-materials-thickness">1. Use calipers to measure your material’s thickness</a></li> <li><a href="#2-determine-kerf" id="markdown-toc-2-determine-kerf">2. Determine kerf</a></li> <li><a href="#3-calculate-slot-width-run-a-test-cut-and-measure" id="markdown-toc-3-calculate-slot-width-run-a-test-cut-and-measure">3. Calculate slot width, run a test cut, and measure</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="laser-cutting"> <a href="#laser-cutting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="laser-cutting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Laser Cutting </h2> <h3 id="xtool-s1-laser-cutter"> <a href="#xtool-s1-laser-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="xtool-s1-laser-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> xTool S1 Laser Cutter </h3> <h4 id="connecting-the-laser-cutter"> <a href="#connecting-the-laser-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="connecting-the-laser-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Connecting the laser cutter </h4> <ol> <li>Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB.</li> <li>Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine.</li> <li>Load stock material: <ul> <li>Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head over center of stock.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="auto-focusing"> <a href="#auto-focusing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="auto-focusing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Auto-focusing </h4> <ol> <li>Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box).</li> <li>Wait for machine to focus.</li> <li>Open lid.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software.</li> </ol> <h4 id="framing"> <a href="#framing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="framing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Framing </h4> <ol> <li>In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross.</li> <li>Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area before returning to its starting point.</li> </ol> <p>If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position.</p> <video autoplay="" loop="" controls=""><source src="media/video/framing.mp4" type="video/mp4" /></video> <p><a href="media/img/bokeh.jpeg"><img src="media/img/bokeh.jpeg" alt="" /></a></p> <h4 id="running-a-job"> <a href="#running-a-job" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="running-a-job"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Running a job </h4> <ul> <li>Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so.</li> <li><strong>Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running!</strong></li> </ul> <h4 id="removing-finished-pieces"> <a href="#removing-finished-pieces" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="removing-finished-pieces"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Removing finished pieces </h4> <ol> <li>Before removing pieces from the bed, gently check to make sure they have cut through: - Hold the material in place. - Gently use a fingernail or small tool to test whether the cut pieces will lift free from the stock material. - If they won’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (<strong>Toggle any layer’s with the engraved design to “ignore” first!</strong>)</li> </ol> <h3 id="xcs-software-tutorials"> <a href="#xcs-software-tutorials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="xcs-software-tutorials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> XCS Software Tutorials </h3> <h4 id="downloading-xcs"> <a href="#downloading-xcs" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="downloading-xcs"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Downloading XCS </h4> <ul> <li>xTool’s free Creative Space (XCS software) is downloadable here.</li> </ul> <h4 id="selecting-materials"> <a href="#selecting-materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="selecting-materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Selecting materials </h4> <ul> <li>Many commonly used materials will appear in the drop-down menu. Selecting a material here will automatically populate xTool’s recommended settings for score/engrave/cut processes.</li> <li>If you are using a less common material like laser-safe stamp rubber, you will likely need to select “user-defined material” and manually enter your own settings for power and speed.</li> </ul> <h4 id="designing"> <a href="#designing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="designing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Designing </h4> <ul> <li>XCS allows you to use a combination of text, shapes, and vectors to translate your idea into the digital world. <ul> <li>Choose from the XCS shape library if you want a place to start.</li> </ul> </li> <li>You may often want to focus on composition before sizing. You can resize everything at once later.</li> </ul> <h4 id="importing-an-image"> <a href="#importing-an-image" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="importing-an-image"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Importing an image </h4> <ol> <li>Click the folder icon.</li> <li>Select “import.”</li> <li>Select your desired file.</li> <li>A pop-up may suggest that you resize a file to fit on the xTool canvas. Click “yes” to do so.</li> </ol> <h4 id="formatting-for-cutting-engraving-or-scoring"> <a href="#formatting-for-cutting-engraving-or-scoring" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="formatting-for-cutting-engraving-or-scoring"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Formatting for cutting, engraving, or scoring: </h4> <ul> <li>Choose the relevant objects you wish to format. <ul> <li>If everything within a single layer will be processed the same way, you can save time by selecting that layer from the layers menu.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Under processing type, choose “cut,” “score,” or “engrave.” <ul> <li>Most materials will autopopulate with recommended settings for power, speed, and number of passes. You can also enter settings manually as needed.</li> <li>If your material is not cutting through, consider increasing the power or number of passes.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Repeat this process for all objects / processes in your design. <ul> <li>You can run multiple processes within the same job (e.g. cutting, scoring, and engraving all at once).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="useful-tools-and-their-applications"> <a href="#useful-tools-and-their-applications" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="useful-tools-and-their-applications"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Useful tools and their applications </h4> <ul> <li><strong>Outline</strong>: Select your desired offset in millimeters. A positive number will give an outline larger than the original object. A negative number will give an outline smaller than the original object.</li> <li><strong>Array</strong>: Create a gridded or circular pattern of an object.</li> <li><strong>Group</strong>: Combine multiple objects or design elements to easily move or resize them all at once.</li> <li><strong>Align</strong>: Control the positions of objects relative to one another. Useful for centering things.</li> <li><strong>Combine</strong>: Unite or subtract objects to create a visually layered effect.</li> <li><strong>Reflect</strong>: Flip an object horizontally or vertically.</li> </ul> <h4 id="grouping--ungrouping-objects"> <a href="#grouping--ungrouping-objects" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="grouping--ungrouping-objects"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Grouping &amp; ungrouping objects </h4> <ul> <li>Once you’re happy with a design’s composition, you can group all objects together and manipulate them as a single unit <ul> <li>Select all objects &gt; right click &gt; group.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Follow the same process to ungroup objects if you need to manipulate them independently again.</li> <li><strong>Note: Some commands like joining and subtracting may not work on grouped objects.</strong></li> </ul> <h4 id="resizing-an-object"> <a href="#resizing-an-object" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="resizing-an-object"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Resizing an object </h4> <ul> <li>Select the design and enter a value in millimeters into the “size” box. <ul> <li>You can adjust the width (W) or height (H).</li> <li>By default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="adding-an-outline-around-an-object"> <a href="#adding-an-outline-around-an-object" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="adding-an-outline-around-an-object"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Adding an outline around an object </h4> <ul> <li><strong>Option 1</strong>: Use a simple geometric shape from the shape library.</li> <li><strong>Option 2</strong>: Use the outline tool. Click “outline” and enter your desired offset. <ul> <li>If your design contains text or a lot of small details, make sure this margin is large enough to keep them all connected.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Option 3</strong>: Draw your own outline using vector lines.</li> </ul> <h4 id="reflecting-an-object"> <a href="#reflecting-an-object" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="reflecting-an-object"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Reflecting an object </h4> <ol> <li>Select all elements of your design (object and cut outline).</li> <li>Choose “reflect” from the top menu. <ul> <li>You can reflect horizontally or vertically.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="adding-slots-to-a-digital-design"> <a href="#adding-slots-to-a-digital-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="adding-slots-to-a-digital-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Adding slots to a digital design </h4> <p><strong>Remember to resize designs <em>before</em> adding slots, since its important to preserve their precise dimensions.</strong></p> <ol> <li><strong>Draw a slot</strong>. <ul> <li>Use the rectangle tool to draw a rectangle.</li> <li>Resize the rectangle to match the desired width of your slots.</li> <li>Duplicate this, and work with the copy going forward. Leave the original alone to use as a tool for future copying &amp; pasting.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Position slots</strong>. <ul> <li>Drag your dimensioned rectangle to position it relative to the shapes composing your invention kit.</li> <li>Place it as desired, using the alignment tools to help with positioning. It’s okay to have some overhang; you’ll get rid of that shortly.</li> <li>Note: If you need to adjust the length of your rectangle, click the padlock icon to unlock the dimensions (unconstraining width from height) in order to do so. This prevents the width from scaling proportionately.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Repeat as appropriate to place all slots around your shape.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Eliminate overhang and join slot to shape</strong>. <ul> <li>Select both your shape and slot(s).</li> <li>Select “combine” -&gt; “subtract”.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="useful-knowledge"> <a href="#useful-knowledge" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="useful-knowledge"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Useful Knowledge </h3> <h4 id="determining-kerf"> <a href="#determining-kerf" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="determining-kerf"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Determining kerf </h4> <p>Unlike scissors, laser cutters work by vaporizing a tiny portion of the material they’re cutting. The <em>kerf</em> is the width of material removed.</p> <p>Sometimes, when we’re creating something purely decorative, kerf can be ignored. However, when precision matters, so does kerf.</p> <p>For these construction kits, precision matters. If you don’t compensate for the extra material lost to kerf, your slots will be slightly too wide to hug the cardboard tightly, causing your assemblies to be loose.</p> <ol> <li>Cut a small shape out of your cardboard. This shape can be any size and shape, but we recommend keeping things simple with a 25-millimeter square.</li> <li>Use calipers to measure the cutout piece.</li> <li>Subtract this measurement from the intended size in the original design file, or from the size of the hole left behind in the stock material.</li> <li> <p>Subtract the shape’s width from that of the hole it left behind.</p> <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>**Kerf = [width of square as designed] - [width of real square]**
-</code></pre></div> </div> </li> </ol> <p><strong>Note that since kerf can vary based on material type, material thickness, and laser cutter settings–even on the same machine–you should always do a test cut for any new project.</strong></p> <h4 id="designing-press-fit-assemblies"> <a href="#designing-press-fit-assemblies" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="designing-press-fit-assemblies"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Designing press-fit assemblies </h4> <p>Just like LEGOs, press-fit assemblies kits rely on friction to stay together. Their slots and tabs must be perfectly designed to achieve a tight fit.</p> <p>In order to engineer press-fit systems correctly, you need to know two values:</p> <ul> <li><strong>material thickness</strong></li> <li><strong>laser kerf</strong></li> </ul> <p><em>Kerf refers to the width of the material burned away by the laser.</em></p> <p><strong>Note: although press-fit assemblies will work in any material if the fit is calibrated carefully enough, they are especially well-suited for corrugated cardboard because it is easily compressible. This allows for some give to allow a tight fit without getting stuck.</strong></p> <h5 id="1-use-calipers-to-measure-your-materials-thickness"> <a href="#1-use-calipers-to-measure-your-materials-thickness" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-use-calipers-to-measure-your-materials-thickness"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Use calipers to measure your material’s thickness </h5> <p>Calipers are a useful tool for precisely measuring material thickness.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Power on</strong>: Press the power button to turn the calipers on.</li> <li><strong>Zero</strong>: Ensuring the calipers are completely closed, press the zero button. This will reset the measurement to 0.00 mm/inch.</li> <li><strong>Open calipers</strong>: Gently open the jaws of the calipers slightly wider than the thickness of the cardboard.</li> <li><strong>Insert cardboard</strong>: Place the cardboard between the jaws of the calipers, making sure it is perpendicular to the jaws for an accurate measurement. <ul> <li>Choose an edge or area of the cardboard that is free from creases or damage for the most accurate measurement.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Close calipers</strong>: Slowly slide the jaws together until they touch both sides of the cardboard. (Try not to compress the cardboard; this will lead to inaccurate readings.)</li> <li><strong>Read measurement</strong>: Read the measurement on the digital display. This will show the thickness of the cardboard in either millimeters (mm) or inches (in). <ul> <li>Use the “units” button to switch between millimeters and inches.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Double check</strong>: For accuracy, repeat several times at different points on the cardboard and average the readings.</li> <li><strong>Write down measurement</strong>: You will need this value in the next step. <ul> <li><strong>Tips for ensuring accurate measurements</strong>: <ul> <li><strong>Avoid excess pressure</strong>: Do not apply excessive force when closing the jaws as it can compress the cardboard and result in an inaccurate measurement.</li> <li><strong>Clean jaws</strong>: Ensure the caliper jaws are clean and free from debris before measuring.</li> <li><strong>Consistent positioning</strong>: Measure at consistent positions to avoid variations in thickness due to structural inconsistencies in the cardboard.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h5 id="2-determine-kerf"> <a href="#2-determine-kerf" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-determine-kerf"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Determine kerf </h5> <p>Unlike scissors, laser cutters work by vaporizing a tiny portion of the material they’re cutting. The <em>kerf</em> is the width of material removed.</p> <p>Sometimes, when we’re creating something purely decorative, kerf can be ignored. However, when precision matters, so does kerf.</p> <p>For press-fit systems, precision matters. If you don’t compensate for the extra material lost to kerf, your slots will be slightly too wide to hug the cardboard tightly, causing your assemblies to be loose.</p> <p>The only way to determine kerf is to <strong>run a test cut and measure it</strong>.</p> <ol> <li>Cut a small shape out of your cardboard. This shape can be any size and shape, but we recommend keeping things simple with a 25-millimeter square.</li> <li>Use calipers to measure the cutout piece.</li> <li>Subtract this measurement from the intended size in the original design file, or from the size of the hole left behind in the stock material.</li> <li> <p>Subtract the shape’s width from that of the hole it left behind.</p> <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Kerf = [width of square as designed] - [width of real square]
-</code></pre></div> </div> </li> </ol> <p><strong>Note that kerf can vary based on material type, material thickness, and laser cutter settings–even on the same machine. You should always do a test cut for any new project.</strong></p> <h5 id="3-calculate-slot-width-run-a-test-cut-and-measure"> <a href="#3-calculate-slot-width-run-a-test-cut-and-measure" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-calculate-slot-width-run-a-test-cut-and-measure"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Calculate slot width, run a test cut, and measure </h5> <p>The optimal width for the slots in a press-fit assembly is determined by two factors: 1) the width of your material, and 2) the kerf.</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>Calculate slot width</strong>: subtract kerf from material thickness to estimate your slot width:</p> <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>**Slot width = [measured material thickness] - [kerf]**
-</code></pre></div> </div> </li> <li> <p><strong>Test to double check</strong>. Calculations are a great place to start, but it’s always best to cut some test pieces to confirm the best fit (and double check your calculations). Since some materials are more compressible than others—meaning they have some spring to them, like cardboard—the ideal slot thickness can still vary.</p> <ul> <li>Option #1: Design your own test pieces to cut and measure. (<em>A comb-like design allows you to cut multiple slots of different widths into the same tester. Consider also engraving the slot’s widths directly onto the comb for easy reference.</em>)</li> <li>Option #2: Adjust or use the comb provided.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p>Cut and experiment with your tester to identify the best fit. This will be your slot width.</p> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/" class="nav-list-link">1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.1_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.2_guide_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.1_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.1_invention%20kits/" class="nav-list-link">4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 class="no_toc" id="general-tutorials"> <a href="#general-tutorials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-tutorials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General Tutorials </h1> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#vinyl-cutting" id="markdown-toc-vinyl-cutting">Vinyl Cutting</a> <ul> <li><a href="#silhouette-cameo-5-vinyl-cutter" id="markdown-toc-silhouette-cameo-5-vinyl-cutter">Silhouette Cameo 5 Vinyl Cutter</a> <ul> <li><a href="#setting-up-the-vinyl-cutter" id="markdown-toc-setting-up-the-vinyl-cutter">Setting up the vinyl cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#connecting-the-vinyl-cutter" id="markdown-toc-connecting-the-vinyl-cutter">Connecting the vinyl cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#loading-material-loose-matted-or-from-spool-holder" id="markdown-toc-loading-material-loose-matted-or-from-spool-holder">Loading material (loose, matted, or from spool holder)</a></li> <li><a href="#removing-unloading-material" id="markdown-toc-removing-unloading-material">Removing (unloading) material</a></li> <li><a href="#using-a-mat" id="markdown-toc-using-a-mat">Using a mat</a></li> <li><a href="#removing-material-from-a-mat" id="markdown-toc-removing-material-from-a-mat">Removing material from a mat</a></li> <li><a href="#running-a-job" id="markdown-toc-running-a-job">Running a job</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#silhouette-studio-software-tutorials" id="markdown-toc-silhouette-studio-software-tutorials">Silhouette Studio Software Tutorials</a> <ul> <li><a href="#downloading-silhouette-studio" id="markdown-toc-downloading-silhouette-studio">Downloading Silhouette Studio</a></li> <li><a href="#selecting-materials" id="markdown-toc-selecting-materials">Selecting materials</a></li> <li><a href="#designing" id="markdown-toc-designing">Designing</a></li> <li><a href="#importing-an-image" id="markdown-toc-importing-an-image">Importing an image</a></li> <li><a href="#formatting-for-cutting-or-scoring" id="markdown-toc-formatting-for-cutting-or-scoring">Formatting for cutting or scoring:</a></li> <li><a href="#useful-tools-and-their-applications" id="markdown-toc-useful-tools-and-their-applications">Useful tools and their applications</a></li> <li><a href="#grouping--ungrouping-objects" id="markdown-toc-grouping--ungrouping-objects">Grouping &amp; ungrouping objects</a></li> <li><a href="#resizing-an-object" id="markdown-toc-resizing-an-object">Resizing an object</a></li> <li><a href="#adding-an-outline-around-an-object" id="markdown-toc-adding-an-outline-around-an-object">Adding an outline around an object</a></li> <li><a href="#reflecting-an-object" id="markdown-toc-reflecting-an-object">Reflecting an object</a></li> <li><a href="#adding-text" id="markdown-toc-adding-text">Adding text</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#useful-knowledge" id="markdown-toc-useful-knowledge">Useful Knowledge</a> <ul> <li><a href="#weeding" id="markdown-toc-weeding">Weeding</a></li> <li><a href="#using-transfer-tape-or-transfer-paper" id="markdown-toc-using-transfer-tape-or-transfer-paper">Using transfer tape or transfer paper</a></li> <li><a href="#creating-pop-ups" id="markdown-toc-creating-pop-ups">Creating pop-ups</a> <ul> <li><a href="#create-your-design" id="markdown-toc-create-your-design">Create your design</a></li> <li><a href="#add-a-bounding-box" id="markdown-toc-add-a-bounding-box">Add a bounding box</a></li> <li><a href="#open-the-pop-up-design-panel" id="markdown-toc-open-the-pop-up-design-panel">Open the pop-up design panel</a></li> <li><a href="#toggle-the-switch-to-on" id="markdown-toc-toggle-the-switch-to-on">Toggle the switch to “on”</a></li> <li><a href="#place--adjust-centerline" id="markdown-toc-place--adjust-centerline">Place &amp; adjust centerline</a></li> <li><a href="#adjust-pop-out-depth" id="markdown-toc-adjust-pop-out-depth">Adjust pop-out depth</a></li> <li><a href="#adjust-cut-and-crease-lines" id="markdown-toc-adjust-cut-and-crease-lines">Adjust cut and crease lines</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="vinyl-cutting"> <a href="#vinyl-cutting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="vinyl-cutting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Vinyl Cutting </h2> <h3 id="silhouette-cameo-5-vinyl-cutter"> <a href="#silhouette-cameo-5-vinyl-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="silhouette-cameo-5-vinyl-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Silhouette Cameo 5 Vinyl Cutter </h3> <h4 id="setting-up-the-vinyl-cutter"> <a href="#setting-up-the-vinyl-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="setting-up-the-vinyl-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Setting up the vinyl cutter </h4> <p>Be sure to set up with enough room for the spool holder if you’re using it. If you’re using sheet vinyl, there’s no need for a cutting mat.</p> <ol> <li>Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds.</li> <li>Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): <ul> <li>Open the machine’s hood.</li> <li>On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out.</li> <li>Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted.</li> <li>Push the locking mechanism back into place.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="connecting-the-vinyl-cutter"> <a href="#connecting-the-vinyl-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="connecting-the-vinyl-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Connecting the vinyl cutter </h4> <ol> <li>With the machine on, connect it to your computer via bluetooth or a USB cable.</li> <li>Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. <ul> <li>(Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.)</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="loading-material-loose-matted-or-from-spool-holder"> <a href="#loading-material-loose-matted-or-from-spool-holder" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="loading-material-loose-matted-or-from-spool-holder"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Loading material (loose, matted, or from spool holder) </h4> <p><strong>If you are using loose sheets (vinyl) or a matted material (cardstock, etc.)</strong>:</p> <ol> <li>Press the forward arrow button while feeding one end of the material into the machine, <strong>making sure it is aligned under both rollers</strong>.</li> </ol> <p><strong>If working from a roll, using the spool holder</strong>:</p> <ol> <li>Set the spool holder several inches front of the machine.</li> <li>Load the vinyl roll onto the spool holder, with its loose end on the top facing away from you and toward the machine.</li> <li>Press the forward arrow button while feeding the end of the roll into the machine, <strong>making sure it is aligned under both rollers</strong>.</li> <li>Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut.</li> </ol> <h4 id="removing-unloading-material"> <a href="#removing-unloading-material" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="removing-unloading-material"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Removing (unloading) material </h4> <p>Press the backward arrow button while gently pulling the end of your material back toward you. it is aligned under both rollers.</p> <h4 id="using-a-mat"> <a href="#using-a-mat" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="using-a-mat"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Using a mat </h4> <p>Different mats have different <strong>adhesion strengths</strong>. Low-adhesion mats are sufficient for most purposes, and are easier to remove material from.</p> <ol> <li>Position your cardstock to align the upper left corner of the material with the upper left corner of the mat and press it firmly into place.</li> <li>Line the mat up with the machine.</li> <li>Push the arrow button to load the mat, centering it between the pressure wheels.</li> <li>Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut.</li> </ol> <h4 id="removing-material-from-a-mat"> <a href="#removing-material-from-a-mat" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="removing-material-from-a-mat"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Removing material from a mat </h4> <p>To remove your workpiece, peel the mat off of the cardstock instead of vice versa. This helps keep your finished product flat and intact. Peeling the workpiece from the mat will likely result in torn or curled cardstock.</p> <ul> <li>Turn the mat over so your workpiece is flat on the table. Then, gently peel the mat off of the workpiece.</li> </ul> <h4 id="running-a-job"> <a href="#running-a-job" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="running-a-job"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Running a job </h4> <ol> <li>With your material lined up and ready, click “send file.” <ul> <li>The machine will take a few moments to process the job.</li> </ul> </li> <li>When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the material while slowly pulling it out of the machine. <ul> <li>Note: Vinyl cutters only cut; they don’t remove unneeded material. That means your finished pieces may <em>look</em> like solid vinyl at first glance. Hold it at an angle to the light to see the cut lines more easily.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="silhouette-studio-software-tutorials"> <a href="#silhouette-studio-software-tutorials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="silhouette-studio-software-tutorials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Silhouette Studio Software Tutorials </h3> <h4 id="downloading-silhouette-studio"> <a href="#downloading-silhouette-studio" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="downloading-silhouette-studio"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Downloading Silhouette Studio </h4> <p>Download Silhouette Studio software for free from their website here:</p> <h4 id="selecting-materials"> <a href="#selecting-materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="selecting-materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Selecting materials </h4> <ol> <li>Click “send” in the upper right menu. <ul> <li>The “simple” tab is fine if all of your lines will be processed the same way.</li> <li>If you have multiple kinds of processing (e.g. creasing and cutting), choose the “line” tab and assign a different action type to each line color.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Select your material from the dropdown menu.</li> <li>Assign an action to the material.</li> </ol> <h4 id="designing"> <a href="#designing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="designing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Designing </h4> <ul> <li>Silhouette Studio allows you to use a combination of text, shape tools, and vectors to translate your idea into the digital world. These can be found in the lefthand toolbar.</li> <li>You may often want to focus on composition before sizing. You can resize everything at once later.</li> </ul> <h4 id="importing-an-image"> <a href="#importing-an-image" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="importing-an-image"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Importing an image </h4> <p>Silhouette studio accepts both .png and .svg files.</p> <ol> <li>Click the folder icon in the upper lefthand corner.</li> <li>Select your desired file. <em>-or-</em></li> <li>Drag and drop a file from your desktop onto the canvas.</li> </ol> <h4 id="formatting-for-cutting-or-scoring"> <a href="#formatting-for-cutting-or-scoring" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="formatting-for-cutting-or-scoring"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Formatting for cutting or scoring: </h4> <p>Now, it’s time to prepare the file for the printer.</p> <ol> <li>Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen). It should automatically open to “simple.”</li> <li>Choose your material from the dropdown menu.</li> <li>Select an action: cut.</li> </ol> <h4 id="useful-tools-and-their-applications"> <a href="#useful-tools-and-their-applications" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="useful-tools-and-their-applications"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Useful tools and their applications </h4> <ul> <li><strong>Cursor</strong>: Allows for selection of images, dragging and dropping, etc.</li> <li><strong>Edit points</strong>: Allows you to drag-and-drop and/or otherwise manipulate the points in a polygon or curved shape. (For curved shapes, allows you to adjust the bezier curve.)</li> <li><strong>Line tools</strong>: Lots of ways to draw! <ul> <li><strong>Draw a line</strong>: Straight lines only. Hold shift to draw a perfectly vertical or horizontal line, or to snap to a 45-degree diagonal.</li> <li><strong>Draw a polygon</strong>: Allows you to drop multiple points in whatever arrangement you choose, drawing <em>straight</em> lines between them. Closes the shape into a vector when you click back on the starting point. (Double click to end the shape where it is / leave it open.)</li> <li><strong>Draw a curve shape</strong>: Allows you to drop multiple points in whatever arrangement you choose, drawing <em>curved</em> lines between them. Closes the shape into a vector when you click back on the starting point. (Double click to end the shape where it is / leave it open.)</li> <li><strong>Draw an arc</strong>: Creates smooth arcs with the angle measurements shown. (Snaps to common angles.) Double point arrows allow the manipulating of the arc’s size once it is drawn, while the red points allow you to change its angle.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Shape tools</strong>: A (limited) library of shapes. <ul> <li><strong>Rectangle</strong>: Draws rectangles. Hold shift to create a perfect square.</li> <li><strong>Rounded rectangle</strong>: Draws rounded rectangles. The rounding of their corners is adjustable by manipulating the red points. Hold shift to move them the same distance, together.</li> <li><strong>Ellipse</strong>: Draws ellipses. Hold shift to create a perfect circle.</li> <li><strong>Regular polygon</strong>: Input the number of sides you want to create pentagons, hexagons, etc.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Drawing tools</strong>: <ul> <li><strong>Draw freehand</strong>: Creates a continuous line following your cursor including sharp corners.</li> <li><strong>Draw smooth freehand</strong>: Creates a continuous line following your cursor, rounding sharp corners to create smooth transitions.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Text</strong>: Input text and adjust its font size and style.</li> <li><strong>Draw a Note</strong>: Adds a sticky note to allow you to jot down notes to yourself.</li> <li><strong>Eraser tool</strong>: Erases lines.</li> <li><strong>Knife tool</strong>: Cuts.</li> </ul> <h4 id="grouping--ungrouping-objects"> <a href="#grouping--ungrouping-objects" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="grouping--ungrouping-objects"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Grouping &amp; ungrouping objects </h4> <ul> <li>Once you’re happy with a design’s composition, you can group all objects together and manipulate them as a single unit. <ul> <li>Select all objects &gt; right click &gt; group.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Follow the same process to ungroup objects if you need to manipulate them independently again.</li> </ul> <h4 id="resizing-an-object"> <a href="#resizing-an-object" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="resizing-an-object"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Resizing an object </h4> <ul> <li>Select the object and drag the points that appear around it to resize. <ul> <li>Manipulating corner points will maintain an object’s height-to-width ration.</li> <li>Top or side points will adjust only the object’s height or width (respectively).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="adding-an-outline-around-an-object"> <a href="#adding-an-outline-around-an-object" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="adding-an-outline-around-an-object"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Adding an outline around an object </h4> <ol> <li>Select the object.</li> <li>Right click.</li> <li>Select “offset”</li> <li>In the pop-up menu (upper right corner), click “offset” or “internal offset” <ul> <li>offset = creates a larger outline around the outside of your original object</li> <li>internal offset = creates a smaller outline inside your original object.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Input a value into the “distance” box.</li> <li>(Optional) Choose a corner style (angled or rounded).</li> </ol> <h4 id="reflecting-an-object"> <a href="#reflecting-an-object" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="reflecting-an-object"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Reflecting an object </h4> <ol> <li>Select the object.</li> <li>Right click.</li> <li>Select “flip horizontally” or “flip vertically”</li> </ol> <h4 id="adding-text"> <a href="#adding-text" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="adding-text"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Adding text </h4> <p>Choose the “text” tool on the lefthand menu, use your cursor to select your placement, and type your desired text. A toolbar will appear across the top of the screen where you can select your desired font style and size.</p> <h3 id="useful-knowledge"> <a href="#useful-knowledge" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="useful-knowledge"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Useful Knowledge </h3> <h4 id="weeding"> <a href="#weeding" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="weeding"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Weeding </h4> <p>This is many people’s least favorite step, as it requires a lot of patience.</p> <ol> <li>Under good lighting, use picks, tweezers, or your fingernails to carefully peel away all vinyl that is <strong>not</strong> part of your finished design. This can be discarded. <ul> <li>It can help to gently hold pieces you want to keep in place as you remove elements beside them; sometimes, two or more sections will come off together. This is particularly true for tiny details, like punctuation marks.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="using-transfer-tape-or-transfer-paper"> <a href="#using-transfer-tape-or-transfer-paper" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="using-transfer-tape-or-transfer-paper"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Using transfer tape or transfer paper </h4> <p>Once your design has been weeded, it’s ready to be transferred to its new home!</p> <ol> <li>Cut a piece of transfer tape or paper to a size appropriate for your design.</li> <li>Peel the bottom (opaque) layer off of the tape and apply the sticky layer carefully over your design, avoiding any wrinkles or bubbles. <ul> <li>A plastic card (like a hotel key or student ID) can be a useful tool to help press the transfer tape down, making sure it sticks firmly to the vinyl.</li> <li>Note: don’t remove the tape until you’re ready to stick your design to its final resting place! If you need to transport it, do so with the transfer tape still affixed to it.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Once you’re ready to apply your sticker to a surface, carefully remove the back layer from the vinyl. You will be left with just the vinyl itself, stuck to the transfer tape.</li> <li>Line up your sticker where you want it, and gently press it into place. Like before, it can help to gently scrape over it with a plastic card to make sure adhesion is strong.</li> <li>Gently peel off the transfer tape, and admire your new sticker!</li> </ol> <h4 id="creating-pop-ups"> <a href="#creating-pop-ups" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="creating-pop-ups"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Creating pop-ups </h4> <p>Silhouette Studio has a built-in tool to help you automatically create pop-ups from text or shapes. This is somewhat limited, and works best to create supports for other decorative elements (for example, if you wanted to glue colored letters in place on top of pop-up scaffolding.) However, we can make it work for just a single layer, too.</p> <h5 id="create-your-design"> <a href="#create-your-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="create-your-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Create your design </h5> <p>Pop-ups work best with simple, blocky shapes or bold, blocky text (with capital letters only).</p> <h5 id="add-a-bounding-box"> <a href="#add-a-bounding-box" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="add-a-bounding-box"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Add a bounding box </h5> <p>This will be the outer shape of your finished pop-up (the thing that your design pops out of).</p> <ul> <li>Create a bounding box in the shape of your choice, sized to how large you want your finished piece.</li> <li>Center this around your pop-up design.</li> </ul> <h5 id="open-the-pop-up-design-panel"> <a href="#open-the-pop-up-design-panel" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="open-the-pop-up-design-panel"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Open the pop-up design panel </h5> <ul> <li>In the righthand menu, click on the pop-up icon. (This looks like a tiny card with a heart in it.)</li> </ul> <h5 id="toggle-the-switch-to-on"> <a href="#toggle-the-switch-to-on" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="toggle-the-switch-to-on"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Toggle the switch to “on” </h5> <ul> <li>Some new solid and dotted lines will appear on your design. <ul> <li>Dotted lines indicate creases.</li> <li>Solid lines indicate cuts.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h5 id="place--adjust-centerline"> <a href="#place--adjust-centerline" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="place--adjust-centerline"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Place &amp; adjust centerline </h5> <ul> <li>The horizontal dotted line illustrates where the <strong>centerline crease</strong> in your card will fall. Drag the tiny double-pointed arrow icon up or down to adjust its placement. <ul> <li>This doesn’t affect the height of the design itself; just how far out it will “pop.”</li> </ul> </li> <li>Drag the red dots to adjust the <strong>width</strong> of the center crease. <ul> <li>Make sure the dotted centerline extends the full width of the bounding box so your finished card will fold all the way across.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h5 id="adjust-pop-out-depth"> <a href="#adjust-pop-out-depth" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="adjust-pop-out-depth"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Adjust pop-out depth </h5> <ul> <li>Adjust the height of your design by clicking and dragging the white registration mark at the <em>top</em>.</li> <li>Adjust how far out your design “pops” by clicking and dragging the white registration mark at the <em>bottom</em>.</li> </ul> <h5 id="adjust-cut-and-crease-lines"> <a href="#adjust-cut-and-crease-lines" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="adjust-cut-and-crease-lines"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Adjust cut and crease lines </h5> <ul> <li><strong>Base width</strong>: How much material connects the bottom of the design to the page. If this exceeds the width of the legs on any of your letters, they won’t cut properly.</li> <li><strong>Strut width</strong>: How many supporting connections connect the top of your design to the back of the card, and their thickness.</li> <li><strong>Dash pitch</strong>: The width of the perforation cuts for your creases.</li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/" class="nav-list-link">1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.1_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.2_guide_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.1_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.1_invention%20kits/" class="nav-list-link">4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 class="no_toc" id="general-tutorials"> <a href="#general-tutorials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-tutorials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General Tutorials </h1> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#3d-printing" id="markdown-toc-3d-printing">3D Printing</a> <ul> <li><a href="#bambu-p1s-3d-printer" id="markdown-toc-bambu-p1s-3d-printer">Bambu P1S 3D Printer</a> <ul> <li><a href="#quick-start-guide" id="markdown-toc-quick-start-guide">Quick Start Guide</a></li> <li><a href="#connecting-the-3d-printer" id="markdown-toc-connecting-the-3d-printer">Connecting the 3D printer</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#bambu-studio-slicer-software-tutorials" id="markdown-toc-bambu-studio-slicer-software-tutorials">Bambu Studio (Slicer) Software Tutorials</a> <ul> <li><a href="#downloading-bambu-studio" id="markdown-toc-downloading-bambu-studio">Downloading Bambu Studio</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="3d-printing"> <a href="#3d-printing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3d-printing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3D Printing </h2> <h3 id="bambu-p1s-3d-printer"> <a href="#bambu-p1s-3d-printer" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="bambu-p1s-3d-printer"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Bambu P1S 3D Printer </h3> <h4 id="quick-start-guide"> <a href="#quick-start-guide" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="quick-start-guide"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Quick Start Guide </h4> <p>Available from Bambu here: https://bambulab.com/en/support/documentation</p> <h4 id="connecting-the-3d-printer"> <a href="#connecting-the-3d-printer" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="connecting-the-3d-printer"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Connecting the 3D printer </h4> <h3 id="bambu-studio-slicer-software-tutorials"> <a href="#bambu-studio-slicer-software-tutorials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="bambu-studio-slicer-software-tutorials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Bambu Studio (Slicer) Software Tutorials </h3> <h4 id="downloading-bambu-studio"> <a href="#downloading-bambu-studio" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="downloading-bambu-studio"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Downloading Bambu Studio </h4> <p>Download Bambu’s slicer software, Bambu Studio, for free at: https://bambulab.com/en/download/studio</p> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. 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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker"> <a href="#design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Design and Cut a Custom Vinyl Sticker </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett and Racheal Naoum</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker" id="markdown-toc-design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker">Design and Cut a Custom Vinyl Sticker</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-create-your-design" id="markdown-toc-1-create-your-design">1. Create your design!</a></li> <li><a href="#2-add-an-outline" id="markdown-toc-2-add-an-outline">2. Add an outline</a></li> <li><a href="#3-configure-cut-settings" id="markdown-toc-3-configure-cut-settings">3. Configure cut settings</a></li> <li><a href="#4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter" id="markdown-toc-4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter">4. Set up the vinyl cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#5-prepare-your-material" id="markdown-toc-5-prepare-your-material">5. Prepare your material</a></li> <li><a href="#6-configure-cut-settings" id="markdown-toc-6-configure-cut-settings">6. Configure cut settings</a></li> <li><a href="#7-cut" id="markdown-toc-7-cut">7. Cut!</a></li> <li><a href="#8-weed" id="markdown-toc-8-weed">8. Weed:</a></li> <li><a href="#9-transfer" id="markdown-toc-9-transfer">9. Transfer:</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Design and fabricate your very own custom stickers!</p> <p>Hand-draw or digitally design a sticker before formatting it for cutting.</p> <p>This activity offers a fun introduction to 2D design and the vinyl cutter, a versatile fabrication machine.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>Vinyl cutting appears in projects big and small, ranging from custom decals for laptops and water bottles to whole-body car wraps and full-wall murals. It can also be used to make custom stencils and labels.</p> <p>It is a type of subtractive fabrication, meaning we start with a full sheet or roll of vinyl and remove—or subtract—the parts we don’t need.</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Silhouette Studio software</li> <li>Vinyl cutter</li> <li>Vinyl sheets or roll in the color(s) of your choice Transfer tape or transfer paper Weeding tools: picks and tweezers Squeegee or plastic card</li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <p>There are many ways to design your sticker.</p> <p><strong>Option #1</strong>: Scan a hand-drawn image and clean it up in software. (Cell phone photos work just fine, too.)</p> <ul> <li>If you are comfortable with xTool’s XCS software, you can follow the process outlined in the <a href="topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp">stamp activity</a> to clean up a sketch and save it as an SVG.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Option #2</strong>: Use a pre-designed image sourced from the web.</p> <ul> <li>Be mindful of copyright.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Option #3</strong>: Design or edit your image directly in Silhouette Studio.</p> <ul> <li>The rest of this tutorial will focus on this option.</li> </ul> <p>Regardless of which method or software you choose, <strong>save your finished design as an SVG</strong>. This is a vector format ideal for vinyl and laser cutting. (<em>Vectors are high-quality and maintain their clarity–preventing pixelation–even when scaled.</em>)</p> <p><strong>Note: You do not need to mirror your designs.</strong> There is an intermediary step where we transfer the vinyl onto transfer tape before sticking it to a desired surface, meaning the finished product will come out just as it appears in the original design.</p> <h3 id="1-create-your-design"> <a href="#1-create-your-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-create-your-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Create your design! </h3> <p>You can either work from scratch within Silhouette Studio, or import an existing .png or .svg file from another software or the web (respecting copyright restrictions).</p> <ul> <li><strong>To add text</strong>: Choose the “text” tool on the lefthand menu, use your cursor to select your placement, and type your desired text. A toolbar will appear across the top of the screen where you can select your desired font style and size. Bolder, blockier fonts work best for pop-ups.</li> <li><strong>To import a file</strong>: Drag and drop, then resize as needed.</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-add-an-outline"> <a href="#2-add-an-outline" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-add-an-outline"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Add an outline </h3> <p>This will be the outer shape of your finished sticker.</p> <ul> <li>Create a bounding box in the shape of your choice, sized to how large you want your finished piece.</li> <li>Center this around your pop-up design.</li> <li>Select your outline along with all elements of your design. Right click and select “group.” This will allow you to manupilate them as a single object.</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-configure-cut-settings"> <a href="#3-configure-cut-settings" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-configure-cut-settings"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Configure cut settings </h3> <p>Stickers are easy: you’re just cutting!</p> <ol> <li>Select your sticker.</li> <li>Navigate to “send.”</li> </ol> <h3 id="4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter"> <a href="#4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Set up the vinyl cutter </h3> <p>Be sure to set up with enough room for the spool holder if you’re using it. If you’re using sheet vinyl, there’s no need for a cutting mat.</p> <ol> <li>Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds.</li> <li>Connect to the machine via bluetooth or a USB cable.</li> <li>Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. <ul> <li>(Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): <ul> <li>Open the machine’s hood.</li> <li>On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out.</li> <li>Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted.</li> <li>Push the locking mechanism back into place.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="5-prepare-your-material"> <a href="#5-prepare-your-material" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-prepare-your-material"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Prepare your material </h3> <p>Good news: there’s no need to use a cutting mat with vinyl!</p> <ul> <li>If using individual vinyl sheets, press the forward arrow button while feeding one end of the material into the machine, making sure it is aligned under both rollers.</li> <li>If working from a roll: <ul> <li>Set the spool holder several inches front of the machine.</li> <li>Load the vinyl roll onto the spool holder, with its loose end on the top facing away from you and toward the machine.</li> <li>Press the forward arrow button while feeding the end of the roll into the machine, making sure it is aligned under both rollers.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="6-configure-cut-settings"> <a href="#6-configure-cut-settings" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-configure-cut-settings"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Configure cut settings </h3> <p>Now, it’s time to prepare the file for the printer.</p> <ol> <li>Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen). It should automatically open to “simple.”</li> <li>Choose your material from the dropdown menu.</li> <li>Select an action: cut.</li> </ol> <h3 id="7-cut"> <a href="#7-cut" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-cut"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. Cut! </h3> <p>Almost done!</p> <ol> <li>With your mat lined up and ready, click “send file.” <ul> <li>The machine will take a few moments to process the job.</li> </ul> </li> <li>When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the vinyl while slowly pulling it out of the machine. <ul> <li>Note: Vinyl cutters only cut; they don’t remove unneeded material. That means your finished pieces may <em>look</em> like solid vinyl at first glance. Hold it at an angle to the light to see the cut lines more easily.</li> </ul> </li> <li>If multiple designs were printed together, use scissors or a blade and cutting mat to separate them.</li> </ol> <h3 id="8-weed"> <a href="#8-weed" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="8-weed"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8. Weed: </h3> <p>This is many people’s least favorite step, as it requires a lot of patience.</p> <ol> <li>Under good lighting, use picks, tweezers, or your fingernails to carefully peel away all vinyl that is <strong>not</strong> part of your finished design. This can be discarded. <ul> <li>It can help to gently hold pieces you want to keep in place as you remove elements beside them; sometimes, two or more sections will come off together. This is particularly true for tiny details, like punctuation marks.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="9-transfer"> <a href="#9-transfer" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="9-transfer"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9. Transfer: </h3> <p>Once your design has been weeded, it’s ready to be transferred to its new home!</p> <ol> <li>Cut a piece of transfer tape or paper to a size appropriate for your design.</li> <li>Peel the bottom (opaque) layer off of the tape and apply the sticky layer carefully over your design, avoiding any wrinkles or bubbles. <ul> <li>A plastic card (like a hotel key or student ID) can be a useful tool to help press the transfer tape down, making sure it sticks firmly to the vinyl.</li> <li>Note: don’t remove the tape until you’re ready to stick your design to its final resting place! If you need to transport it, do so with the transfer tape still affixed to it.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Once you’re ready to apply your sticker to a surface, carefully remove the back layer from the vinyl. You will be left with just the vinyl itself, stuck to the transfer tape.</li> <li>Line up your sticker where you want it, and gently press it into place. Like before, it can help to gently scrape over it with a plastic card to make sure adhesion is strong.</li> <li>Gently peel off the transfer tape, and admire your new sticker!</li> </ol> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/" class="nav-list-link">1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.1_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.2_guide_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.1_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.1_invention%20kits/" class="nav-list-link">4. 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Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="faciltator-guide-design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker"> <a href="#faciltator-guide-design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="faciltator-guide-design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Faciltator Guide: Design and Cut a Custom Vinyl Sticker </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett and Racheal Naoum</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-design-and-cut-a-custom-vinyl-sticker">Faciltator Guide: Design and Cut a Custom Vinyl Sticker</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-hand-drawn-stickers" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-hand-drawn-stickers">1. Exposure: Hand-Drawn Stickers</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-digitally-designed-stickers" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-digitally-designed-stickers">2. Exploration: Digitally Designed Stickers</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-multi-layered-stickers" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-multi-layered-stickers">3. Deep Dive: Multi-Layered Stickers</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-vinyl-cut-circuits" id="markdown-toc-extension-vinyl-cut-circuits">Extension: Vinyl-Cut Circuits</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#next-generation-science-standards" id="markdown-toc-next-generation-science-standards">Next Generation Science Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-batch-cutting" id="markdown-toc-2-batch-cutting">2. Batch cutting</a></li> <li><a href="#3-time-management" id="markdown-toc-3-time-management">3. Time management</a></li> <li><a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">4. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#resources" id="markdown-toc-resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> <li><a href="#evaluation-rubrics" id="markdown-toc-evaluation-rubrics">Evaluation Rubrics</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Learners will design and fabricate their very own custom stickers!</p> <p>These can be hand-drawn or digitally designed before being formatted for cutting in the Silhouette Studio software.</p> <p>This activity offers a fun introduction to 2D design and the vinyl cutter, a versatile fabrication machine.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>Vinyl cutting appears in projects big and small, ranging from custom decals for laptops and water bottles to whole-body car wraps and full-wall murals. It can also be used to make custom stencils and labels.</p> <p>It is a type of subtractive fabrication, meaning we start with a full sheet or roll of vinyl and remove—or subtract—the parts we don’t need.</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-hand-drawn-stickers"> <a href="#1-exposure-hand-drawn-stickers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-hand-drawn-stickers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Hand-Drawn Stickers </h3> <p>Design &amp; cut a hand-drawn sticker design.</p> <ul> <li>Template (outline) provided.</li> <li>Size constraint: 3.75 inches squared.</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-digitally-designed-stickers"> <a href="#2-exploration-digitally-designed-stickers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-digitally-designed-stickers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Digitally Designed Stickers </h3> <p>Design, configure, and cut a CAD-created sticker design.</p> <ul> <li>Can incorporate elements of SVG or PNG files from online.</li> <li>Size constraint: 3.75 inches recommended (for easy batch fabrication).</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-multi-layered-stickers"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-multi-layered-stickers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-multi-layered-stickers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Multi-Layered Stickers </h3> <p>Design &amp; fabricate complex, multi-layered sticker designs using registration marks.</p> <ul> <li>Multi-colored and/or multi-layered stickers using registration marks.</li> <li>Invites more complex designs.</li> <li>No size constraints.</li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-vinyl-cut-circuits"> <a href="#extension-vinyl-cut-circuits" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-vinyl-cut-circuits"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Vinyl-Cut Circuits </h3> <p>Vinyl cut copper tape to make customized, flexible circuits (that are even solderable!) These can be used to liven up greeting cards or scale models by adding coin batteries and LEDs, speakers, or small motors.</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Silhouette Studio or other 2D design software</li> <li>Vinyl cutter</li> <li>Vinyl sheets or roll in the color(s) of your choice</li> <li>Transfer tape or transfer paper</li> <li>Weeding tools: picks and tweezers</li> <li>Squeegee or plastic card</li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li> <h2 id="next-generation-science-standards"> <a href="#next-generation-science-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="next-generation-science-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Next Generation Science Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will / will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Consider shape and composition when designing in 2D.</li> <li>Identify, discuss, and apply key principles of graphic design like balance, symmetry, and negative space to tell a story.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Design in 2D.</li> <li>Vinyl cut a design they’ve created.</li> <li>Weed and transfer a vinyl-cut design.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>(Optional) Print handouts for each learner to aid in the brainstorming process.</li> <li>You may wish to pre-load the vinyl into your cutter; however, we recommend doing this as a demonstration for the larger group, to help familiarize learners with the mechanical operations of the vinyl cutter.</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-batch-cutting"> <a href="#2-batch-cutting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-batch-cutting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Batch cutting </h3> <ul> <li>This activity is optimized for batch-cutting to economize time and materials; however, you can also cut one learner’s design at a time (or any other number) if that’s more appropriate for your setting.</li> <li>If using the batch-cutting template (optimized for xDesign), each user account can be renamed so they match with a sticker model (01, 02, and so forth), so “Person 01” knows to work on “Sticker 01”, etc. All models are saved to a shared collab space.</li> <li>When finished, ask learners to color their models red so that you have a visual indication that they are done.</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-time-management"> <a href="#3-time-management" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-time-management"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Time management </h3> <ul> <li>Try to split the lesson into 30 minutes modeling, 30 minutes cutting/working on sample stickers, and whatever time remains after the other two undoubtedly go long to pass out the cut stickers for learners to take home. Time management really depends entirely on the ability of the learners and the complexity of their designs.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>Remain within the bounds of the 3.75-inch sticker base provided, and do not edit it to be larger (it won’t fit on the vinyl).</li> <li>Use geometry larger than a 0.1 inch (2.54mm) circle. Cuts that are too small can easily get messed up and be difficult to “weed”.</li> <li>Minimize the number of “islands” in the design. They add complexity to the transferring process.</li> </ul> <h2 id="resources"> <a href="#resources" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="resources"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Resources </h2> <ul> <li>templates in xDesign (batch-cutting)</li> </ul> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <h2 id="evaluation-rubrics"> <a href="#evaluation-rubrics" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="evaluation-rubrics"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Evaluation Rubrics </h2> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 class="no_toc" id="winging-it-engineering-on-the-fly"> <a href="#winging-it-engineering-on-the-fly" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="winging-it-engineering-on-the-fly"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Winging It: Engineering on the Fly </h1> <p>By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a> <ul> <li><a href="#in-the-real-world" id="markdown-toc-in-the-real-world">In the Real World:</a></li> <li><a href="#parametric-design" id="markdown-toc-parametric-design">Parametric Design</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-ideate" id="markdown-toc-1-ideate">1. Ideate</a> <ul> <li><a href="#11-choose-your-fuselage-shape" id="markdown-toc-11-choose-your-fuselage-shape">1.1 Choose your fuselage shape</a></li> <li><a href="#12-choose-your-wing-shapes" id="markdown-toc-12-choose-your-wing-shapes">1.2 Choose your wing shapes</a></li> <li><a href="#13-choose-your-tail-shapee" id="markdown-toc-13-choose-your-tail-shapee">1.3 Choose your tail shapee</a></li> <li><a href="#14-choose-your-slot-placement" id="markdown-toc-14-choose-your-slot-placement">1.4 Choose your slot placement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#2-design" id="markdown-toc-2-design">2. Design</a> <ul> <li><a href="#21-xdesign" id="markdown-toc-21-xdesign">2.1 xDesign</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#3-laser-cut-fuselage" id="markdown-toc-3-laser-cut-fuselage">3. Laser cut fuselage</a> <ul> <li><a href="#31-open-in-xcs" id="markdown-toc-31-open-in-xcs">3.1 Open in XCS</a></li> <li><a href="#32-configure-for-cutting" id="markdown-toc-32-configure-for-cutting">3.2 Configure for cutting</a></li> <li><a href="#33-connect-laser-cutter" id="markdown-toc-33-connect-laser-cutter">3.3 Connect laser cutter:</a></li> <li><a href="#34-auto-focus" id="markdown-toc-34-auto-focus">3.4 Auto-focus:</a></li> <li><a href="#35-check-framing" id="markdown-toc-35-check-framing">3.5 Check framing:</a></li> <li><a href="#36-run-the-job" id="markdown-toc-36-run-the-job">3.6 Run the job:</a></li> <li><a href="#37-remove-finished-pieces" id="markdown-toc-37-remove-finished-pieces">3.7 Remove finished pieces:</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#4-vinyl-cut-wings-and-tails" id="markdown-toc-4-vinyl-cut-wings-and-tails">4. Vinyl cut wings and tails</a> <ul> <li><a href="#41-open-in-silhouette-studio" id="markdown-toc-41-open-in-silhouette-studio">4.1 Open in Silhouette Studio</a></li> <li><a href="#42-configure-cut-settings" id="markdown-toc-42-configure-cut-settings">4.2 Configure cut settings</a></li> <li><a href="#43-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter" id="markdown-toc-43-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter">4.3 Set up the vinyl cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#44-prepare-your-material" id="markdown-toc-44-prepare-your-material">4.4 Prepare your material</a></li> <li><a href="#45-cut" id="markdown-toc-45-cut">4.5 Cut!</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#5-3d-print-weights" id="markdown-toc-5-3d-print-weights">5. 3D print weights</a></li> <li><a href="#6-assemble" id="markdown-toc-6-assemble">6. Assemble</a></li> <li><a href="#7-test-and-evaluate" id="markdown-toc-7-test-and-evaluate">7. Test and Evaluate</a></li> <li><a href="#8-redesign-and-try-again" id="markdown-toc-8-redesign-and-try-again">8. Redesign and Try Again</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Design and fabricate a three-piece glider!</p> <p>Laser cut a fuselage, vinyl cut cardstock wings and tail, and 3D print clip-on weights.</p> <p>Then test your design, tweak it, and try again!</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>Four forces act upon a plane in the air: thrust, lift, gravity, and drag.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Thrust</strong>: the force propelling a plane forward. Thrust is most often generated by fuel combustion (or your throw!).</li> <li><strong>Lift</strong>: the force acting upward on a plane’s wings to keep it aloft. Lift is generated as a plane moves forward and air moves more quickly across the top of its wings than beneath them. Generally, the larger the wings, the greater the lift.</li> <li><strong>Gravity</strong>: the force pulling a plane’s mass down toward the ground. Lighter materials can help a plane stay airborne longer.</li> <li><strong>Drag</strong>: the frictional force a plane experiences from air flowing past it. Drag is the opposite of thrust, and slows a plane down. It is largely influenced by its tail design.</li> </ol> <p>Planes’ designs must balance all of these forces. The shapes, sizes, and materials used for the wings, body, nose, and tail can all drastically affect the way a plane flies. How can we engineer a glider to take advantage of these forces?</p> <h4 id="in-the-real-world"> <a href="#in-the-real-world" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="in-the-real-world"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> In the Real World: </h4> <p>Engineers don’t create perfect designs on the first try.</p> <p>They test, redesign, and retest their ideas again and again, making small changes each time based on their observations. This is called iterative prototyping, and it’s a key part of the engineering design process. Instead of thinking of lackluster designs as “failures,” think of them as rough drafts of a finished product. Each one is a step closer to success.</p> <h4 id="parametric-design"> <a href="#parametric-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="parametric-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Parametric Design </h4> <p>Parametric design is a smart way to tweak digital designs.</p> <p>Instead of creating a new CAD model from scratch each time they need to make a change, engineers use something called parametric modeling. This means they assign adjustable variables to each dimension of their design instead of values.</p> <p>These labels can be single variables, like x in a math equation, or they can be a function of a variable, like x+6 or x/2. We could even make them a function of each other: wing width could equal body length - tail width.</p> <p>Parametric design allows engineers to scale an entire model up or down or make small tweaks to a single part.</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>1.5mm to 3mm balsa wood -or- 5mm corrigated cardboard</li> <li>Thick (~110lb) cardstock for vinyl cutter. <ul> <li>Note: construction paper is not advised, as it is too fibrous to cut cleanly.</li> </ul> </li> <li>3D printer filament (PLA) in a color of your choice</li> <li>3D printer</li> <li>Laser cutter and/or vinyl cutter</li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <p>Note: While the steps outlined below focus on a combination of laser and vinyl cutting, your glider’s fuselage, wings, and tail can be cut entirely on either machine (entirely out of balsa for the laser cutter or cardstock for the vinyl cutter). The 3D printed weights are optional; paperclips can be subsituted when these aren’t an option.</p> <h3 id="1-ideate"> <a href="#1-ideate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-ideate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Ideate </h3> <p>It can help to first sketch the three main components of your glider, labeling the features of each.</p> <h4 id="11-choose-your-fuselage-shape"> <a href="#11-choose-your-fuselage-shape" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="11-choose-your-fuselage-shape"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.1 Choose your fuselage shape </h4> <ol> <li>Sketch your desired shape for your glider’s body, or <em>fuselage</em>.</li> <li>Label the characteristics you think will help your glider perform. <ul> <li>Consider: why have you chosen a pointed nose or tapered tail? How might these affect the performance of your glider?</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="12-choose-your-wing-shapes"> <a href="#12-choose-your-wing-shapes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="12-choose-your-wing-shapes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.2 Choose your wing shapes </h4> <ol> <li>Sketch the desired shape of your glider’s wings.</li> <li>Again, label the characteristics you feel will help your wings achieve optimal lift or distance. The shape you choose will affect how far and fast your design can glide. <ul> <li>Is your glider a fast, accurate <em>dart</em> with sharply angled wings? Or a floating, meandering <em>glider</em> with large, tapered ones?</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="13-choose-your-tail-shapee"> <a href="#13-choose-your-tail-shapee" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="13-choose-your-tail-shapee"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.3 Choose your tail shapee </h4> <ol> <li>Sketch your desired shape for your glider’s tail.</li> <li>Label the characteristics of your tail you feel will bolster your glider’s performance. <ul> <li>Tails can provide significant steering and balance!</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="14-choose-your-slot-placement"> <a href="#14-choose-your-slot-placement" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="14-choose-your-slot-placement"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.4 Choose your slot placement </h4> <ol> <li>Consider where your wings and body will intersect. Draw some lines on your sketches to indicate this placement. <ul> <li>Where your wings are located can affect whether your design will nosedive or flounder. Aim for something nice and balanced.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="2-design"> <a href="#2-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Design </h3> <p>You can use any CAD, 2D, or 3D design software you like for these steps (2D is sufficient for the fuselage, wings, and tail; 3D is needed for the weights). While specifics will depend on which software you choose, the steps outlined below offer a high-level overview of the design process for your fuselage and wings.</p> <h4 id="21-xdesign"> <a href="#21-xdesign" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="21-xdesign"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.1 xDesign </h4> <h3 id="3-laser-cut-fuselage"> <a href="#3-laser-cut-fuselage" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-laser-cut-fuselage"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Laser cut fuselage </h3> <p>Note: the same steps apply if you are also cutting the wings and tail on the laser cutter.</p> <h4 id="31-open-in-xcs"> <a href="#31-open-in-xcs" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="31-open-in-xcs"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.1 Open in XCS </h4> <ol> <li>Open xTool’s Creative Studio software, (available for free download here).</li> <li>Start a new project.</li> <li>Import your designs (use the file icon or drag and drop)</li> </ol> <h4 id="32-configure-for-cutting"> <a href="#32-configure-for-cutting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="32-configure-for-cutting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.2 Configure for cutting </h4> <p>Unless you’ve added decorative design elements, we only need to configure for “cutting” here.</p> <ol> <li>Select your material type from the main menu. (We recommend using 1.5mm or 3mm balsa wood). If your material doesn’t appear from the menu, select “user-defined material.” You can manually enter your cut settings later. - If your original design was created in a separate software and is parametric, remember not to adjust its size here in XCS. If you resize outside of your CAD environment, the width of your slots (likely sized perfectly for your stock material) will also change.</li> <li>Select the design. In the object setting menu, select “cut” as your processing type. For 1/16” balsa wood, we suggest the following: <ul> <li><strong>Score</strong>: 40/150/1</li> <li><strong>Engrave</strong> (raster): 30/200/1</li> <li><strong>Cut</strong>: 100/15/1</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="33-connect-laser-cutter"> <a href="#33-connect-laser-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="33-connect-laser-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.3 Connect laser cutter: </h4> <ol> <li>Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB.</li> <li>Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine.</li> <li>Load stock material: <ul> <li>Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head over center of stock.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="34-auto-focus"> <a href="#34-auto-focus" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="34-auto-focus"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.4 Auto-focus: </h4> <ol> <li>Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box).</li> <li>Wait for machine to focus.</li> <li>Open lid.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software.</li> </ol> <h4 id="35-check-framing"> <a href="#35-check-framing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="35-check-framing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.5 Check framing: </h4> <ol> <li>In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross.</li> <li>Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position.</li> </ol> <h4 id="36-run-the-job"> <a href="#36-run-the-job" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="36-run-the-job"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.6 Run the job: </h4> <ul> <li>Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so.</li> <li><strong>Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running!</strong></li> </ul> <h4 id="37-remove-finished-pieces"> <a href="#37-remove-finished-pieces" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="37-remove-finished-pieces"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.7 Remove finished pieces: </h4> <ol> <li>Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.)</li> <li>Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ol> <h3 id="4-vinyl-cut-wings-and-tails"> <a href="#4-vinyl-cut-wings-and-tails" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-vinyl-cut-wings-and-tails"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Vinyl cut wings and tails </h3> <h4 id="41-open-in-silhouette-studio"> <a href="#41-open-in-silhouette-studio" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="41-open-in-silhouette-studio"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.1 Open in Silhouette Studio </h4> <ol> <li>Open a new project in Silhouette Studio (downloadable here).</li> <li>Input the size of the material you will be working with. <ul> <li>Under “page setup,” either select from the dropdown menu under “media size” or manually input the width and height in the text boxes below.</li> <li>The other settings should be fine as-is, but feel free to adjust the media color or rotate the view as desired.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Import your .png or .svg file.</li> </ol> <h4 id="42-configure-cut-settings"> <a href="#42-configure-cut-settings" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="42-configure-cut-settings"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.2 Configure cut settings </h4> <ol> <li>Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen).</li> <li>Select “line” from the top menu. Each line color—-in this case, red and blue–should have its own row.</li> <li>Choose your material for both rows (they will be the same; likely likely “cardstock, plain” although “coverstock, heavy” also works, depending on your material).).</li> <li>Select an action for each row: cut for red and score for blue. (Scoring may be helpful if you wish to add folds or creases in your designs.) <ul> <li>If you are using the autoblade tool, you can perform both functions in the same pass. Choose tool no. 1 for both rows. (<em>Note: your scored lines will be finely perforated rather than scored.</em>)</li> <li>If you are using two different tools—one for cutting and another for scoring—choose the correct tool number and carriage as appropriate for each row.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="43-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter"> <a href="#43-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="43-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.3 Set up the vinyl cutter </h4> <p>Be sure to set up somewhere with enough room for the mat to feed through. There’s no need for a spool feeder for this project, since you’ll be using cardstock and a mat.</p> <ol> <li>Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds.</li> <li>Connect to the machine via bluetooth or a USB cable.</li> <li>Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. <ul> <li>(Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): <ul> <li>Open the machine’s hood.</li> <li>On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out.</li> <li>Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted.</li> <li>Push the locking mechanism back into place.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="44-prepare-your-material"> <a href="#44-prepare-your-material" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="44-prepare-your-material"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.4 Prepare your material </h4> <p>We’ll be using a <strong>low-adhesion mat</strong> for this project.</p> <ol> <li>Position your cardstock to align the upper left corner of the material with the upper left corner of the mat and press it firmly into place.</li> <li>Line the mat up with the machine.</li> <li>Push the arrow button to load the mat, centering it between the pressure wheels.</li> <li>Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut.</li> </ol> <h4 id="45-cut"> <a href="#45-cut" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="45-cut"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.5 Cut! </h4> <p>Almost done!</p> <ol> <li>With your mat lined up and ready, click “send file.” <ul> <li>The machine will take a few moments to process your file, cutting first and then scoring.</li> </ul> </li> <li>When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the cutting mat.</li> <li>To remove your workpiece, peel the mat off of the cardstock instead of vice versa. This helps keep your finished product flat and intact. Peeling the workpiece from the mat will likely result in torn or curled cardstock. <ul> <li>Turn the mat over so your workpiece is flat on the table. Then, gently peel the mat off of the workpiece.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="5-3d-print-weights"> <a href="#5-3d-print-weights" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-3d-print-weights"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. 3D print weights </h3> <p>You can either use our pre-configured, 3D-printable weights or design your own in the CAD software of your choice. Remember that the slot should be sized appropriately for the material(s) you are using.</p> <p>You have two options to launch your print: 1) send it wirelessly, or 2) us an SD card.</p> <ol> <li>Load filament (skip this step if already loaded): <ul> <li>Hang filament spool on holder on back of machine so that filament unwinds clockwise.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Insert filament into the PTFE tupe on the top back side of the machine.</li> <li>On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → – → bed heat, and head the nozzle to the recommended temperature for the filament (for PLA).</li> <li>Wait for the nozzle to heat up.</li> <li>On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → E → downward arrow several times until the filament comes out of the nozzle.</li> <li>Load file: Select the file icon and select your file to start the print. <ul> <li>Note: The printer will likely run an automatic leveling check before printing. This usually takes a few minutes.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="6-assemble"> <a href="#6-assemble" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-assemble"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Assemble </h3> <ol> <li>Insert wings through the slot in the plane’s fuselage (body). Make sure they’re centered; the notch will help keep them in place.</li> <li>Slot your tail into place.</li> <li>Optional: add a 3D printed nose weight! (Paperclips or tape and pennies also work).</li> </ol> <h3 id="7-test-and-evaluate"> <a href="#7-test-and-evaluate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-test-and-evaluate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. Test and Evaluate </h3> <ol> <li>Stand in the same spot and attempt to apply the same force for each launch.</li> <li>Measure and record the glider’s linear distance traveled after each flight. <ul> <li>Consider launching at least three times and calculating the average distance traveled.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="8-redesign-and-try-again"> <a href="#8-redesign-and-try-again" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="8-redesign-and-try-again"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8. Redesign and Try Again </h3> <ol> <li>Adjust your design files and try again. (<em>Hint: this works best if you adjust only one variable at a time!</em>)</li> </ol> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="faciltator-guide-balsa-gliders"> <a href="#faciltator-guide-balsa-gliders" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="faciltator-guide-balsa-gliders"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Faciltator Guide: Balsa Gliders </h1> <p>By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-balsa-gliders" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-balsa-gliders">Faciltator Guide: Balsa Gliders</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a> <ul> <li><a href="#in-the-real-world" id="markdown-toc-in-the-real-world">In the Real World:</a></li> <li><a href="#parametric-design" id="markdown-toc-parametric-design">Parametric Design</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-manipulating-parametric-designs" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-manipulating-parametric-designs">1. Exposure: Manipulating Parametric Designs</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-designing-around-templated-features" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-designing-around-templated-features">2. Exploration: Designing around Templated Features</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-open-ended-design-challenge" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-open-ended-design-challenge">3. Deep Dive: Open-Ended Design Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-engineering-stunt-planes" id="markdown-toc-extension-engineering-stunt-planes">Extension: Engineering Stunt Planes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-adjustments" id="markdown-toc-2-adjustments">2. Adjustments</a></li> <li><a href="#3-batch-processing" id="markdown-toc-3-batch-processing">3. Batch processing</a></li> <li><a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">4. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>In this multi-step activity appropriate for all ability levels, learners will design, fabricate, and test a three-piece glider.</p> <p>This lesson introduce seach of the three machines on the micro lab cart: learners will laser cut a fuselage, vinyl cut cardstock wings and tail, and 3D print clip-on weights.</p> <p>They can then test how fast, far, and straight their assembled gliders fly. If time allows, they can iterate on their designs.</p> <p>In addition to the three machines, this activity offers a high-level introduction to CAD and parametric modeling.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>Four forces act upon a plane in the air: thrust, lift, gravity, and drag.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Thrust</strong>: the force propelling a plane forward. Thrust is most often generated by fuel combustion (or your throw!).</li> <li><strong>Lift</strong>: the force acting upward on a plane’s wings to keep it aloft. Lift is generated as a plane moves forward and air moves more quickly across the top of its wings than beneath them. Generally, the larger the wings, the greater the lift.</li> <li><strong>Gravity</strong>: the force pulling a plane’s mass down toward the ground. Lighter materials can help a plane stay airborne longer.</li> <li><strong>Drag</strong>: the frictional force a plane experiences from air flowing past it. Drag is the opposite of thrust, and slows a plane down. It is largely influenced by its tail design.</li> </ol> <p>Planes’ designs must balance all of these forces. The shapes, sizes, and materials used for the wings, body, nose, and tail can all drastically affect the way a plane flies. How can we engineer a glider to take advantage of these forces?</p> <h4 id="in-the-real-world"> <a href="#in-the-real-world" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="in-the-real-world"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> In the Real World: </h4> <p>Engineers don’t create perfect designs on the first try.</p> <p>They test, redesign, and retest their ideas again and again, making small changes each time based on their observations. This is called iterative prototyping, and it’s a key part of the engineering design process. Instead of thinking of lackluster designs as “failures,” think of them as rough drafts of a finished product. Each one is a step closer to success.</p> <h4 id="parametric-design"> <a href="#parametric-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="parametric-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Parametric Design </h4> <p>Parametric design is a smart way to tweak digital designs.</p> <p>Instead of creating a new CAD model from scratch each time they need to make a change, engineers use something called parametric modeling. This means they assign adjustable variables to each dimension of their design instead of values.</p> <p>These labels can be single variables, like x in a math equation, or they can be a function of a variable, like x+6 or x/2. We could even make them a function of each other: wing width could equal body length - tail width.</p> <p>Parametric design allows engineers to scale an entire model up or down or make small tweaks to a single part.</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-manipulating-parametric-designs"> <a href="#1-exposure-manipulating-parametric-designs" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-manipulating-parametric-designs"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Manipulating Parametric Designs </h3> <p>Customize the shape of a pre-templated fuselage, wings, and tail by adjusting sliders, clicking and dragging handles on spines, or entering values into parametric text boxes.</p> <ul> <li>Light lift: exposes learners to CAD and allows for customization without requiring them to do any design themselves, freeing up time for fabrication and iterative experimentation.</li> <li>Introduces the concept and applications of parametric design.</li> <li>Uses pre-printed clip-on weights.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, aerodynamics</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-designing-around-templated-features"> <a href="#2-exploration-designing-around-templated-features" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-designing-around-templated-features"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Designing around Templated Features </h3> <p>Connect the dots around pre-designed parametric assembly slots to draw customized shapes for a glider’s fuselage, wings, and tail.</p> <ul> <li>Allows for greater customization without designing from scratch.</li> <li>Uses pre-printed clip-on weights, or allows for design of custom weights.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, aerodynamics</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-open-ended-design-challenge"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-open-ended-design-challenge" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-open-ended-design-challenge"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Open-Ended Design Challenge </h3> <p>Use CAD software to design the parts of a glider from scratch, within the constraints of a templated bounding box.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces more complex spatial reasoning and design in three dimensions.</li> <li>Open-ended customization.</li> <li>Recommended for multi-session instruction, including teaching caliper use, press-fit assembly, and design &amp; 3D printing of clip-on weights.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, aerodynamics</li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-engineering-stunt-planes"> <a href="#extension-engineering-stunt-planes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-engineering-stunt-planes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Engineering Stunt Planes </h3> <p>Challenge learners to design a plane that can perform tricks (turns, loop-the-loops) based on the shape of its wings.</p> <ul> <li>Use the vinyl cutter to add crease lines to wings and tail to allow for easy folding.</li> <li>Consider constructing an obstacle course or targets together as a class.</li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>3mm corrugated cardboard <em>-or-</em> 1.5mm or 3mm balsa wood</li> <li>Thick (~110lb) cardstock for vinyl cutter <ul> <li>Note: construction paper is not advised; it is too fibrous to cut cleanly.</li> </ul> </li> <li>3D printer filament (PLA) in a color of your choice</li> <li>Laser cutter</li> <li>Vinyl cutter</li> <li>3D printer</li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li>Disciplinary Core Ideas</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Describe the steps of the iterative engineering design process.</li> <li>Explain the four forces at play in aerodynamics: weight, lift, thrust, drag.</li> <li>Use variables and controls to conduct an experiment.</li> <li>Calculate the average distance of their flight trials.</li> <li>Evaluate the relative success of their designs based on data collected.</li> <li>Communicate their results and make recommendations from their experiments.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Use calipers to measure the thickness of stock material.</li> <li>Define parametric design and explain its applications.</li> <li>Laser cut a design they’ve created.</li> <li>Vinyl cut a design they’ve created.</li> <li>Operate the 3D printer to (at a minimum) start a print from a pre-prepared file.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>Students can work alone or in groups of 2-3.</li> <li>Short on time? Pre-cut fuselages and tails and have learners design just their plane’s wings. Nose weights can be 3D printed ahead of time, too!</li> <li>Set up a testing zone: vinyl cut and install floor decals to measure distance, or roll out a tape measure for quicker setup and cleanup. Consider also creating targets or using hula hoops to build an obstacle course.</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-adjustments"> <a href="#2-adjustments" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-adjustments"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Adjustments </h3> <ul> <li>This activity has several possible variations, depending on what machines and materials you have available. <ul> <li>Balsa wood body, wings, and tail = laser cutter only</li> <li>Balsa wood body + cardstock wings and tail = both laser cutter or laser cutter + vinyl cutter</li> <li>Cardstock body, wings, and tail = vinyl cutter only</li> <li>3D printed nose weights = optional (you can tape pennies on, instead!)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-batch-processing"> <a href="#3-batch-processing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-batch-processing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Batch processing </h3> <ul> <li>Designs can be cut all at once instead of in separate design/redesign steps: ask each learner or group to design up to three (3) versions of their fuselage, wings, or tail at the beginning of the activity, and cut them together in a single batch. They can then mix and match these parts to test different configurations.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>Consider the center of gravity when designing your plane. How might shifting the wings too far forward or backward affect that center of gravity?</li> </ul> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>General</strong> <ol> <li>How did the shapes and sizes of the wings, fuselage, and tail affect the overall aerodynamics of your glider? What patterns did you notice?</li> <li>What are the advantages of using parametric design?</li> <li>How can/did iterative testing and redesign help improve the performance of your glider?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Digital Fabrication</strong> <ol> <li>What are the key differences between using a laser cutter and a vinyl cutter for this project?</li> <li>How does the precision of laser cutting influence the fit and performance of the glider parts?</li> <li>How might using different materials (balsa wood vs. cardstock) for the entire glider affect its weight, durability, and flight characteristics?</li> <li>What similarities and differences did you notice when prepping files for laser cutting versus vinyl cutting?</li> <li>How does the ability to scale your design parametrically benefit the fabrication and iterative testing processes?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Physics: Aerodynamics</strong> <ol> <li>How did the four forces of aerodynamics (thrust, lift, gravity, drag) interact to influence the flight of your glider?</li> <li>What design features did you include to maximize lift and minimize drag?</li> <li>How did the placement of the wings and tail affect the center of gravity and stability of your glider?</li> <li>What modifications did you (or could you) make to improve the speed, distance, and straightness of your glider’s flight during testing?</li> <li>How can adjusting the weight distribution (using clip-on weights) impact the glider’s performance? Why does this occur?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="fabricate-a-custom-automaton"> <a href="#fabricate-a-custom-automaton" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabricate-a-custom-automaton"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabricate a Custom Automaton </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett, with inspiration from The Exploratorium’s “Cardboard Automata” activity</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#fabricate-a-custom-automaton" id="markdown-toc-fabricate-a-custom-automaton">Fabricate a Custom Automaton</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-experiment" id="markdown-toc-1-experiment">1. Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="#2-ideate" id="markdown-toc-2-ideate">2. Ideate</a></li> <li><a href="#3-prototype" id="markdown-toc-3-prototype">3. prototype</a></li> <li><a href="#4-design" id="markdown-toc-4-design">4. Design</a></li> <li><a href="#5-prepare-files" id="markdown-toc-5-prepare-files">5. Prepare files</a></li> <li><a href="#6-fabricate" id="markdown-toc-6-fabricate">6. Fabricate</a></li> <li><a href="#7-assemble" id="markdown-toc-7-assemble">7. Assemble</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Integrate art and science: engineer movement to tell a story.</p> <p>Automatons are kinetic sculptures built from simple machines that combine to create prescribed patterns of motion. Design and build your own!</p> <p>Assemble a laser- or vinyl-cut box frame, and add cams and followers to engineer a desired movement. Then, craft a topper that harnesses that movement to tell a story or illustrate a scene.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>From the Greek word automaton, which means “self-moving,” automata are kinetic sculptures that exhibit movement through mechanical means. They lie at the intersection of art and engineering, requiring both creative vision and a working knowledge of mechanical principles to construct.</p> <p>Historically, automata were considered almost magic, moving in highly complex ways driven by—sometimes hidden!—hand-cranked gears and complex systems of simple machines.</p> <p>Today, technology enables remote control through motor-powered systems.</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>computer with CAD software</li> <li>laser cutter</li> <li>3D printer</li> <li>3-5mm plywood <em>-or-</em> sturdy cardboard (box frame)</li> <li>cardboard (cams &amp; followers)</li> <li>laser cutter</li> <li>PLA filament in a color of your choice</li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <p>For this particular activity, it can be useful to start with an <strong>experimentation</strong> step using our pre-supplied tinkering files.</p> <h3 id="1-experiment"> <a href="#1-experiment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-experiment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Experiment </h3> <p>Engineers often build early prototypes in order to explore their ideas in hands-on ways. Tinkering is a useful way to understand complex systems.</p> <ol> <li>Assemble your box frame. Make sure the holes for your driveshaft are aligned. Use glue as needed to hold the panels together.</li> <li>Press-fit your follower onto the follower rod. (Use glue as needed to keep it in place). Flip your frame upside-down and thread the follower rod through the hole in the top panel.</li> <li>Thread your driveshaft halfway through the hole in one side of your frame. Add any cams in the appropriate orientation to achieve your desired motion. Then thread the driveshaft through the hole in the other side of the frame. 4. Add a crank to one side and a press-fit stopper (or blob of clay) to the other, to keep it from popping out.</li> <li>Flip your frame back over, right-side-up. Place the follower atop the appropriate cams, adjusting the cams’ placement on the driveshaft as necessary for alignment.</li> <li>Give your crank a spin! Does your follower shaft move as expected? (Adding a small post-it note “flag” to the top of the shaft can help make spins, twists, and turns more easily visible).</li> <li>Experiment with different cam shapes, combinations, and positions to achieve different types of motion.</li> <li>Document your experiments, noting any observations and findings related to gear ratios, cam profiles, and follower placements.</li> </ol> <h3 id="2-ideate"> <a href="#2-ideate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-ideate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Ideate </h3> <ol> <li>Now that you’ve seen what’s possible, brainstorm the movement you want to create. Consider characters, actions, and scenes that could come to life through movement to help you tell a story.</li> <li>Sketch your scene. Diagram its movements, and label the components (frame, crank, drive shaft, cams, followers) and mechanisms needed to achieve those movements (shape of cams, gears, etc.).</li> <li>Consider how you can apply your findings to your automata design to achieve your desired movement and storytelling.</li> </ol> <h3 id="3-prototype"> <a href="#3-prototype" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-prototype"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. prototype </h3> <ol> <li>Use cardboard cutouts and sketches to rough out your scene. Take this opportunity to figure out sizing for your objects, and to determine which fabrication method may work best for each. <ul> <li>Consider foreground, middle-ground, and background.</li> <li>How can you make something appear to pop out from behind something? Dive into water? Walk across a surface?</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="4-design"> <a href="#4-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Design </h3> <ol> <li>Create CAD or vector designs for the elements that will bring your scene to life. <ul> <li>Consider how they will attach to the top of your frame, to your followers, and (if relevant) to each other.</li> <li>Note that you may choose to re-fabricate elements of your box frame depending on the design of your topper. <ul> <li>For example, if you would prefer to avoid adhesives or want to be able to swap different elements of your scene back and forth, you might laser cut a new top panel to enable tab-in-slot assembly.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="5-prepare-files"> <a href="#5-prepare-files" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-prepare-files"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Prepare files </h3> <ol> <li>Save your design files in the appropriate format for your fabrication method.</li> <li>Load them into the software appropriate for your machines and prepare them as needed. <ul> <li>3D printer: STL files, sliced in Bambu Labs</li> <li>Laser cutter: SVG files with power settings calibrated in XCS</li> <li>Vinyl cutter: SVG files with power settings calibrated in Silhouette Studio.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="6-fabricate"> <a href="#6-fabricate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-fabricate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Fabricate </h3> <ol> <li>Load your files into the machines and launch the jobs.</li> </ol> <h3 id="7-assemble"> <a href="#7-assemble" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-assemble"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. Assemble </h3> <ol> <li>With your pieces fabricated, it’s time to assemble your automata! <ul> <li>Make sure your followers are properly aligned with your cams or gears.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Give your assembled piece a spin. <ul> <li>Does it behave as you expected?</li> <li>Are you able to achieve your desired motion?</li> </ul> </li> </ol> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-custom-automaton"> <a href="#faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-custom-automaton" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-custom-automaton"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Custom Automaton </h1> <p>By Claire Dorsett, with inspiration from The Exploratorium’s “Cardboard Automata” activity</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-custom-automaton" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-custom-automaton">Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Custom Automaton</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-design-a-topper-that-flaps" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-design-a-topper-that-flaps">1. Exposure: Design a Topper that Flaps</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-design-and-fabricate-a-camgear-system--topper" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-design-and-fabricate-a-camgear-system--topper">2. Exploration: Design and Fabricate a Cam/Gear System (+ Topper)</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-start-from-scratch" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-start-from-scratch">3. Deep Dive: Start from Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-add-motorized-movement" id="markdown-toc-extension-add-motorized-movement">Extension: Add Motorized Movement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-adjustments" id="markdown-toc-2-adjustments">2. Adjustments</a></li> <li><a href="#3-batch-processing" id="markdown-toc-3-batch-processing">3. Batch processing</a></li> <li><a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">4. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#lesson-plan-outline" id="markdown-toc-lesson-plan-outline">Lesson Plan Outline</a> <ul> <li><a href="#session-1-introduction-to-automata-and-frame-design" id="markdown-toc-session-1-introduction-to-automata-and-frame-design">Session 1: Introduction to Automata and Frame Design</a></li> <li><a href="#session-2-experimenting-with-cams-gears-and-driveshafts" id="markdown-toc-session-2-experimenting-with-cams-gears-and-driveshafts">Session 2: Experimenting with Cams, Gears, and Driveshafts</a></li> <li><a href="#session-3-scene-construction-and-final-assembly" id="markdown-toc-session-3-scene-construction-and-final-assembly">Session 3: Scene Construction and Final Assembly</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Learners will design and fabricate a custom automaton, exploring the intersection of art and science.</p> <p>They will assemble a laser- or vinyl-cut box frame and add cams and followers to engineer a desired movement. Then, they will design and fabricate a topper that harnesses that movement to tell a story or illustrate a scene.</p> <p>This activity can be done entirely on the laser cutter or with the vinyl cutter and 3D printer thrown in.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>From the Greek word automaton, which means “self-moving,” automata are kinetic sculptures that exhibit movement through mechanical means. They lie at the intersection of art and engineering, requiring both creative vision and a working knowledge of mechanical principles to construct.</p> <p>Historically, automata were considered almost magic, moving in highly complex ways driven by—sometimes hidden!—hand-cranked gears and complex systems of simple machines.</p> <p>Today, technology enables remote control through motor-powered systems.</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-design-a-topper-that-flaps"> <a href="#1-exposure-design-a-topper-that-flaps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-design-a-topper-that-flaps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Design a Topper that Flaps </h3> <p>Assemble pre-supplied components (press-fit box frame, crank, driveshaft, cams, and followers) into an automaton designed to transform circular motion into linear motion (i.e. it move a post up and down when the handle is cranked). Then, design and fabricate a custom winged topper that “flaps.”</p> <ul> <li>Light lift: most components are pre-supplied (we recommend pre-assembling frames).</li> <li>Teaches assembly and vinyl cutting (wings).</li> <li>Can be done in 2D or 3D design software, or crafted through analog means.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering (cranks, cams, followers), science (simple machines, energy &amp; motion), math (sine waves in motion), english language arts (storytelling) <ul> <li>Discuss translation of rotational to linear motion</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-design-and-fabricate-a-camgear-system--topper"> <a href="#2-exploration-design-and-fabricate-a-camgear-system--topper" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-design-and-fabricate-a-camgear-system--topper"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Design and Fabricate a Cam/Gear System (+ Topper) </h3> <p>Engineer your own motion system by designing cams and/or gears that can be threaded onto a pre-supplied driveshaft. Then design and fabricate a custom topper that takes advantage of the motion you’ve created (circular, back and forth, etc.).</p> <ul> <li>Allows for greater customization without designing from scratch.</li> <li>Uses pre-supplied files / parts for the box frame and driveshaft (learners can assemble these themselves for this version), freeing them up to focus on designing custom cam and gear systems.</li> <li>Can be done in 2D or 3D design software, or crafted through analog means.</li> <li>Invites learners to create more complex motion systems.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering (cranks, cams, followers), science (simple machines, energy &amp; motion), math (sine waves in motion), english language arts (storytelling) <ul> <li>Discuss multiple motion systems (can have different learners each make a different one for the sake of comparison before starting their own designs).</li> <li>Can have learners prototype in analog with cardboard or craft foam before translating to digital design, if appropriate.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-start-from-scratch"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-start-from-scratch" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-start-from-scratch"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Start from Scratch </h3> <p>Use CAD software to engineer an automaton from scratch: design a press-fit box frame, driveshaft, cams or gears, followers, and a topper (which can also be crafted through analog means).</p> <ul> <li>Introduces more complex spatial reasoning and design in three dimensions.</li> <li>Open-ended customization.</li> <li>Recommended for multi-session instruction, including teaching caliper use, press-fit assembly, motion systems, etc.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering (cranks, cams, followers), science (simple machines, energy &amp; motion), math (sine waves in motion), english language arts (storytelling) <ul> <li>Teaches CAD and whole-system thinking (possible to prototype in analog with plastic cups or tissue boxes, wooden skewers, and cardboard or craft foam before translating to the digital world).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-add-motorized-movement"> <a href="#extension-add-motorized-movement" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-add-motorized-movement"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Add Motorized Movement </h3> <p>Challenge learners to add microservos to automate their driveshafts or add other mechanical motions.</p> <ul> <li>They can also add vinyl-cut circuits (or copper tape) along with button batterys and LEDs to light up their creations.</li> <li>Advanced learners can explore inputs and outputs, adding sensors that trigger movements based on their readings.</li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Laser cutter</li> <li>3-5mm plywood or sturdy cardboard (box frames, driveshaft, follower shaft)</li> <li>Sturdy cardboard (cams &amp; followers)</li> <li>Vinyl cutter</li> <li>Thick (~110lb) cardstock for vinyl cutter (wings) <ul> <li>Note: construction paper is not advised; it is too fibrous to cut cleanly.</li> </ul> </li> <li>(Optional) 3D Printer</li> <li>(Optional) PLA filament in a color of your choice</li> <li>(Optional) Decorative craft materials for toppers (googly eyes, feathers, sequins, etc.)</li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li>Disciplinary Core Ideas</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Identify the basic mechanisms of movement in automata, including cams, cranks, gears, and driveshafts.</li> <li>Plan, test, and adjust different cam-and-gear configurations to engineer desired movements.</li> <li>Apply creative thinking and storytelling techniques to design and construct dynamic scenes that harness movement to convey a narrative or theme.</li> <li>Articulate the design choices, mechanical principles employed, and storytelling elements in their creations.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Translate an idea into a digital design to be fabricated.</li> <li>Choose between fabrication methods for their desired outcomes.</li> <li>Select materials appropriate for different fabrication methods and desired performance outcomes (rigidity, opacity, etc.).</li> <li>Apply problem-solving skills to troubleshoot and resolve fabrication challenges such as material distortion, machine errors, or design discrepancies.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>Students can work alone or in groups of 2-3.</li> <li>Several examples should be provided to show different types of movement. <ul> <li>Many great examples are available online, but seeing the mechanisms in person can be especially helpful to understand how they fit together.</li> <li>One example of rotational-to-reciprocal movement (turn the crank to make the topper rise and fall) -plus- one example of horizontal rotational to vertical rotational movement (turn the crank to make the topper spin in a circle) should be sufficient in most contexts.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Offer examples of different shapes and combinations of cams, and the types of motion they create.</li> <li>If time is limited, box frames can be pre-assembled to free learners up to focus on the conceptualization, design, and fabrication of their toppers and/or cam systems.</li> <li>For workshop-style facilitation, this activity can be presented as a kit, with each learner or group given: press-fit parts for a box frame, a driveshaft, an assortment of cams, a 3D printed crank, and followers. <ul> <li>They would then have everything needed to experiment with designs, freeing them up to focus on crafting creative toppers.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-adjustments"> <a href="#2-adjustments" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-adjustments"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Adjustments </h3> <ul> <li>If time is limited, you can pre-fabricate (and even pre-assemble) frames and driveshafts. This frees learners up to focus more on cam shapes, gear interactions, and the scenes they want to illustrate with their toppers.</li> <li>All elements of this activity can be fabricated on the laser cutter alone; however, the vinyl cutter works well for cardstock wings and cranks can be 3D printed if desired. All machines can be used to fabricate the toppers, as time allows. <ul> <li>Connectors can also be 3D printed (between the crank and driveshaft; between the follower shaft and topper elements, etc.)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-batch-processing"> <a href="#3-batch-processing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-batch-processing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Batch processing </h3> <ul> <li>If all learners are ready at the same time, cams (or sets of cams) can all be laser cut at once and wings can all be vinyl cut at once.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>How can you combine mechanisms to achieve multiple movements, either in unison or in sequence?</li> <li>If laser-cutting, it is okay that driveshafts are square in cross-section as long as cams are cut with square holes that thread onto them (a round hole will spin freely on a round shaft if a perfect press-fit is not achieved).</li> </ul> <h2 id="lesson-plan-outline"> <a href="#lesson-plan-outline" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="lesson-plan-outline"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Lesson Plan Outline </h2> <p>Multi-session facilitation: 3 sessions (approximately 2 hours each)</p> <h3 id="session-1-introduction-to-automata-and-frame-design"> <a href="#session-1-introduction-to-automata-and-frame-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="session-1-introduction-to-automata-and-frame-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Session 1: Introduction to Automata and Frame Design </h3> <ol> <li>Introduction (15 minutes): <ul> <li>Introduce the concept of automata and show examples of different types of kinetic sculptures.</li> <li>Discuss the basic components of automata, including frames, cams, gears, driveshafts, and followers.</li> <li>Explain the project goal: to design and build an automata that incorporates a dynamic scene.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Design Phase (30 minutes): <ul> <li>Instruct learners to brainstorm ideas for their automata scene, considering themes, characters, and actions.</li> <li>Guide learners in designing the frame for their automata using digital design software. Emphasize the importance of sturdy construction and precise measurements.</li> <li>Demonstrate how to prepare the design files for laser cutting, including proper file formats and settings.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Prototyping (45 minutes): <ul> <li>Divide learners into small groups and provide them with access to the laser cutter and materials.</li> <li>Instruct learners to laser cut their frame designs and assemble them.</li> <li>Encourage learners to test their frame prototypes and make adjustments as needed to ensure smooth movement and stability. <h3 id="session-2-experimenting-with-cams-gears-and-driveshafts"> <a href="#session-2-experimenting-with-cams-gears-and-driveshafts" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="session-2-experimenting-with-cams-gears-and-driveshafts"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Session 2: Experimenting with Cams, Gears, and Driveshafts </h3> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Introduction to Mechanisms (15 minutes): <ul> <li>Review the concepts of cams, gears, and driveshafts, explaining how each component creates its respective movement(s).</li> <li>Show examples of different cam and gear shapes, sizes, and types, and discuss their effects on movement.</li> <li>Discuss the importance of experimentation and observation in understanding how mechanisms work.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Experimentation (45 minutes): <ul> <li>Provide learners with various cams, gears, driveshafts, and followers.</li> <li>Instruct learners to experiment with different combinations of components to engineer desired movements.</li> <li>Encourage learners to document their experiments and observations, noting the effects of different gear ratios, cam profiles, and follower placements.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Reflection (15 minutes): <ul> <li>Facilitate a discussion on the results of learners’ experiments. Ask learners to share their findings and observations.</li> <li>Guide learners in reflecting on how different combinations of cams, gears, and driveshafts can be used to achieve specific motions and effects. <h3 id="session-3-scene-construction-and-final-assembly"> <a href="#session-3-scene-construction-and-final-assembly" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="session-3-scene-construction-and-final-assembly"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Session 3: Scene Construction and Final Assembly </h3> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Introduction (15 minutes): <ul> <li>Review the project goals and timeline for completion.</li> <li>Remind learners of the importance of storytelling and creativity in designing their automata scenes.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Scene Design (45 minutes): <ul> <li>Instruct learners to finalize their scene designs, considering how they will integrate movement into their storytelling.</li> <li>Provide learners with craft materials for constructing their scenes, including paper, cardboard, and miniature figures.</li> <li>Encourage learners to think about composition, color, and detail in their scene construction.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Final Assembly (45 minutes): <ul> <li>Guide learners in integrating their scene designs with their frame prototypes and mechanisms.</li> <li>Assist learners in attaching cams, gears, and driveshafts to their frames and ensuring proper alignment and functionality.</li> <li>Encourage learners to test their completed automata scenes and make any necessary adjustments for smooth operation.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Presentation and Reflection (15 minutes): <ul> <li>Have each learner or group present their automata to the class, demonstrating how their scene comes to life through movement.</li> <li>Facilitate a reflection discussion, allowing learners to share their experiences, challenges, and successes in designing and building their automata.</li> <li>Encourage learners to reflect on how their understanding of mechanical principles and creative storytelling influenced their design process.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>General</strong> <ol> <li>How did you balance the artistic and mechanical aspects of your automaton design to create a cohesive and functional piece?</li> <li>What creative techniques did you use to ensure that your topper integrated well with the mechanical movement provided by the cams and followers?</li> <li>What criteria did you use to evaluate the success of your automaton design, both mechanically and artistically?</li> <li>How are the principles of cams, gears, and followers used in real-world mechanical systems? Give four examples.</li> <li>What are some historical or modern-day examples where you think automata may have been / may be used? (i.e Disney).</li> <li>How could the addition of sensors and other electronic components enhance the functionality and interactivity of your automaton?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>English Language Arts: Storytelling</strong> <ol> <li>What storytelling elements did you incorporate into your automaton, and how did they enhance the overall design?</li> <li>How does the movement of the automaton contribute to the narrative or theme you intended to convey?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Mechanical Design</strong> <ol> <li>How does the shape of the cams influence the type of movement (e.g., linear, circular) produced in your automaton?</li> <li>What considerations did you take into account when designing the cam profiles and follower shapes to achieve smooth (or intentionally jarring) motion?</li> <li>How does the placement and orientation of cams and followers affect the efficiency and functionality of your automaton?</li> <li>What challenges did you face in ensuring that the cams and followers stayed properly aligned during operation, and how did you address them?</li> <li>If using gears, how do different gear ratios affect the speed and type of movement in your automaton?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Math</strong> <ol> <li>How does your automaton’s movement demonstrate math? (i.e. Sine waves)</li> <li>Graph your design’s motion.</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Physics: Forces, Energy, Motion</strong> <ol> <li>What types of energy transformations occur within your automaton as it operates (e.g., mechanical energy to kinetic energy)?</li> <li>How do the principles of forces and motion in your automaton relate to real-world mechanical systems like engines and machinery?</li> <li>What are some examples of energy transformations in everyday mechanical devices, and how do they compare to those in your automaton?</li> <li>How does the addition of weight to the topper affect the energy required to operate your device?</li> <li>How can you minimize energy lost to friction in your design?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="paper-pop-ups-cut-crease-and-fold-a-custom-name-tag"> <a href="#paper-pop-ups-cut-crease-and-fold-a-custom-name-tag" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="paper-pop-ups-cut-crease-and-fold-a-custom-name-tag"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Paper Pop-Ups: Cut, Crease, and Fold a Custom Name Tag </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#paper-pop-ups-cut-crease-and-fold-a-custom-name-tag" id="markdown-toc-paper-pop-ups-cut-crease-and-fold-a-custom-name-tag">Paper Pop-Ups: Cut, Crease, and Fold a Custom Name Tag</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio" id="markdown-toc-1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio">1. Prepare a New Project in Silhouette Studio</a></li> <li><a href="#2-create-your-design" id="markdown-toc-2-create-your-design">2. Create your design!</a></li> <li><a href="#3-add-a-bounding-box" id="markdown-toc-3-add-a-bounding-box">3. Add a bounding box</a></li> <li><a href="#4-add--format-pop-up-details" id="markdown-toc-4-add--format-pop-up-details">4. Add &amp; format pop-up details</a> <ul> <li><a href="#41-open-the-pop-up-design-panel" id="markdown-toc-41-open-the-pop-up-design-panel">4.1 Open the pop-up design panel</a></li> <li><a href="#42-toggle-the-switch-to-on" id="markdown-toc-42-toggle-the-switch-to-on">4.2 Toggle the switch to “on”</a></li> <li><a href="#43-place--adjust-centerline" id="markdown-toc-43-place--adjust-centerline">4.3 Place &amp; adjust centerline</a></li> <li><a href="#44-adjust-pop-out-depth" id="markdown-toc-44-adjust-pop-out-depth">4.4 Adjust pop-out depth</a></li> <li><a href="#45-adjust-cut-and-crease-lines" id="markdown-toc-45-adjust-cut-and-crease-lines">4.5 Adjust cut and crease lines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#5-configure-cut-settings" id="markdown-toc-5-configure-cut-settings">5. Configure cut settings</a></li> <li><a href="#6-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter" id="markdown-toc-6-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter">6. Set up the vinyl cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#7-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat" id="markdown-toc-7-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat">7. Prepare your material on a mat</a></li> <li><a href="#8-cut" id="markdown-toc-8-cut">8. Cut!</a></li> <li><a href="#9-remove-your-material-from-the-mat" id="markdown-toc-9-remove-your-material-from-the-mat">9. Remove your material from the mat.</a></li> <li><a href="#10-bend-and-crease" id="markdown-toc-10-bend-and-crease">10. Bend and crease</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Use a vinyl cutter to make two-dimensional artwork “pop!”</p> <p>Add score and cut lines to cardstock to fabricate dynamic, custom name tags that can fold flat when not in use.</p> <p>This activity introduces the vinyl cutter and Silhouette Studio software at a beginner level.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>Paper pop-ups are a form of engineering that use basic forces—simple pushes and pulls—to fold and unfold dynamic three-dimensional scenes from simple cardstock.</p> <p>Some of the earliest pop-ups were used to make books and other texts interactive, inviting readers to lift flaps, pull tabs, and unfold elaborate spreads tucked into the pages.</p> <p>Today, pop-up paper engineering remains common in decorative items like ornaments and greeting cards. Many designs draw inspiration from the Japanese twin arts of origami and kirigami.</p> <p>While origami relies on folds and creases alone, kirigami incorporates cuts as well.</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Silhouette Studio software</li> <li>Vinyl cutter</li> <li>Light hold (low-adhesion)cutting mat</li> <li>Cardstock (preferably 100lb or higher)</li> <li>Decorative craft materials (googly eyes, feathers, sequins, etc.)</li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <h3 id="1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio"> <a href="#1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Prepare a New Project in Silhouette Studio </h3> <p>First, you need to set up your digital workspace.</p> <ol> <li>Open a new project in Silhouette Studio (downloadable here).</li> <li>Input the size of the material you will be working with. <ul> <li>Under “page setup,” either select from the dropdown menu under “media size” or manually input the width and height in the text boxes below.</li> <li>The other settings should be fine as-is, but feel free to adjust the media color or rotate the view as desired.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="2-create-your-design"> <a href="#2-create-your-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-create-your-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Create your design! </h3> <p>You can either work directly in Silhouette Studio, import an existing .png or .svg file from the web (respecting copyright restrictions), or bring over a design from a third-party design software like InkScape.</p> <ul> <li><strong>To add text</strong>: Choose the “text” tool on the lefthand menu, use your cursor to select your placement, and type your desired text. A toolbar will appear across the top of the screen where you can select your desired font style and size. Bolder, blockier fonts work best for pop-ups.</li> <li><strong>To import a file</strong>: Drag and drop!</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-add-a-bounding-box"> <a href="#3-add-a-bounding-box" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-add-a-bounding-box"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Add a bounding box </h3> <p>This will be the outer shape of your finished card or name tag.</p> <ul> <li>Create a bounding box in the shape of your choice, sized to how large you want your finished piece.</li> <li>Center this around your pop-up design.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-add--format-pop-up-details"> <a href="#4-add--format-pop-up-details" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-add--format-pop-up-details"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Add &amp; format pop-up details </h3> <p>Silhouette Studio has a built-in pop-up tool that will automatically add many of the elements you need. This is somewhat limited, and works best to create supports for other decorative elements (for example, if you wanted to glue colored letters in place on top of pop-up scaffolding.) However, we can make it work for these name tags, too.</p> <h5 id="41-open-the-pop-up-design-panel"> <a href="#41-open-the-pop-up-design-panel" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="41-open-the-pop-up-design-panel"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.1 Open the pop-up design panel </h5> <ul> <li>In the righthand menu, click on the pop-up icon. (This looks like a tiny card with a heart in it.)</li> </ul> <h5 id="42-toggle-the-switch-to-on"> <a href="#42-toggle-the-switch-to-on" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="42-toggle-the-switch-to-on"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.2 Toggle the switch to “on” </h5> <ul> <li>Some new solid and dotted lines will appear on your design. <ul> <li>Dotted lines indicate creases.</li> <li>Solid lines indicate cuts.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h5 id="43-place--adjust-centerline"> <a href="#43-place--adjust-centerline" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="43-place--adjust-centerline"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.3 Place &amp; adjust centerline </h5> <ul> <li>The horizontal dotted line illustrates where the <strong>centerline crease</strong> in your card will fall. Drag the tiny double-pointed arrow icon up or down to adjust its placement. <ul> <li>This doesn’t affect the height of the design itself; just how far out it will “pop.”</li> </ul> </li> <li>Drag the red dots to adjust the <strong>width</strong> of the center crease. <ul> <li>Make sure the dotted centerline extends the full width of the bounding box so your finished card will fold all the way across.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h5 id="44-adjust-pop-out-depth"> <a href="#44-adjust-pop-out-depth" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="44-adjust-pop-out-depth"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.4 Adjust pop-out depth </h5> <ul> <li>Adjust the height of your design by clicking and dragging the white registration mark at the <em>top</em>.</li> <li>Adjust how far out your design “pops” by clicking and dragging the white registration mark at the <em>bottom</em>.</li> </ul> <h5 id="45-adjust-cut-and-crease-lines"> <a href="#45-adjust-cut-and-crease-lines" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="45-adjust-cut-and-crease-lines"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4.5 Adjust cut and crease lines </h5> <ul> <li><strong>Base width</strong>: How much material connects the bottom of the design to the page. If this exceeds the width of the legs on any of your letters, they won’t cut properly.</li> <li><strong>Strut width</strong>: How many supporting connections connect the top of your design to the back of the card, and their thickness.</li> <li><strong>Dash pitch</strong>: The width of the perforation cuts for your creases.</li> </ul> <h3 id="5-configure-cut-settings"> <a href="#5-configure-cut-settings" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-configure-cut-settings"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Configure cut settings </h3> <p>Now, it’s time to prepare the file for the printer.</p> <ol> <li>Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen).</li> <li>Select “line” from the top menu. Each line color—-in this case, red and blue–should have its own row.</li> <li>Choose your material for both rows (they will be the same; likely cardstock, plain although coverstock, heavy also works, depending on your material).</li> <li>Select an action for each row: cut for red and score for blue. <ul> <li>If you are using the autoblade tool, you can perform both functions in the same pass. Choose tool no. 1 for both rows. (<em>Note: your scored lines will be finely perforated rather than scored.</em>)</li> <li>If you are using two different tools—one for cutting and another for scoring—choose the correct tool number and carriage as appropriate for each row.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="6-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter"> <a href="#6-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Set up the vinyl cutter </h3> <p>Be sure to set up somewhere with enough room for the mat to feed through. There’s no need for a spool feeder for this project, since you’ll be using cardstock and a mat.</p> <ol> <li>Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds.</li> <li>Connect to the machine via bluetooth or a USB cable.</li> <li>Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. <ul> <li>(Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): <ul> <li>Open the machine’s hood.</li> <li>On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out.</li> <li>Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted.</li> <li>Push the locking mechanism back into place.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="7-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat"> <a href="#7-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. Prepare your material on a mat </h3> <p>We’ll be using a <strong>low-adhesion mat</strong> for this project.</p> <ol> <li>Position your cardstock to align the upper left corner of the material with the upper left corner of the mat and press it firmly into place.</li> <li>Line the mat up with the machine.</li> <li>Push the arrow button to load the mat, centering it between the pressure wheels.</li> <li>Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut.</li> </ol> <h3 id="8-cut"> <a href="#8-cut" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="8-cut"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8. Cut! </h3> <p>Almost done!</p> <ol> <li>With your mat lined up and ready, click “send file.” <ul> <li>The machine will take a few moments to process your file, cutting first and then scoring.</li> </ul> </li> <li>When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the cutting mat.</li> </ol> <h3 id="9-remove-your-material-from-the-mat"> <a href="#9-remove-your-material-from-the-mat" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="9-remove-your-material-from-the-mat"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9. Remove your material from the mat. </h3> <p>To remove your workpiece, peel the mat off of the cardstock instead of vice versa. This helps keep your finished product flat and intact. Peeling the workpiece from the mat will likely result in torn or curled cardstock.</p> <ul> <li>Turn the mat over so your workpiece is flat on the table. Then, gently peel the mat off of the workpiece.</li> </ul> <h3 id="10-bend-and-crease"> <a href="#10-bend-and-crease" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="10-bend-and-crease"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 10. Bend and crease </h3> <p>Bring your design into three dimensions.</p> <ol> <li>Gently bend along the mountain and valley folds to create folds. <ul> <li>Once you are happy with these, you can go back through with more force, using your fingernails or a 3D-printed tool—to create creases.</li> </ul> </li> <li>With your creases in place, carefully fold the whole card flat. <ul> <li>Be patient; it’s easy to accidentally bend a crease backwards the first time.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Glue the workpiece to a backer if desired, being careful to line up their center creases.</li> <li>Decorate: <ul> <li>Add doodles, sequins, googly eyes, or whatever other decorative elements tickle your fancy!</li> </ul> </li> </ol> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="faciltator-guide-design-cut-and-fold-paper-pop-ups"> <a href="#faciltator-guide-design-cut-and-fold-paper-pop-ups" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="faciltator-guide-design-cut-and-fold-paper-pop-ups"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Faciltator Guide: Design, Cut, and Fold Paper Pop-Ups! </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-design-cut-and-fold-paper-pop-ups" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-design-cut-and-fold-paper-pop-ups">Faciltator Guide: Design, Cut, and Fold Paper Pop-Ups!</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-cutting-and-creasing-pop-up-nametags" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-cutting-and-creasing-pop-up-nametags">1. Exposure: Cutting and Creasing Pop-up Nametags</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-designing-dynamic-greeting-cards" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-designing-dynamic-greeting-cards">2. Exploration: Designing Dynamic Greeting Cards</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-complex-engineering-for-pop-up-books" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-complex-engineering-for-pop-up-books">3. Deep Dive: Complex Engineering for Pop-Up Books</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-incorporating-paper-circuits" id="markdown-toc-extension-incorporating-paper-circuits">Extension: Incorporating Paper Circuits</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-batch-cutting" id="markdown-toc-2-batch-cutting">2. Batch cutting</a></li> <li><a href="#3-time-management" id="markdown-toc-3-time-management">3. Time management</a></li> <li><a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">4. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> <li><a href="#5-prototyping" id="markdown-toc-5-prototyping">5. Prototyping</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Learners will use a vinyl cutter to make two-dimensional artworks “pop!” by adding score and cut lines to digital designs.</p> <p>Pop-ups can be as simple as custom nametags or as complex as greeting cards or storybook scenes.</p> <p>This activity introduces the basics of paper engineering and the art of using mountain and valley folds, as well as teaching basics around the vinyl cutter and 2D design.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>Paper pop-ups are a form of engineering that use basic forces—simple pushes and pulls—to fold and unfold dynamic three-dimensional scenes from simple cardstock.</p> <p>Some of the earliest pop-ups were used to make books and other texts interactive, inviting readers to lift flaps, pull tabs, and unfold elaborate spreads tucked into the pages.</p> <p>Today, paper engineering is often used to make greeting cards and decorations “pop”!</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-cutting-and-creasing-pop-up-nametags"> <a href="#1-exposure-cutting-and-creasing-pop-up-nametags" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-cutting-and-creasing-pop-up-nametags"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Cutting and Creasing Pop-up Nametags </h3> <p>Cut, crease, and fold a custom pop-up nametag.</p> <ul> <li>Single color / sheet of cardstock.</li> <li>Uses letters only; allows learners to learn how to add cut and score lines on letters to create a desired effect.</li> <li>Introduces Silhouette Studio and the vinyl cutter.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong> <ul> <li>Engineering / design: introduce mountain and valley folds.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-designing-dynamic-greeting-cards"> <a href="#2-exploration-designing-dynamic-greeting-cards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-designing-dynamic-greeting-cards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Designing Dynamic Greeting Cards </h3> <p>Design and fabricate a custom pop-up greeting card.</p> <ul> <li>Multiple colors / layers of cardstock. <ul> <li>This version requires two rounds of cutting: one for the pop-up backer, and another to cut out the features that get glued on top.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Scalable for different ability levels, simple to complex.</li> <li>More open-ended: allows focus on illustrating a feeling or theme.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong> <ul> <li>ELA or foreign languages: invite learners to write customized messages for their cards.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-complex-engineering-for-pop-up-books"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-complex-engineering-for-pop-up-books" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-complex-engineering-for-pop-up-books"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Complex Engineering for Pop-Up Books </h3> <p>Design &amp; fabricate complex, multi-layered sticker designs using registration marks.</p> <ul> <li>Multiple colors / layers of cardstock. <ul> <li>This version requires two rounds of cutting: one for the pop-up backer, and another to cut out the features that get glued on top.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Tie-ins to existing pop-up art/books like <em>123D</em>.</li> <li>Can be done individually or in groups: each learner/group illustrates one scene of a larger story. <ul> <li>For extended units: fabricate an entire short pop-up book</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong> <ul> <li>Engineering: invites the incorporation of other paper-driven mechanisms (e.g. pull-tabs, paper levers, etc.)</li> <li>ELA / history: investigate illustrating a scene in literature or history.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-incorporating-paper-circuits"> <a href="#extension-incorporating-paper-circuits" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-incorporating-paper-circuits"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Incorporating Paper Circuits </h3> <p>Add copper tape, button batteries, and LEDs to make light-up circuits!</p> <ul> <li>No soldering required = appropriate for any level!</li> <li>Add copper tape, a coin cell battery, and LEDs to really bring pop-ups to life. <ul> <li>Consider adding a press-tab; when two copper-clad paper “buttons” are pressed together, it closes a circuit to illuminate the bulb.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Silhouette Studio or other 2D design software</li> <li>Vinyl cutter</li> <li>Cardstock</li> <li>Decorative craft materials - googly eyes, feathers, sequins, etc.</li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li>Disciplinary Core Ideas: <ul> <li>Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems (3-5-ETS1.A),</li> <li>Developing Possible Solutions ((3-5-ETS1.B),</li> <li>Optimizing the Design Solution (3-5-ETS1.C)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Science and Engineering Practice: <ul> <li>Planning and Carrying Out Investigations (3-5-ETS1-2);</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of paper engineering, including cuts, creases, and mechanisms.</li> <li>Apply spatial reasoning in two and three dimensions.</li> <li>Define, differentiate between, and manipulate mountain and valley folds.</li> <li>Understand the roles pushes and pulls play in paper pop-ups and provide examples of similar forces at work in the real world.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Prepare a file for the vinyl cutter, applying appropriate settings for both scoring and cutting.</li> <li>Use the vinyl cutter to create scores and cuts, including loading material onto and removing it from a cutting mat.</li> <li>Conceptualize and manipulate mountain and valley folds. Use tools to help direct and reinforce creases.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>(Optional) Print handouts for each learner to introduce key concepts like mountain and valley folds.</li> <li>Create an <strong>example</strong> to illustrate how the finished products will work. <ul> <li>Preparing multiple versions of this example to illustrate it at various points along the fabrication/assembly process can help learners understand the complexities of mountain and valley creasing more easily.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Consider 3D printing some simple tools to assist with folding and creasing (files provided).</li> <li>You may wish to pre-load the vinyl into your cutter; however, we recommend doing this as a demonstration for the larger group, to help familiarize learners with the mechanical operations of the vinyl cutter.</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-batch-cutting"> <a href="#2-batch-cutting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-batch-cutting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Batch cutting </h3> <ul> <li>This activity is optimized for batch-cutting to economize time and materials; however, you can also cut one learner’s design at a time (or any other number) if that’s more appropriate for your setting.</li> <li>If using the batch-cutting template (optimized for xDesign), each user account can be renamed so they match with a sticker model (01, 02, and so forth), so “Person 01” knows to work on “Sticker 01”, etc. All models are saved to a shared collab space.</li> <li>When finished, ask learners to color their models red so that you have a visual indication that they are done.</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-time-management"> <a href="#3-time-management" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-time-management"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Time management </h3> <ul> <li>Try to split the lesson into 30 minutes for design and file prep, 30 minutes for cutting, and 30 minutes for creasing and folding.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>Use only <strong>capital letters</strong> and <strong>bold, blocky fonts</strong>.</li> <li>For especially <strong>long names</strong> that may not fit into the recommended template size, you can either A) reduce the font size until the name fits, or B) cut this name as a one-off outside of the batch run.</li> </ul> <h3 id="5-prototyping"> <a href="#5-prototyping" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-prototyping"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Prototyping </h3> <ul> <li>If prototyping with printer paper, we had success with the following settings: <ul> <li>Material: choose “cardstock, plain” even when using printer paper (the others don’t have the option to score)</li> <li><strong>Cut</strong>: <ul> <li>Passes: 1</li> <li>Force: 20</li> <li>Speed: 4</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Score</strong>: <ul> <li>Blade depth: 1</li> <li>Passes: 1</li> <li>Force: 6</li> <li>Speed: 2</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Art &amp; Design</strong>: <ol> <li>How can different colors and textures of cardstock impact the final look of your pop-up design?</li> <li>What are some design elements that work well in a pop-up format? Why?</li> <li>How does the use of negative space (areas without cuts or scores) affect the overall design?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Science: Form &amp; Movement</strong>: <ol> <li>What basic principles of physics (pushes and pulls) are involved in making your pop-up work?</li> <li>How do mountain and valley folds contribute to the movement and structure of pop-up elements?</li> <li>Can you think of other real-world applications where similar folding mechanisms are used?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Math: Geometry &amp; Origami</strong>: <ol> <li>How do geometric shapes and angles play a role in the design of pop-up mechanisms?</li> <li>What mathematical principles can be observed in the creation of folds and creases?</li> <li>How can understanding symmetry and asymmetry help in designing effective pop-up cards?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>English Language Arts or Foreign Languages (Greeting Card Version)</strong>: <ol> <li>How can the design of a pop-up card enhance the message you are trying to convey?</li> <li>In what ways can pop-up cards be used to communicate emotions or themes in a unique way?</li> <li>How might the process of writing a letter in another language change your approach to designing a pop-up card?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Engineering &amp; Technology</strong>: <ol> <li>What challenges did you encounter when using the vinyl cutter, and how did you overcome them?</li> <li>How does the precision of digital design software contribute to the accuracy of your pop-up creation?</li> <li>In what ways can iterative testing improve the final design of your pop-up card?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Creativity &amp; Problem Solving</strong>: <ol> <li>What creative techniques did you use to make your pop-up design stand out?</li> <li>How did you solve any problems that arose during the cutting and folding process?</li> <li>What other materials or tools could you use to enhance your pop-up cards?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="engineer-a-paper-pinwheel"> <a href="#engineer-a-paper-pinwheel" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="engineer-a-paper-pinwheel"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Engineer a Paper Pinwheel </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#engineer-a-paper-pinwheel" id="markdown-toc-engineer-a-paper-pinwheel">Engineer a Paper Pinwheel</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio" id="markdown-toc-1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio">1. Prepare a New Project in Silhouette Studio</a></li> <li><a href="#2-create-your-design" id="markdown-toc-2-create-your-design">2. Create your design!</a> <ul> <li><a href="#21-draw-an-outer-shape--bounding-box" id="markdown-toc-21-draw-an-outer-shape--bounding-box">2.1 Draw an outer shape / bounding box</a></li> <li><a href="#22-find-the-center" id="markdown-toc-22-find-the-center">2.2 Find the center</a></li> <li><a href="#23-add-cut-lines" id="markdown-toc-23-add-cut-lines">2.3 Add cut lines</a></li> <li><a href="#24-create-a-center-margin" id="markdown-toc-24-create-a-center-margin">2.4 Create a center margin</a></li> <li><a href="#25-add-perforations-cutouts-or-other-decorative-elements" id="markdown-toc-25-add-perforations-cutouts-or-other-decorative-elements">2.5 Add perforations, cutouts, or other decorative elements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#3-configure-cut-settings" id="markdown-toc-3-configure-cut-settings">3. Configure cut settings</a></li> <li><a href="#4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter" id="markdown-toc-4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter">4. Set up the vinyl cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#5-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat" id="markdown-toc-5-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat">5. Prepare your material on a mat</a></li> <li><a href="#6-cut" id="markdown-toc-6-cut">6. Cut!</a></li> <li><a href="#7-remove-your-material-from-the-mat" id="markdown-toc-7-remove-your-material-from-the-mat">7. Remove your material from the mat.</a></li> <li><a href="#8-bend-and-crease" id="markdown-toc-8-bend-and-crease">8. Bend and crease</a></li> <li><a href="#9-test-and-refine" id="markdown-toc-9-test-and-refine">9. Test and refine</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Design and cut a custom paper pinwheel to experiment with energy, forces, and motion.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>P</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Silhouette Studio software</li> <li>Vinyl cutter</li> <li>Light hold (low-adhesion)cutting mat</li> <li>Cardstock (preferably 100lb or higher)</li> <li>Wooden pencils with rubber erasers</li> <li>Push pins</li> <li>Circular stickers (~1 inch diameter), tape, or glue</li> <li>Fan or blowdrier with “cool” option</li> <li>(Optional) Thin but rigid laser-safe plastic sheets</li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <h3 id="1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio"> <a href="#1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-prepare-a-new-project-in-silhouette-studio"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Prepare a New Project in Silhouette Studio </h3> <p>First, you need to set up your digital workspace.</p> <ol> <li>Open a new project in Silhouette Studio (downloadable here).</li> <li>Input the size of the material you will be working with. <ul> <li>Under “page setup,” either select from the dropdown menu under “media size” or manually input the width and height in the text boxes below.</li> <li>The other settings should be fine as-is, but feel free to adjust the media color or rotate the view as desired.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="2-create-your-design"> <a href="#2-create-your-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-create-your-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Create your design! </h3> <p>Pinwheel designs can vary significantly to include: different blade numbers, shapes, and angles; perforations in blades; and single- or multi-layered designs. Consider factors like which way you want your pinwheel to spin and engineer your design accordingly. (Can you create a two-layer design where the layers spin in opposite directions?)</p> <h4 id="21-draw-an-outer-shape--bounding-box"> <a href="#21-draw-an-outer-shape--bounding-box" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="21-draw-an-outer-shape--bounding-box"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.1 Draw an outer shape / bounding box </h4> <p>The outer cut shape, this bounding box will determine how your blades are shaped.</p> <ul> <li>Start with shapes with <em>radial symmetry</em> (circles, squares, regular polygons) before leveling up to experiment with radially asymmetrical or irregular shapes (ellipses, rectangles, irregular polygons). <ul> <li>Simple, traditional pinwheels are engineered from square templates.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="22-find-the-center"> <a href="#22-find-the-center" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="22-find-the-center"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.2 Find the center </h4> <p>This is where your pivot point will attach to your pinwheel’s handle (where your pushpin will secure the pinwheel to the wooden chopstick or dowel).</p> <ul> <li>Drop a point or a tiny circle at the center of your design.</li> </ul> <h4 id="23-add-cut-lines"> <a href="#23-add-cut-lines" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="23-add-cut-lines"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.3 Add cut lines </h4> <p>Using the line tool, use cut lines to split your pinwheel into any number of equal segments.</p> <ul> <li>Think of this like cutting a pizza or a pie; each line should go all the way across your shape from one side to the other, intersecting with your center point along the way.</li> <li>When cut, these segments will create “petals.” Each petal will fold into one blade.</li> <li>Design tips: <ul> <li>Start with straight lines before leveling up to experiment with curved lines.</li> <li>What happens if your segments aren’t equal? If time allows, experiment to find out!</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="24-create-a-center-margin"> <a href="#24-create-a-center-margin" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="24-create-a-center-margin"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.4 Create a center margin </h4> <p>This ensures you have a margin toward which to fold and onto which to pin your blades.</p> <ol> <li>Draw a small circle around your center point, within the confines of your larger shape. This should have a radius of at least 1/2 inch.</li> <li>Erase the cut lines within this smaller, inner shape.</li> <li>Erase or ignore the inner shape; you do not want to cut or perforate around its perimeter.</li> </ol> <h4 id="25-add-perforations-cutouts-or-other-decorative-elements"> <a href="#25-add-perforations-cutouts-or-other-decorative-elements" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="25-add-perforations-cutouts-or-other-decorative-elements"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.5 Add perforations, cutouts, or other decorative elements </h4> <p>This step is optional, for more advanced experimentation.</p> <ul> <li>Add crease lines or small, shaped cutouts as desired. <ul> <li>Remember, wind will pass directly through any perforations!</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-configure-cut-settings"> <a href="#3-configure-cut-settings" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-configure-cut-settings"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Configure cut settings </h3> <p>Now, it’s time to prepare the file for the printer.</p> <ol> <li>Navigate to “send” in the main menu (upper right corner of the screen).</li> <li>Select “line” from the top menu. Each line color—-in this case, red and blue–should have its own row.</li> <li>Choose your material for both rows (they will be the same; likely cardstock, plain although coverstock, heavy also works, depending on your material).</li> <li>Select an action for each row: cut for red and score for blue. <ul> <li>If you are using the autoblade tool, you can perform both functions in the same pass. Choose tool no. 1 for both rows. (<em>Note: your scored lines will be finely perforated rather than scored.</em>)</li> <li>If you are using two different tools—one for cutting and another for scoring—choose the correct tool number and carriage as appropriate for each row.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter"> <a href="#4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-set-up-the-vinyl-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Set up the vinyl cutter </h3> <p>Be sure to set up somewhere with enough room for the mat to feed through. There’s no need for a spool feeder for this project, since you’ll be using cardstock and a mat.</p> <ol> <li>Turn the machine on: long-press the power button on its right side for 2-3 seconds.</li> <li>Connect to the machine via bluetooth or a USB cable.</li> <li>Select the appropriate machine from the menu once it appears. <ul> <li>(Note: if a firmware update is required, you will need to install this before proceeding.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Install autoblade (skip this step if already installed): <ul> <li>Open the machine’s hood.</li> <li>On the tool carriage, pull the locking mechanism completely out.</li> <li>Place the autoblade into the tool slot, and make sure it is fully inserted.</li> <li>Push the locking mechanism back into place.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="5-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat"> <a href="#5-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-prepare-your-material-on-a-mat"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Prepare your material on a mat </h3> <p>We’ll be using a <strong>low-adhesion mat</strong> for this project.</p> <ol> <li>Position your cardstock to align the upper left corner of the material with the upper left corner of the mat and press it firmly into place.</li> <li>Line the mat up with the machine.</li> <li>Push the arrow button to load the mat, centering it between the pressure wheels.</li> <li>Use the arrow buttons to align the toolhead with the upper right corner of where you wish to cut.</li> </ol> <h3 id="6-cut"> <a href="#6-cut" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-cut"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Cut! </h3> <p>Almost done!</p> <ol> <li>With your mat lined up and ready, click “send file.” <ul> <li>The machine will take a few moments to process your file, cutting first and then scoring.</li> </ul> </li> <li>When the machine has finished, press the unload arrow to release the cutting mat.</li> </ol> <h3 id="7-remove-your-material-from-the-mat"> <a href="#7-remove-your-material-from-the-mat" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-remove-your-material-from-the-mat"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. Remove your material from the mat. </h3> <p>To remove your workpiece, peel the mat off of the cardstock instead of vice versa. This helps keep your finished product flat and intact. Peeling the workpiece from the mat will likely result in torn or curled cardstock.</p> <ul> <li>Turn the mat over so your workpiece is flat on the table. Then, gently peel the mat off of the workpiece.</li> </ul> <h3 id="8-bend-and-crease"> <a href="#8-bend-and-crease" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="8-bend-and-crease"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8. Bend and crease </h3> <p>Bring your design into three dimensions.</p> <ol> <li>Gently bend one corner of each petal in toward your center point, gathering and stacking them there. <strong>Use gentle, arcing folds–not sharp creases.</strong> <ul> <li>Use a tape, glue, or a sticker to hold these in place.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gently push your pushpin through the center of the tape or sticker at the center of your pinwheel.</li> <li>Gently use the pushpin to attach your pinwheel to a pencil eraser. <ul> <li>Don’t push your pushpin all the way in; it should be secured firmly to the eraser, but your pinwheel should still be able to turn freely.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="9-test-and-refine"> <a href="#9-test-and-refine" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="9-test-and-refine"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9. Test and refine </h3> <p>Use a fan or hair dryer (on the low/cool setting) to pass air over the blades of your pinwheel, aiming directly at its centerpoint. Does it spin?</p> <ul> <li>How stable is your pinwheel’s motion? What constraints, like friction, seem to be constraining it, and how can these be minimized?</li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="faciltator-guide-engineer-a-paper-pinwheel"> <a href="#faciltator-guide-engineer-a-paper-pinwheel" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="faciltator-guide-engineer-a-paper-pinwheel"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Faciltator Guide: Engineer a Paper Pinwheel </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-engineer-a-paper-pinwheel" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-engineer-a-paper-pinwheel">Faciltator Guide: Engineer a Paper Pinwheel</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-working-from-pre-designed-templates" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-working-from-pre-designed-templates">1. Exposure: Working from Pre-Designed Templates</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-custom-designs--decorations" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-custom-designs--decorations">2. Exploration: Custom Designs &amp; Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-complex-geometries--multiple-layers" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-complex-geometries--multiple-layers">3. Deep Dive: Complex Geometries &amp; Multiple Layers</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-water-wheels" id="markdown-toc-extension-water-wheels">Extension: Water Wheels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-batch-cutting" id="markdown-toc-2-batch-cutting">2. Batch cutting</a></li> <li><a href="#3-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-3-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">3. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> <li><a href="#4-prototyping" id="markdown-toc-4-prototyping">4. Prototyping</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Learners will design, vinyl cut, and fold custom paper pinwheels.</p> <p>This activity can be run as an iterative or comparative design challenge, with learners experimenting (or competing!) to see which design can achieve the most rotations within a single minute.</p> <p>A perfect complement for sustainable energy tie-ins, this lesson offers a tutorial in 2D design software and the vinyl cutter.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>Paper</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-working-from-pre-designed-templates"> <a href="#1-exposure-working-from-pre-designed-templates" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-working-from-pre-designed-templates"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Working from Pre-Designed Templates </h3> <p>Cut, crease, and fold a paper pinwheel.</p> <ul> <li>Focuses on teaching the fundamentals of the vinyl cutter &amp; digital software using pre-designed, four-bladed windmill templates.</li> <li>Supports light customization (cardstock design, simple adjustments to existing templates).</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, design, sustainability <ul> <li>Explore how windmills/turbines catch the wind.</li> <li>Discuss sustainable energy.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-custom-designs--decorations"> <a href="#2-exploration-custom-designs--decorations" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-custom-designs--decorations"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Custom Designs &amp; Decorations </h3> <p>Design and fabricate a paper windmill of your own design, experimenting with blade shape and number.</p> <ul> <li>Focuses on teaching basic digital design principles in addition to the vinyl cutter itself, offering inspirational design ideas but not templates.</li> <li>Can be run as an iterative design challenge or competition.</li> <li>Can incorporate any number of blades as well as decorative or functional cutouts on the blades.</li> <li>Facilitates (optional) exploration of optical illusions, including color mixing and spirals, etc as the blades turn quickly enough to blend these in unexpected ways.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, design, spatial reasoning, sustainability <ul> <li>Explore how windmills/turbines catch the wind.</li> <li>Discuss sustainable energy.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-complex-geometries--multiple-layers"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-complex-geometries--multiple-layers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-complex-geometries--multiple-layers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Complex Geometries &amp; Multiple Layers </h3> <p>Design &amp; fabricate pinwheels with complex geometries and multiple layers capable of spinning in oposite directions.</p> <ul> <li>Focuses on more advanced spatial reasoning and digital design principles.</li> <li>Can be run as an iterative design challenge or competition.</li> <li>Can incorporate any number of blades and decorative or functional cutouts, with multiple layers of stacked blades.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, design, spatial reasoning sustainability <ul> <li>Explore how windmills/turbines catch the wind.</li> <li>Discuss sustainable energy.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-water-wheels"> <a href="#extension-water-wheels" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-water-wheels"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Water Wheels </h3> <p>Swap cardstock for thin, waterproof plastic and challenge learners to create a water wheel instead of a wind-powered pinwheel.</p> <ul> <li>Explore how water flow can be converted into rotational motion, and how this can be translated into energy.</li> <li>Investigate design principles like blade shape, balance, and axle placement.</li> <li>Will likely require additional materials &amp; assembly (learners will cut just the blade shapes, which they will then need to attach to a central axle. <ul> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, energy, sustainability</li> <li>Expand discussions on sustainable energy.</li> <li>Compare engineering considerations for wind- versus water-powered turbines.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Vinyl cutter</li> <li>Light hold (low-adhesion)cutting mat</li> <li>Cardstock (preferably 100lb or higher)</li> <li>Wooden pencils with rubber erasers</li> <li>Push pins</li> <li>Circular stickers (~1 inch diameter), tape, or glue</li> <li>Fan or blowdrier with “cool” option</li> <li>(Optional) Thin but rigid laser-safe plastic sheets</li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li>Disciplinary Core Ideas: <ul> <li>Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems (3-5-ETS1.A),</li> <li>Developing Possible Solutions ((3-5-ETS1.B),</li> <li>Optimizing the Design Solution (3-5-ETS1.C)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Science and Engineering Practice: <ul> <li>Planning and Carrying Out Investigations (3-5-ETS1-2);</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Define and explain the relevance of radial symmetry as it relates to pinwheel design.</li> <li>Understand and articulate the relevance of sustainable energy.</li> <li>Describe how turbines translate rotational motion into electrical energy that can be stored.</li> <li>Use spatial reasoning to design two-dimensional cut files that fold into functional, three-dimensional forms.</li> <li>Think critically about how to engineer an efficient pinwheel blade shape.</li> <li>Practice creative problem-solving skills by testing and refining their designs for optimal performance.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Create custom designs using graphic design software.</li> <li>Prepare files for, set up, and safely operate the vinyl cutter.</li> <li>Crease and fold vinyl-cut designs into three-dimensional forms.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>(Optional) Print handouts for each learner or prepare a slide to demonstrate how basic, four-bladed paper pinwheels are folded.</li> <li>Create a set of <strong>examples</strong> to illustrate the possible design range for paper pinwheels (multi-layered, etc.).</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-batch-cutting"> <a href="#2-batch-cutting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-batch-cutting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Batch cutting </h3> <ul> <li>If working within bounding boxes in xDesign, learners’ designs can be batch cut to economize time and materials.</li> <li>If using the batch-cutting template (optimized for xDesign), each user account can be renamed so they match with a sticker model (01, 02, and so forth), so “Person 01” knows to work on “Sticker 01”, etc. All models are saved to a shared collab space.</li> <li>When finished, ask learners to color their models red so that you have a visual indication that they are done.</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#3-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>Pinwheels will experience friction at their pivot point: the axle (between the paper and pushpin/rod). Making the hole slightly bigger and/or loosening the pushpin slightly can help minimize this friction to allow pinwheels to spin more freely.</li> <li>Consider drawing on the pinwheels (even using the vinyl cutter, to introduce the pen holder) to experiment with color mixing or optical illusions.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-prototyping"> <a href="#4-prototyping" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-prototyping"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Prototyping </h3> <ul> <li>Quick, miniature paper prototyping can be useful for helping learners visualize how they can fold their blades and how different folds might affect the pinwheel’s performance. <ul> <li>This can be done with printer paper, notebook paper, or construction paper and scissors.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>General</strong>: <ol> <li>How do you expect different blade shapes (e.g., straight, curved, angled) influence the performance of a pinwheel? Does this differ based on which direction you want it to rotate?</li> <li>What are the advantages and disadvantages of using vinyl cutting for creating pinwheel components compared to scissors?</li> <li>What considerations should/did you take into account when designing the number and size of the pinwheel blades?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Physics: Forces, Energy, &amp; Motion</strong>: <ol> <li>Where and how do pinwheels (and wind turbines) experience the four forces of aerodynamics (lift, drag, thrust, gravity)? How do these compete or interact to influence the rotation of your pinwheel?</li> <li>How does friction at the pivot point (between the paper and the pushpin/rod) affect the efficiency of the pinwheel’s rotation?</li> <li>What are some ways to minimize friction and ensure smooth rotation of the pinwheel?</li> <li>How does the distribution of weight alnog and among the blades affect a pinwheel’s balance and stability?</li> <li>What is the relationship between the wind speed and the number of rotations your pinwheel achieves in a given time?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Engineering</strong>: <ol> <li>How many blades do real-world wind turbines typically have? Why do you think this is?</li> <li>How might you design a pinwheel that can catch the wind in either direction? What would be the advantage, if any, to such a design?</li> <li>What are the key factors to consider when designing a pinwheel? What about a water wheel?</li> <li>How does/would the design of blades for water wheels differ from those for wind pinwheels? Which principles remain the same between the two?</li> <li>How does changing the angle or curvature of the blades influence the pinwheel’s ability to capture wind and convert it into rotational motion?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Sustainability</strong>: <ol> <li>How does the use of renewable energy sources, like wind power, contribute to sustainability?</li> <li>What are some environmental benefits of using wind turbines or water wheels for energy generation?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. 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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="laser-cut-cardboard-invention-kits"> <a href="#laser-cut-cardboard-invention-kits" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="laser-cut-cardboard-invention-kits"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Laser-Cut Cardboard Invention Kits </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#laser-cut-cardboard-invention-kits" id="markdown-toc-laser-cut-cardboard-invention-kits">Laser-Cut Cardboard Invention Kits</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-brainstorm-design-ideas" id="markdown-toc-1-brainstorm-design-ideas">1. Brainstorm design ideas</a> <ul> <li><a href="#11-choose-shapes" id="markdown-toc-11-choose-shapes">1.1 Choose shapes</a></li> <li><a href="#12-decide-on-slot-placement" id="markdown-toc-12-decide-on-slot-placement">1.2 Decide on slot placement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#2-design-digitally" id="markdown-toc-2-design-digitally">2. Design digitally</a></li> <li><a href="#3-determine-material-thickness-and-kerf" id="markdown-toc-3-determine-material-thickness-and-kerf">3. Determine material thickness and kerf</a> <ul> <li><a href="#31-use-calipers-to-measure-your-cardboards-width" id="markdown-toc-31-use-calipers-to-measure-your-cardboards-width">3.1 Use calipers to measure your cardboard’s width</a></li> <li><a href="#32-determine-kerf" id="markdown-toc-32-determine-kerf">3.2 Determine kerf</a></li> <li><a href="#33-calculate--test-optimal-slot-width" id="markdown-toc-33-calculate--test-optimal-slot-width">3.3 Calculate &amp; test optimal slot width</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#4-add-slots-to-your-digital-design" id="markdown-toc-4-add-slots-to-your-digital-design">4. Add slots to your digital design</a></li> <li><a href="#5-laser-cut-shapes" id="markdown-toc-5-laser-cut-shapes">5. Laser Cut Shapes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#51-connect-laser-cutter" id="markdown-toc-51-connect-laser-cutter">5.1 Connect laser cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#52-auto-focus" id="markdown-toc-52-auto-focus">5.2 Auto-focus</a></li> <li><a href="#53-check-framing" id="markdown-toc-53-check-framing">5.3 Check framing</a></li> <li><a href="#54-run-the-job" id="markdown-toc-54-run-the-job">5.4 Run the job</a></li> <li><a href="#55-remove-finished-pieces" id="markdown-toc-55-remove-finished-pieces">5.5 Remove finished pieces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#6-assemble" id="markdown-toc-6-assemble">6. Assemble!</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Create your very own invention kit!</p> <p>In this activity, you will design and laser cut a series of two-dimensional shapes that can be assembled into three-dimensional structures.</p> <p>Finished kits can be used for brainstorming, rapid prototyping, and more. Use them to build things both imaginative and useful-from decorative artpieces to functional solutions for real-world problems!</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>In the real world, engineers and inventors often face tight deadlines for solving problems. It’s easy to get overwhelmed—or to not know where to start!</p> <p>Invention kits can help facilitate brainstorming and accelerate the prototyping process. They provide a ready-made set of components that can be easily assembled and reconfigured to test out different design concepts or build scale models.</p> <p>LEGO bricks are a great example of an invention kit. They can be quickly assembled or disassembled in a variety of ways to illustrate a concept or test out an idea. Your invention kits will work similarly, allowing you to build upward or outward—but you get to customize the pieces!</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>xTool Creative Studio (XCS) software</li> <li>xTool Laser Cutter</li> <li>Corrugated cardboard</li> <li>Calipers</li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <h3 id="1-brainstorm-design-ideas"> <a href="#1-brainstorm-design-ideas" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-brainstorm-design-ideas"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Brainstorm design ideas </h3> <p>Begin by listing possible themes for your invention kit.</p> <h4 id="11-choose-shapes"> <a href="#11-choose-shapes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="11-choose-shapes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.1 Choose shapes </h4> <p>Consider both decorative and functional shapes that could be useful for building different kinds of structures. Here are a few ideas to help you get started:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Basic geometries</strong>: circles, squares, triangles, trapezoids</li> <li><strong>Body parts</strong>: heads, bodies, arms, hands, legs, feet, tails</li> <li><strong>Decorative details</strong>: wings, flowers, bows, hats, mustaches, hair</li> <li><strong>Mechanical elements</strong>: wheels, gears,</li> <li><strong>Infrastructural shapes</strong>: geometries inspired by buildings and bridges</li> </ul> <p>Then sketch your ideas on paper to visualize the shapes and their potential applications.</p> <h4 id="12-decide-on-slot-placement"> <a href="#12-decide-on-slot-placement" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="12-decide-on-slot-placement"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.2 Decide on slot placement </h4> <p>Looking at your designs, decide where you want to add slots and/or holes.</p> <ul> <li> <p>Remember: this determines how your pieces will fit together—but only add a few per piece! Too many, can compromise the strength of your cardboard.</p> </li> <li> <p>Add lines or narrow rectangles to your sketch to indicate slot placement.</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-design-digitally"> <a href="#2-design-digitally" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-design-digitally"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Design digitally </h3> <p>You can use any 2D design or 3D CAD software for this step. Although parametric options will make your life easier, the instructions below are for xTool Creative Space (XCS), which is not parametric.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Draw your design</strong>. You can use the XCS shape library, import files from the internet or a different design software, or draw with vectors.</li> <li><strong>Resize</strong>. You must do this <em>before</em> you add slots, since they will be precisely formatted for your material and should not be scaled. <ul> <li>Select the design and enter a value in millimeters into the “size” box.</li> <li>You can adjust the width (W) or height (H).</li> <li>By default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="3-determine-material-thickness-and-kerf"> <a href="#3-determine-material-thickness-and-kerf" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-determine-material-thickness-and-kerf"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Determine material thickness and kerf </h3> <p>Just like LEGOs, cardboard construction kits rely on a press-fit system to stay together. Their slots must be just the right width for the cardboard they’re made from.</p> <p>In order to engineer your slots correctly, you need to know two values:</p> <ol> <li><strong>material thickness</strong></li> <li><strong>laser kerf</strong></li> </ol> <p><em>Kerf refers to the width of the material burned away by the laser.</em></p> <h4 id="31-use-calipers-to-measure-your-cardboards-width"> <a href="#31-use-calipers-to-measure-your-cardboards-width" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="31-use-calipers-to-measure-your-cardboards-width"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.1 Use calipers to measure your cardboard’s width </h4> <p>Calipers are a useful tool for precisely measuring material thickness.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Power on</strong>: Press the power button to turn the calipers on.</li> <li><strong>Zero</strong>: Ensuring the calipers are completely closed, press the zero button. This will reset the measurement to 0.00 mm/inch.</li> <li><strong>Open calipers</strong>: Gently open the jaws of the calipers slightly wider than the thickness of the cardboard.</li> <li><strong>Insert cardboard</strong>: Place the cardboard between the jaws of the calipers, making sure it is perpendicular to the jaws for an accurate measurement. <ul> <li>Choose an edge or area of the cardboard that is free from creases or damage for the most accurate measurement.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Close calipers</strong>: Slowly slide the jaws together until they touch both sides of the cardboard. (Try not to compress the cardboard; this will lead to inaccurate readings.)</li> <li><strong>Read measurement</strong>: Read the measurement on the digital display. This will show the thickness of the cardboard in either millimeters (mm) or inches (in). <ul> <li>Use the “units” button to switch between millimeters and inches.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Double check</strong>: For accuracy, repeat several times at different points on the cardboard and average the readings.</li> <li><strong>Write down measurement</strong>: You will need this value in the next step. <ul> <li><strong>Tips for ensuring accurate measurements</strong>: <ul> <li><strong>Avoid excess pressure</strong>: Do not apply excessive force when closing the jaws as it can compress the cardboard and result in an inaccurate measurement.</li> <li><strong>Clean jaws</strong>: Ensure the caliper jaws are clean and free from debris before measuring.</li> <li><strong>Consistent positioning</strong>: Measure at consistent positions to avoid variations in thickness due to structural inconsistencies in the cardboard.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="32-determine-kerf"> <a href="#32-determine-kerf" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="32-determine-kerf"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.2 Determine kerf </h4> <p>Unlike scissors, laser cutters work by vaporizing a tiny portion of the material they’re cutting. The <em>kerf</em> is the width of material removed.</p> <p>Sometimes, when we’re creating something purely decorative, kerf can be ignored. However, when precision matters, so does kerf.</p> <p>For these construction kits, precision matters. If you don’t compensate for the extra material lost to kerf, your slots will be slightly too wide to hug the cardboard tightly, causing your assemblies to be loose.</p> <ol> <li>Cut a small shape out of your cardboard. This shape can be any size and shape, but we recommend keeping things simple with a 25-millimeter square.</li> <li>Use calipers to measure the cutout piece.</li> <li>Subtract this measurement from the intended size in the original design file, or from the size of the hole left behind in the stock material.</li> <li> <p>Subtract the shape’s width from that of the hole it left behind.</p> <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Kerf = [width of square as designed] - [width of real square]
-</code></pre></div> </div> </li> </ol> <ul> <li>Note that since kerf can vary based on material type, material thickness, and laser cutter settings–even on the same machine–you should always do a test cut for any new project.</li> </ul> <h4 id="33-calculate--test-optimal-slot-width"> <a href="#33-calculate--test-optimal-slot-width" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="33-calculate--test-optimal-slot-width"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3.3 Calculate &amp; test optimal slot width </h4> <p>The optimal width for the slots in your construction kit is determined by two factors: 1) the width of your material, and 2) the kerf.</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>Calculate slot width</strong>: subtract kerf from material thickness to estimate your slot width:</p> <div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Slot width = [measured material thickness] - [kerf]
-</code></pre></div> </div> </li> <li> <p><strong>Test to double check</strong>. Calculations are a great place to start, but it’s always best to cut some test pieces to confirm the best fit (and double check your calculations). Since some materials are more compressible than others—meaning they have some spring to them, like cardboard—the ideal slot thickness can still vary.</p> <ul> <li>Option #1: Design your own test pieces to cut and measure. (<em>A comb-like design allows you to cut multiple slots of different widths into the same tester. Consider also engraving the slot’s widths directly onto the comb for easy reference.</em>)</li> <li>Option #2: Adjust or use the comb provided.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p>Cut and experiment with your tester to identify the best fit. This will be your slot width.</p> <h3 id="4-add-slots-to-your-digital-design"> <a href="#4-add-slots-to-your-digital-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-add-slots-to-your-digital-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Add slots to your digital design </h3> <p>Remember to resize your designs <em>before</em> adding slots, since its important to preserve their precise dimensions.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Draw a slot</strong>. - Use the rectangle tool to draw a rectangle. - Resize the rectangle to match the desired width of your slots. - Duplicate this, and work with the copy going forward. Leave the original alone to use as a tool for future copying &amp; pasting.</li> <li><strong>Position slots</strong>. - Drag your dimensioned rectangle to position it relative to the shapes composing your invention kit. - Place it as desired, using the alignment tools to help with positioning. It’s okay to have some overhang; you’ll get rid of that shortly. <ul> <li>Note: If you need to adjust the length of your rectangle, click the padlock icon to unlock the dimensions (unconstraining width from height) in order to do so. This prevents the width from scaling proportionately. <ul> <li>Repeat as appropriate to place all slots around your shape.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Eliminate overhang and join slot to shape</strong>. - Select both your shape and slot(s). - Select “combine” -&gt; “subtract”.</li> </ol> <h3 id="5-laser-cut-shapes"> <a href="#5-laser-cut-shapes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-laser-cut-shapes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Laser Cut Shapes </h3> <h4 id="51-connect-laser-cutter"> <a href="#51-connect-laser-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="51-connect-laser-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.1 Connect laser cutter </h4> <ul> <li>Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB.</li> <li>Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine.</li> <li>Load stock material: <ol> <li>Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head over center of stock.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ol> </li> </ul> <h4 id="52-auto-focus"> <a href="#52-auto-focus" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="52-auto-focus"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.2 Auto-focus </h4> <ol> <li>Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box).</li> <li>Wait for machine to focus.</li> <li>Open lid.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software.</li> </ol> <h4 id="53-check-framing"> <a href="#53-check-framing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="53-check-framing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.3 Check framing </h4> <ol> <li>In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross.</li> <li>Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position.</li> </ol> <h4 id="54-run-the-job"> <a href="#54-run-the-job" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="54-run-the-job"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.4 Run the job </h4> <ul> <li>Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so.</li> <li>Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running!</li> </ul> <h4 id="55-remove-finished-pieces"> <a href="#55-remove-finished-pieces" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="55-remove-finished-pieces"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.5 Remove finished pieces </h4> <ol> <li>Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.)</li> <li>Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ol> <h3 id="6-assemble"> <a href="#6-assemble" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-assemble"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Assemble! </h3> <p>It’s time to slot your pieces together! What can you create?</p> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Exposure: Geometric Invention Kits</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-cardboard-critters" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-cardboard-critters">2. Exploration: Cardboard Critters</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-scale-models" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-scale-models">3. Deep Dive: Scale Models</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-actuated-assemblies" id="markdown-toc-extension-actuated-assemblies">Extension: Actuated Assemblies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-material-considerations" id="markdown-toc-2-material-considerations">2. Material considerations</a></li> <li><a href="#3-time-management-tips" id="markdown-toc-3-time-management-tips">3. Time management tips</a></li> <li><a href="#4-brainstorming" id="markdown-toc-4-brainstorming">4. Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="#5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">5. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Learners will use design and laser cut their very own two-dimensional invention kits that can slot together to make three-dimensional structures.</p> <p>Finished kits can be used for brainstorming, rapid prototyping, and more.</p> <p>This activity introduces the basics of press-fit assembly, (including using calipers to measure stock material), 2D design in xTool’s XCS software, and the laser cutter.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>In the real world, engineers and inventors often face tight deadlines for solving problems. It’s easy to get overwhelmed—or to not know where to start!</p> <p>Invention kits can help facilitate brainstorming and accelerate the prototyping process. They provide a ready-made set of components that can be easily assembled and reconfigured to test out different design concepts or build scale models.</p> <p>LEGO bricks are a great example of an invention kit. They can be quickly assembled or disassembled in a variety of ways to illustrate a concept or test out an idea. These invention kits will work similarly, allowing learners to build upward or outward—using pieces they design themselves!</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-geometric-invention-kits"> <a href="#1-exposure-geometric-invention-kits" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-geometric-invention-kits"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Geometric Invention Kits </h3> <p>Design and laser cut simple geometric shapes that can be assembled into three-dimensional forms.</p> <ul> <li>Uses 3D-printed joints (supplied, with customizable angles), meaning learners don’t have to add slots for press-fit construction.</li> <li>Introduces, defines, and teaches how to determine a tool’s <em>kerf</em>.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: math, geometry <ul> <li>Design a kit that contains X number of symmetrical vs. asymmetrical shapes, or can be used to build specific three-dimensional geometries (isosidododecahedron, etc).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-cardboard-critters"> <a href="#2-exploration-cardboard-critters" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-cardboard-critters"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Cardboard Critters </h3> <p>Design and laser cut biologically-inspired shapes that can be used to built wild and wacky custom critters.</p> <ul> <li>Incorporates laser-cut slots into the design process to teach press-fit construction. <ul> <li>Shapes can be drawn freehand and then cleaned up digitally: antennae, legs, etc.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Introduces, defines, and teaches how to: <ul> <li>determine a tool’s kerf;</li> <li>use calipers to precisely measure a material’s thickness;</li> <li>calculate (and test to confirm) optimal slot size for press-fit assemblies.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: story starters (ELA and/or biology) <ul> <li>Construct a critter and then write a story about its origin/evolution. (Can optionally have learners swap critters so they are writing about one they didn’t design themselves.)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-scale-models"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-scale-models" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-scale-models"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Scale Models </h3> <p>Use digital design, fabrication, and press-fit assembly to create a functional object of your own design or replicate a real-world one.</p> <ul> <li>Invites much more complexity and precision, with most sessions focused on the design process and assembly (relatively fewer on the fabrication itself).</li> <li>Introduces, defines, and teaches how to: <ul> <li>determine a tool’s kerf;</li> <li>use calipers to precisely measure a material’s thickness;</li> <li>calculate (and test to confirm) optimal slot size for press-fit assemblies.</li> <li>Can optionally incorporate 3D-printed “accessories” to liven up designs.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: math (measurements &amp; ratios), history, civil engineering, engineering, product design, etc. <ul> <li>Design a press-fit chess kit.</li> <li>Create a scale model of (or invent your own) historical monuments.</li> <li>Engineer a city building or feature (class-wide).</li> <li>Model a vehicle.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-actuated-assemblies"> <a href="#extension-actuated-assemblies" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-actuated-assemblies"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Actuated Assemblies </h3> <p>Add additional holes to fit dowels, chopsticks, pipe cleaners, LEDs, or servo motors in the vein of John Umekubo to expand a kit’s creative potential.</p> <ul> <li>Simple servos can be taped or press-fit into place and programmed to help assemblies walk, flap, turn, spin, roll, and more!</li> <li>LEDs can add some light to a project, (for example, to give the illusion of a city building lit from within!).</li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Cardboard - 1 sheet per learner <ul> <li>Note: this should be corrugated cardboard that compresses easily but doesn’t crease easily.</li> </ul> </li> <li>(Optional) Decorative elements: <ul> <li>Pipe cleaners</li> <li>Brads</li> <li>Chopsticks or dowel rods</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li>Disciplinary Core Ideas: <ul> <li>Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems (3-5-ETS1.A),</li> <li>Developing Possible Solutions ((3-5-ETS1.B),</li> <li>Optimizing the Design Solution (3-5-ETS1.C)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Science and Engineering Practice: <ul> <li>Planning and Carrying Out Investigations (3-5-ETS1-2);</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Demonstrate an understanding of two-dimensional design principles.</li> <li>Apply spatial reasoning skills to visualize how two-dimensional shapes can be assembled into three-dimensional structures.</li> <li>Consider mathematical concepts such as symmetry and proportion in design.</li> <li>Calculate a kerf.</li> <li>Utilize their invention kits for rapid prototyping, real-world problem-solving, and creative exploration in various contexts.</li> <li>Critically evaluate and iterate upon their designs based on feedback and testing.</li> <li>(Optional) Experiment with different materials and their properties to optimize the design and functionality of their invention kits.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Operate the laser cutter safely and effectively, following proper procedures.</li> <li>Identify and select appropriate materials for laser cutting based on project requirements.</li> <li>Use calipers to measure the thickness of stock material.</li> <li>Determine the optimal slot width for press-fit assemblies.</li> <li>Define and account for kerf.</li> <li>Understand and use parametric design principles.</li> <li>(Optional) Incorporate champfering into their designs when appropriate. s to help direct and reinforce creases.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>This activity works best with high-quality corrugated cardboard because it is compressible and has some give to help with assembly. It can be replicated with other materials (wood, craft foam, cardboard, acrylic), but pieces may be harder to assemble and take apart.</li> <li>Short on time? <ul> <li>Pre-design or pre-cut test pieces for learners to use to determine the optimal slot width for their designs.</li> <li>Consider determining optimal laser cutter settings for your material of choice prior to running this activity with your learners.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-material-considerations"> <a href="#2-material-considerations" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-material-considerations"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Material considerations </h3> <ul> <li>This activity works best with high-quality corrugated cardboard because it is compressible and has some give to help with assembly. It can be replicated with other materials (wood, craft foam, cardboard, acrylic), but pieces will be harder to assemble and take apart.</li> <li>Ask learners to limit their designs to one sheet of material.</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-time-management-tips"> <a href="#3-time-management-tips" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-time-management-tips"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Time management tips </h3> <ul> <li>Adding 1-2 per object tabs allows you to remove an entire piece of cardboard from the printing bed between jobs. <ul> <li>Learners can then finish “punching out’ their pieces back at their stations.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="4-brainstorming"> <a href="#4-brainstorming" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-brainstorming"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Brainstorming </h3> <ul> <li>Pose prompts to overcome “blank page syndrome” and encourage creative thinking. <ul> <li>Build a character, building, or prop and write a story that incorporates it (ELA).</li> <li>Re-create a favorite landmark or design a new monument (civics/history).</li> <li>Design something with multiple degrees of symmetry (math/geometry).</li> <li>Create something biomimetic/biologically-inspired (biology).</li> <li>Design and categorize multiple types of pieces: <ul> <li>anatomical = heads, arms, legs, hands, feet, tails</li> <li>whimsical/decorative = wings, horns, accessories</li> <li>mechanical = wheels, gears</li> <li>structural = beams</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Once designed or cut, invite learners to discuss/trade pieces of their designs to inspire further creativity.</li> </ul> <h3 id="5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>Consider your material constraints (in this case, the size of your sheet of cardboard) while designing.</li> <li>Optimize your layout to minimize material waste: place your components as close together as possible. <ul> <li>You can flip and rotate these to minimize margins!</li> </ul> </li> <li>Multiples of the same shape can be helpful! Use the patterning tools in your design software to quickly replicate objects without copying &amp; pasting.</li> <li>Consider creating connectors at different angles and with different numbers of “arms”.</li> <li>If time allows, you can add decorative detailing like engravings or scored lines. <ul> <li>Be sure to format these in XCS so they process as the correct operation.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Consider using (pieces of) your scrap cardboard as a design element when building as well!</li> <li>For advanced learners: incorporate flexures and joints.</li> <li>If time allows: <ul> <li>Introduce champfers and compare assembly with champfered vs. unchampfered pieces.</li> <li>Cut the same design on wood and ask learners to compare assembly with a rigid vs. compressible material.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Math</strong> <ol> <li>Can you write a formula for calculating the kerf of a material? Why is kerf important in laser cutting?</li> <li>What mathematical concepts are involved in designing press-fit and slot-and-tab assemblies?</li> <li>How can understanding symmetry help in designing geometrically inspired kits?</li> <li>What factors do you need to identify in order to create the pieces for a three-dimensional assembly, like a cube or a dodecahedron?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Art &amp; Design</strong> <ol> <li>What are the key considerations when designing shapes for press-fit assemblies?</li> <li>Why do you think we used cardboard for this activity? How does the choice of material affect the design and functionality of your construction kit?</li> <li>How can you ensure that your design is both functional and aesthetically pleasing?</li> <li>What challenges did you encounter in the design process, and how did you overcome them?</li> <li>(Optional, if relevant) How can parametric design principles improve the efficiency and adaptability of your designs?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Science: Form &amp; Movement</strong> <ol> <li>What basic principles of physics (pushes and pulls) are involved in making your pop-up work?</li> <li>How do mountain and valley folds contribute to the movement and structure of pop-up elements?</li> <li>Can you think of other real-world applications where similar folding mechanisms are used?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>English Language Arts</strong> <ol> <li>How can you use descriptive language to enhance the story about your critter or invention?</li> <li>What are some creative ways to incorporate your constructed model into a written piece?</li> <li>How can designing and building a prop help in visual storytelling?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Engineering &amp; Technology</strong> <ol> <li>What safety procedures should be followed when operating a laser cutter?</li> <li>How can different laser cutter settings (power, speed, passes) affect the cutting outcome?</li> <li>What is the importance of iterative testing in the design and fabrication process?</li> <li>How can you incorporate other materials or tools to enhance your invention kits?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Creativity &amp; Problem Solving</strong> <ol> <li>How did you approach the design process for your invention kit?</li> <li>What creative techniques did you use to make your design unique?</li> <li>How did you solve any problems that arose during the cutting and assembly process?</li> <li>What improvements or modifications would you make to your design based on feedback and testing?</li> <li>How can you use your invention kit for brainstorming and rapid prototyping?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="make-your-mark-digitally-design--laser-cut-a-rubber-stamp"> <a href="#make-your-mark-digitally-design--laser-cut-a-rubber-stamp" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="make-your-mark-digitally-design--laser-cut-a-rubber-stamp"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Make Your Mark: Digitally Design &amp; Laser Cut a Rubber Stamp </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#make-your-mark-digitally-design--laser-cut-a-rubber-stamp" id="markdown-toc-make-your-mark-digitally-design--laser-cut-a-rubber-stamp">Make Your Mark: Digitally Design &amp; Laser Cut a Rubber Stamp</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-research" id="markdown-toc-1-research">1. Research</a></li> <li><a href="#2-ideate" id="markdown-toc-2-ideate">2. Ideate</a></li> <li><a href="#3-analog-design-sketching" id="markdown-toc-3-analog-design-sketching">3. Analog Design: Sketching!</a></li> <li><a href="#4-test--iterate-optional" id="markdown-toc-4-test--iterate-optional">4. Test &amp; Iterate (optional)</a></li> <li><a href="#5-create-digital-design-in-xcs" id="markdown-toc-5-create-digital-design-in-xcs">5. Create Digital Design in XCS</a> <ul> <li><a href="#51-open-laser-cutter-software" id="markdown-toc-51-open-laser-cutter-software">5.1 Open laser cutter software:</a></li> <li><a href="#52-select-material" id="markdown-toc-52-select-material">5.2 Select material</a></li> <li><a href="#53-draw-image" id="markdown-toc-53-draw-image">5.3 Draw image</a></li> <li><a href="#54-resize-object" id="markdown-toc-54-resize-object">5.4 Resize object</a></li> <li><a href="#55-add-a-bounding-box" id="markdown-toc-55-add-a-bounding-box">5.5 Add a bounding box</a></li> <li><a href="#56-format-for-engraving" id="markdown-toc-56-format-for-engraving">5.6 Format for engraving</a></li> <li><a href="#57-add-cut-outline" id="markdown-toc-57-add-cut-outline">5.7 Add cut outline</a></li> <li><a href="#58-format-for-cutting" id="markdown-toc-58-format-for-cutting">5.8 Format for cutting</a></li> <li><a href="#59-reflect-image" id="markdown-toc-59-reflect-image">5.9 Reflect image</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#6-laser-cut-stamp-face" id="markdown-toc-6-laser-cut-stamp-face">6. Laser Cut Stamp Face</a> <ul> <li><a href="#61-connect-laser-cutter" id="markdown-toc-61-connect-laser-cutter">6.1 Connect laser cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#62-auto-focus" id="markdown-toc-62-auto-focus">6.2 Auto-focus</a></li> <li><a href="#63-check-framing" id="markdown-toc-63-check-framing">6.3 Check framing</a></li> <li><a href="#64-run-the-job" id="markdown-toc-64-run-the-job">6.4 Run the job</a></li> <li><a href="#65-remove-finished-pieces" id="markdown-toc-65-remove-finished-pieces">6.5 Remove finished pieces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#7-design-wooden-handle" id="markdown-toc-7-design-wooden-handle">7. Design Wooden Handle</a> <ul> <li><a href="#71-configure-material-settings" id="markdown-toc-71-configure-material-settings">7.1 Configure material settings</a></li> <li><a href="#72-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline" id="markdown-toc-72-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline">7.2 Turn off your original cut outline</a></li> <li><a href="#73-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design" id="markdown-toc-73-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design">7.3 Create a new border around your original design</a></li> <li><a href="#74-apply-cut-settings-to-border" id="markdown-toc-74-apply-cut-settings-to-border">7.4 Apply cut settings to border</a></li> <li><a href="#75-format-design-treatment" id="markdown-toc-75-format-design-treatment">7.5 Format design treatment</a></li> <li><a href="#76-reflect-again" id="markdown-toc-76-reflect-again">7.6 Reflect (again)</a></li> <li><a href="#77-run-job" id="markdown-toc-77-run-job">7.7 Run job</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#8-assemble" id="markdown-toc-8-assemble">8. Assemble</a></li> <li><a href="#9-test-and-evaluate" id="markdown-toc-9-test-and-evaluate">9. Test and Evaluate</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Create a custom, reusable stamp you can use to personalize your future creations!</p> <p>Learn the basics of the xTool Creative Space (XCS) software to create a digital stamp design. Then laser engrave it onto rubber and add a simple wooden handle.</p> <p>Keep in mind that stamps use only a single ink color, meaning you should focus primarily on composition during the design process.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>From McDonalds’ golden arches to Nike’s signature swoosh, many of us can recognize hundreds of logos at a glance. This is far from accidental; these symbols were designed to be iconic.</p> <p>Marketing leverages the science of psychology to influence our emotions and behaviors by combining carefully selected color schemes, fonts, and other graphics to convey a message. Logos must also work in monochrome–black and white or a single color–for contexts like screen printing and stamping.</p> <p>A well-crafted logo can do more than look pretty! It can tell a story about a brand’s identity, values, and mission.</p> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <h3 id="1-research"> <a href="#1-research" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-research"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Research </h3> <ul> <li>What eye-catching logos can you think of? Make a list.</li> <li>What makes the logos on your list memorable? What do they signify to you?</li> <li> <p>What design elements can you identify? How do these combine to achieve impact?</p> <ul> <li>Shape</li> <li>Typography</li> <li>Contrast</li> <li>Composition</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-ideate"> <a href="#2-ideate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-ideate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Ideate </h3> <ul> <li> <p>Consider what makes you unique. What qualities or values do you hope to convey?</p> </li> <li> <p>It can help to generate a list of words or phrases that describe you or your brand. What design elements might help you achieve this?</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-analog-design-sketching"> <a href="#3-analog-design-sketching" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-analog-design-sketching"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Analog Design: Sketching! </h3> <ul> <li>Start by sketching a simple design. This might be a variation of your name, signature, or star sign. It might be an emoji, or a logo for your personal brand. Look for inspiration in things that matter to you, like songs, books, or nature. Less is more here; you don’t need delicate detail.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-test--iterate-optional"> <a href="#4-test--iterate-optional" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-test--iterate-optional"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Test &amp; Iterate (optional) </h3> <ul> <li> <p>Share your draft or design ideas with a friend.</p> <ul> <li>What emotions or concepts does your logo evoke for others? Is your messaging coming across clearly?</li> <li>How might you incorporate this feedback to enhance your design?</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>Taking constructive feedback into account, redesign a final draft of your logo.</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="5-create-digital-design-in-xcs"> <a href="#5-create-digital-design-in-xcs" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-create-digital-design-in-xcs"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Create Digital Design in XCS </h3> <h4 id="51-open-laser-cutter-software"> <a href="#51-open-laser-cutter-software" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="51-open-laser-cutter-software"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.1 Open laser cutter software: </h4> <ul> <li>xTool’s free Creative Space (XCS software) is downloadable here.</li> </ul> <h4 id="52-select-material"> <a href="#52-select-material" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="52-select-material"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.2 Select material </h4> <ul> <li>Materials appearing in the drop-down menu will automatically populate xTool’s recommended settings for score/engrave/cut processes. However, if you’re using laser-safe stamp rubber, you will likely need to select “user-defined material.” That’s all for now! We will measure the distance during a later step when we prepare the machine itself.</li> </ul> <h4 id="53-draw-image"> <a href="#53-draw-image" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="53-draw-image"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.3 Draw image </h4> <ul> <li> <p>Use a combination of text, shapes, and vectors to translate your idea into the digital world. Don’t worry about size yet; just focus on composition.</p> </li> <li> <p>Useful tools:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Outline</strong>: Select your desired offset in millimeters. A positive number will give an outline larger than the original object. A negative number will give an outline smaller than the original object.</li> <li><strong>Array</strong>: Create a gridded or circular pattern of an object.</li> <li><strong>Group</strong>: Combine multiple objects or design elements to easily move or resize them all at once.</li> <li><strong>Align</strong>: Control the positions of objects relative to one another. Useful for centering things.</li> <li><strong>Combine</strong>: Unite or subtract objects to create a visually layered effect.</li> <li><strong>Reflect</strong>: Flip an object horizontally or vertically.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="54-resize-object"> <a href="#54-resize-object" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="54-resize-object"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.4 Resize object </h4> <ul> <li> <p>Once you’re happy with your composition, group all objects together so you can manipulate them as a single unit. (Select all objects &gt; right click &gt; group).</p> </li> <li> <p>Resize by selecting the design and entering a value in millimeters into the “size” box. You can adjust the width (W) or height (H). By default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed.</p> </li> </ul> <h4 id="55-add-a-bounding-box"> <a href="#55-add-a-bounding-box" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="55-add-a-bounding-box"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.5 Add a bounding box </h4> <ul> <li>To avoid wasting material, we want to make the outer margin as small as possible. There are a few ways to do this. <ul> <li> <p><strong>Option 1</strong>: Use a simple geometric shape from the shape library.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Option 2</strong>: Use the outline tool. Click “outline” and enter your desired offset. If your design has text or a lot of small details, make sure this margin is large enough to keep them all connected.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Option 3</strong>: Draw your own outline using vector lines.</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="56-format-for-engraving"> <a href="#56-format-for-engraving" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="56-format-for-engraving"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.6 Format for engraving </h4> <ul> <li>Select both the object and bounding box.</li> <li>Select combine &gt; subtract at overlap. The design and bounding box will now be joined as a single unit. -With the design selected, choose “engrave” as your processing type in the object setting menu.</li> <li> <p>Enter manual settings:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Power</strong>: 80</li> <li><strong>Speed</strong>: 80</li> <li><strong>Pass</strong>: 2</li> <li><strong>Lines per cm</strong>: 100-120</li> </ul> </li> <li>You may want to run some tests to dial this in for your machine and use case, but we’ve found these work well for stamps roughly three - five centimeters in size.</li> </ul> <h4 id="57-add-cut-outline"> <a href="#57-add-cut-outline" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="57-add-cut-outline"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.7 Add cut outline </h4> <ul> <li> <p>We don’t just want to engrave our stamp designs - we also want to cut them out! To do this, we’ll need to add another outline, this time slightly smaller than the design’s outer perimeter.</p> <ol> <li>Select the object.</li> <li>Uncheck “add inner line for bitmap.”</li> <li>Input a NEGATIVE offset distance: -0.1mm</li> <li>Move this new outline to a new layer.</li> <li>With the outline selected (which it should be if you haven’t clicked elsewhere yet), click “move to” in the layers menu and choose a new color.</li> </ol> </li> </ul> <h4 id="58-format-for-cutting"> <a href="#58-format-for-cutting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="58-format-for-cutting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.8 Format for cutting </h4> <ul> <li>Choose your outline layer from the layers menu.</li> <li> <p>Under processing type, choose “cut.” Enter manual settings:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Power</strong>: 100</li> <li><strong>Speed</strong>: 20</li> <li><strong>Pass</strong>: 3</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="59-reflect-image"> <a href="#59-reflect-image" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="59-reflect-image"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.9 Reflect image </h4> <ul> <li>This is arguably your most important step! Stamps create mirrored images of the designs on their faces. That means you need to engrave your original design backwards onto the rubber.</li> </ul> <ol> <li>Select all elements of your design (object and cut outline).</li> <li>Choose “reflect” &gt; “reflect horizontally” from the top menu.</li> </ol> <ul> <li>All done! You’re ready to cut! Don’t forget to save your file for future use.</li> </ul> <h3 id="6-laser-cut-stamp-face"> <a href="#6-laser-cut-stamp-face" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-laser-cut-stamp-face"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Laser Cut Stamp Face </h3> <h4 id="61-connect-laser-cutter"> <a href="#61-connect-laser-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="61-connect-laser-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.1 Connect laser cutter </h4> <ul> <li>Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB.</li> <li>Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine.</li> <li>Load stock material: <ol> <li>Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head over center of stock.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ol> </li> </ul> <h4 id="62-auto-focus"> <a href="#62-auto-focus" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="62-auto-focus"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.2 Auto-focus </h4> <ol> <li>Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box).</li> <li>Wait for machine to focus.</li> <li>Open lid.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software.</li> </ol> <h4 id="63-check-framing"> <a href="#63-check-framing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="63-check-framing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.3 Check framing </h4> <ul> <li>In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross.</li> <li>Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position.</li> </ul> <h4 id="64-run-the-job"> <a href="#64-run-the-job" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="64-run-the-job"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.4 Run the job </h4> <ul> <li>Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so. Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running!</li> </ul> <h4 id="65-remove-finished-pieces"> <a href="#65-remove-finished-pieces" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="65-remove-finished-pieces"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.5 Remove finished pieces </h4> <ol> <li>Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.)</li> <li>Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Post-process rubber pieces</li> <li>Use a damp cloth, sponge, or toothbrush to gently rub away soot.</li> </ul> <h3 id="7-design-wooden-handle"> <a href="#7-design-wooden-handle" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-design-wooden-handle"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. Design Wooden Handle </h3> <h4 id="71-configure-material-settings"> <a href="#71-configure-material-settings" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="71-configure-material-settings"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.1 Configure material settings </h4> <ul> <li>The simplest handles are simple engravings on flat stock. 3mm plywood works nicely. Choose your material from the drop-down menu.</li> </ul> <h4 id="72-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline"> <a href="#72-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="72-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.2 Turn off your original cut outline </h4> <ul> <li>Toggle its layer to “ignore” under object settings.</li> </ul> <h4 id="73-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design"> <a href="#73-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="73-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.3 Create a new border around your original design </h4> <ul> <li>Geometric shapes are easy and elegant, but you can also apply an outline slightly larger than the original design if you prefer.</li> <li>Move this new outline to a new layer.</li> </ul> <h4 id="74-apply-cut-settings-to-border"> <a href="#74-apply-cut-settings-to-border" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="74-apply-cut-settings-to-border"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.4 Apply cut settings to border </h4> <ul> <li>With the border layer selected, toggle processing type to “cut.” If you’ve chosen your stock material from the drop-down menu, the appropriate power and speed settings should automatically populate.</li> </ul> <h4 id="75-format-design-treatment"> <a href="#75-format-design-treatment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="75-format-design-treatment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.5 Format design treatment </h4> <ul> <li>Select the original design and toggle processing type to either “engrave” or “score.” This is a matter of personal preference. (Scoring takes much less machine time, if this is a factor.)</li> </ul> <h4 id="76-reflect-again"> <a href="#76-reflect-again" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="76-reflect-again"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.6 Reflect (again) </h4> <ul> <li>This time, you want to make sure your design is facing the correct way. Since we reflected it previously, you’ll now want to reflect it again to reverse that.</li> </ul> <h4 id="77-run-job"> <a href="#77-run-job" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="77-run-job"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.7 Run job </h4> <ul> <li>Place handle stock onto machine bed.</li> <li>Auto-focus.</li> <li>Frame as needed.</li> <li>Process.</li> <li>Remove finished piece and scrap stock from bed.</li> </ul> <h3 id="8-assemble"> <a href="#8-assemble" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="8-assemble"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8. Assemble </h3> <p>Center your rubber stamp on the bottom of the block and glue in place. Ensure that “up” is the same direction on both the face and handle. Wait for the glue to dry, and you’re ready to go!</p> <h3 id="9-test-and-evaluate"> <a href="#9-test-and-evaluate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="9-test-and-evaluate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9. Test and Evaluate </h3> <p>Get to stamping! Try several different colors of ink. How does the ink color affect how your logo is perceived by others? Reflect &amp; Extend How might you use this logo and your brand identity to develop brand recognition? What kinds of marketing might you do? Consider ethical questions relevant to branding and logo design, such as cultural appropriation, and misrepresentation. How does corporate branding influence people’s societal values?</p> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="make-your-mark-turn-a-hand-drawn-design-into-a-rubber-stamp"> <a href="#make-your-mark-turn-a-hand-drawn-design-into-a-rubber-stamp" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="make-your-mark-turn-a-hand-drawn-design-into-a-rubber-stamp"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Make Your Mark: Turn a Hand-Drawn Design into a Rubber Stamp </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#make-your-mark-turn-a-hand-drawn-design-into-a-rubber-stamp" id="markdown-toc-make-your-mark-turn-a-hand-drawn-design-into-a-rubber-stamp">Make Your Mark: Turn a Hand-Drawn Design into a Rubber Stamp</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-research" id="markdown-toc-1-research">1. Research</a></li> <li><a href="#2-ideate" id="markdown-toc-2-ideate">2. Ideate</a></li> <li><a href="#3-analog-design-sketching" id="markdown-toc-3-analog-design-sketching">3. Analog Design: Sketching!</a></li> <li><a href="#4-test--iterate-optional" id="markdown-toc-4-test--iterate-optional">4. Test &amp; Iterate (optional)</a></li> <li><a href="#5-send-your-sketch-to-the-computer" id="markdown-toc-5-send-your-sketch-to-the-computer">5. Send Your Sketch to the Computer</a></li> <li><a href="#6-format-image-for-laser-cutting-xcs" id="markdown-toc-6-format-image-for-laser-cutting-xcs">6. Format Image for Laser Cutting (XCS)</a> <ul> <li><a href="#61-open-laser-cutter-software" id="markdown-toc-61-open-laser-cutter-software">6.1 Open laser cutter software:</a></li> <li><a href="#62-select-material" id="markdown-toc-62-select-material">6.2 Select material</a></li> <li><a href="#63-import-image" id="markdown-toc-63-import-image">6.3 Import image</a></li> <li><a href="#64-crop-away-unneeded-area" id="markdown-toc-64-crop-away-unneeded-area">6.4 Crop away unneeded area</a></li> <li><a href="#65-convert-to-black-and-white" id="markdown-toc-65-convert-to-black-and-white">6.5 Convert to black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="#66-trace-image-to-get-its-outline" id="markdown-toc-66-trace-image-to-get-its-outline">6.6 Trace image to get its outline</a></li> <li><a href="#67-ignore-and-hide-the-original-image" id="markdown-toc-67-ignore-and-hide-the-original-image">6.7 Ignore and hide the original image</a></li> <li><a href="#68-resize-objects" id="markdown-toc-68-resize-objects">6.8 Resize object(s)</a></li> <li><a href="#69-add-a-bounding-box" id="markdown-toc-69-add-a-bounding-box">6.9 Add a bounding box</a></li> <li><a href="#610-format-for-engraving" id="markdown-toc-610-format-for-engraving">6.10 Format for engraving</a></li> <li><a href="#611-add-cut-outline" id="markdown-toc-611-add-cut-outline">6.11 Add cut outline</a></li> <li><a href="#612-format-for-cutting" id="markdown-toc-612-format-for-cutting">6.12 Format for cutting</a></li> <li><a href="#613-reflect-image" id="markdown-toc-613-reflect-image">6.13 Reflect image</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#7-prepare-laser-cutter" id="markdown-toc-7-prepare-laser-cutter">7. Prepare Laser Cutter</a> <ul> <li><a href="#71-connect-laser-cutter" id="markdown-toc-71-connect-laser-cutter">7.1 Connect laser cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#72-load-stock-material" id="markdown-toc-72-load-stock-material">7.2 Load stock material</a></li> <li><a href="#73-auto-focus" id="markdown-toc-73-auto-focus">7.3 Auto-focus</a></li> <li><a href="#74-check-framing" id="markdown-toc-74-check-framing">7.4 Check framing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#8-laser-cut-stamp-face" id="markdown-toc-8-laser-cut-stamp-face">8. Laser Cut Stamp Face</a> <ul> <li><a href="#81-run-the-job" id="markdown-toc-81-run-the-job">8.1 Run the job</a></li> <li><a href="#82-remove-finished-pieces" id="markdown-toc-82-remove-finished-pieces">8.2 Remove finished pieces</a></li> <li><a href="#83-post-process-rubber-pieces" id="markdown-toc-83-post-process-rubber-pieces">8.3 Post-process rubber pieces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#9-design-wooden-handle" id="markdown-toc-9-design-wooden-handle">9. Design Wooden Handle</a> <ul> <li><a href="#91-configure-material-settings" id="markdown-toc-91-configure-material-settings">9.1 Configure material settings</a></li> <li><a href="#92-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline" id="markdown-toc-92-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline">9.2 Turn off your original cut outline</a></li> <li><a href="#93-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design" id="markdown-toc-93-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design">9.3 Create a new border around your original design</a></li> <li><a href="#94-apply-cut-settings-to-border" id="markdown-toc-94-apply-cut-settings-to-border">9.4 Apply cut settings to border</a></li> <li><a href="#95-format-design-treatment" id="markdown-toc-95-format-design-treatment">9.5 Format design treatment</a></li> <li><a href="#96-reflect-again" id="markdown-toc-96-reflect-again">9.6 Reflect (again)</a></li> <li><a href="#97-run-job" id="markdown-toc-97-run-job">9.7 Run job</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#10-assemble" id="markdown-toc-10-assemble">10. Assemble</a></li> <li><a href="#11-test-and-evaluate" id="markdown-toc-11-test-and-evaluate">11. Test and Evaluate</a></li> <li><a href="#12-reflect--extend" id="markdown-toc-12-reflect--extend">12. Reflect &amp; Extend</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Create a custom, reusable stamp you can use to personalize your future creations!</p> <p>No need to learn complicated CAD for this activity. We’ll go from a hand-drawn design to a digital file with minimal prep using just a phone camera or scanner.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>From McDonalds’ golden arches to Nike’s signature swoosh, many of us can recognize hundreds of logos at a glance. This is far from accidental; these symbols were designed to be iconic.</p> <p>Marketing leverages the science of psychology to influence our emotions and behaviors by combining carefully selected color schemes, fonts, and other graphics to convey a message. Logos must also work in monochrome–black and white or a single color–for contexts like screen printing and stamping.</p> <p>A well-crafted logo can do more than look pretty! It can tell a story about a brand’s identity, values, and mission.</p> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <h3 id="1-research"> <a href="#1-research" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-research"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Research </h3> <ul> <li>What eye-catching logos can you think of? Make a list.</li> <li>What makes the logos on your list memorable? What do they signify to you?</li> <li> <p>What design elements can you identify? How do these combine to achieve impact?</p> <ul> <li>Shape</li> <li>Typography</li> <li>Contrast</li> <li>Composition</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-ideate"> <a href="#2-ideate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-ideate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Ideate </h3> <ul> <li> <p>Consider what makes you unique. What qualities or values do you hope to convey?</p> </li> <li> <p>It can help to generate a list of words or phrases that describe you or your brand. What design elements might help you achieve this?</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-analog-design-sketching"> <a href="#3-analog-design-sketching" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-analog-design-sketching"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Analog Design: Sketching! </h3> <ul> <li>Start by sketching a simple design. This might be a variation of your name, signature, or star sign. It might be an emoji, or a logo for your personal brand. Look for inspiration in things that matter to you, like songs, books, or nature. Less is more here; you don’t need delicate detail.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-test--iterate-optional"> <a href="#4-test--iterate-optional" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-test--iterate-optional"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Test &amp; Iterate (optional) </h3> <ul> <li> <p>Share your draft or design ideas with a friend.</p> <ul> <li>What emotions or concepts does your logo evoke for others? Is your messaging coming across clearly?</li> <li>How might you incorporate this feedback to enhance your design?</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>Taking constructive feedback into account, redesign a final draft of your logo.</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="5-send-your-sketch-to-the-computer"> <a href="#5-send-your-sketch-to-the-computer" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-send-your-sketch-to-the-computer"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Send Your Sketch to the Computer </h3> <ul> <li>Scan your final design or snap a quick photo from directly above it. <ul> <li>Cell phone cameras work fine for this!</li> </ul> </li> <li>Send the file to your computer. <ul> <li>USB, email, or airdrop are all fine options.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="6-format-image-for-laser-cutting-xcs"> <a href="#6-format-image-for-laser-cutting-xcs" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-format-image-for-laser-cutting-xcs"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Format Image for Laser Cutting (XCS) </h3> <h4 id="61-open-laser-cutter-software"> <a href="#61-open-laser-cutter-software" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="61-open-laser-cutter-software"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.1 Open laser cutter software: </h4> <ul> <li>xTool’s free Creative Space (XCS software) is downloadable here.</li> </ul> <h4 id="62-select-material"> <a href="#62-select-material" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="62-select-material"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.2 Select material </h4> <ul> <li>Materials appearing in the drop-down menu will automatically populate xTool’s recommended settings for score/engrave/cut processes. However, if you’re using laser-safe stamp rubber, you will likely need to select “user-defined material.” That’s all for now! We will measure the distance during a later step when we prepare the machine itself.</li> </ul> <h4 id="63-import-image"> <a href="#63-import-image" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="63-import-image"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.3 Import image </h4> <ul> <li>Click on “image” in the upper lefthand corner and import your design. <ul> <li>This works best with an SVG, but you can use any image you want, including jpg or png.</li> <li>Note: If your image is too large, select “yes, scale to fit on canvas.” We’ll be cropping and resizing anyway.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="64-crop-away-unneeded-area"> <a href="#64-crop-away-unneeded-area" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="64-crop-away-unneeded-area"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.4 Crop away unneeded area </h4> <ul> <li>Click “edit image.”</li> <li>Click the “crop” icon and draw a box around the area you want to keep. You can adjust this box after you place it, so don’t worry about being too precise to start with.</li> <li>Important: when you’re satisfied, <strong>click the small checkmark</strong> at the bottom of the screen.</li> <li>Click “save.”</li> </ul> <h4 id="65-convert-to-black-and-white"> <a href="#65-convert-to-black-and-white" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="65-convert-to-black-and-white"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.5 Convert to black-and-white </h4> <ul> <li> <p>You need to do this even if you used black marker on a white background, as there is likely to be some residual color from the scanning process.</p> <ul> <li>Select “black-and-white” from the bitmap image menu.</li> <li>Adjust the sharpness as desired, and slide the “greyscale” slider all the way to the right (the maximum setting).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="66-trace-image-to-get-its-outline"> <a href="#66-trace-image-to-get-its-outline" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="66-trace-image-to-get-its-outline"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.6 Trace image to get its outline </h4> <ul> <li>Select your design. In the “bitmap image” menu, click the bottom button: “trace.”</li> <li>Adjust the sliders until you’re satisfied.</li> <li>Click “save.” (It’s usually fine to use the preset settings here.) This creates an outline of your design on a new layer. <strong>In order to see this outline, you will need to turn off visibility in the original image layer, which we will do in the next step.</strong></li> </ul> <h4 id="67-ignore-and-hide-the-original-image"> <a href="#67-ignore-and-hide-the-original-image" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="67-ignore-and-hide-the-original-image"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.7 Ignore and hide the original image </h4> <ul> <li>In the “layer” menu, select Layer 1. This is your original image.</li> <li>Under the “object setting” menu, click “ignore.”</li> <li>Turn off visibility for Layer 1. You should only see your traced outline remaining.</li> <li>(Note: you could just delete this image or the layer it’s on instead of hiding it, but you will not be able to go back and edit it later if desired.)</li> </ul> <h4 id="68-resize-objects"> <a href="#68-resize-objects" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="68-resize-objects"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.8 Resize object(s) </h4> <ul> <li>Select all elements of your design and resize by entering a value in millimeters into the “size” box. You can adjust the width (W) or height (H).</li> <li>Note: by default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed.</li> </ul> <h4 id="69-add-a-bounding-box"> <a href="#69-add-a-bounding-box" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="69-add-a-bounding-box"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.9 Add a bounding box </h4> <ul> <li>To avoid wasting material, we want to make the outer margin as small as possible. There are a few ways to do this. Which is best for you will depend on your personal preferences and the geometry of your design. You want a nice, blocky outline that avoids narrow spots (or “bridges” between design elements), since these are fragile and might break. <ul> <li><strong>Option 1</strong>: Use a simple geometric shape from the shape library.</li> <li><strong>Option 2</strong>: Use the outline tool. Click “outline” and enter your desired offset. If your design has text or a lot of small details, make sure this margin is large enough to keep them all connected.</li> <li><strong>Option 3</strong>: Draw your own outline using vector lines.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="610-format-for-engraving"> <a href="#610-format-for-engraving" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="610-format-for-engraving"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.10 Format for engraving </h4> <ul> <li>Select both the object and bounding box.</li> <li>Select combine &gt; subtract at overlap. The design and bounding box will now be joined into a single object. -With this selected, choose “engrave” as your processing type in the object setting menu.</li> <li>Enter manual settings: <ul> <li><strong>Power</strong>: 80</li> <li><strong>Speed</strong>: 80</li> <li><strong>Pass</strong>: 2</li> <li><strong>Lines per cm</strong>: 100-120</li> </ul> </li> <li>You may want to run some tests to dial this in for your machine and use case, but we’ve found these work well for stamps roughly three - five centimeters in size.</li> </ul> <h4 id="611-add-cut-outline"> <a href="#611-add-cut-outline" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="611-add-cut-outline"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.11 Add cut outline </h4> <ul> <li> <p>We don’t just want to engrave our stamp designs - we also want to cut them out! To do this, we’ll need to add another line, this time right on top of or just slightly smaller than the design’s outer perimeter. We will use the “outline” tool for this.</p> <ol> <li>Select the object.</li> <li>Uncheck “add inner line for bitmap.”</li> <li>Input a small <strong>negative</strong> offset distance: -0.1mm</li> <li>Move this new outline to a new layer.</li> <li>With the outline selected (which it should be if you haven’t clicked elsewhere yet), click “move to” in the layers menu and choose a new color.</li> </ol> </li> </ul> <h4 id="612-format-for-cutting"> <a href="#612-format-for-cutting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="612-format-for-cutting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.12 Format for cutting </h4> <ul> <li>Choose your outline layer from the layers menu.</li> <li>Under processing type, choose “cut.” Enter manual settings: <ul> <li><strong>Power</strong>: 100</li> <li><strong>Speed</strong>: 20</li> <li><strong>Pass</strong>: 3</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="613-reflect-image"> <a href="#613-reflect-image" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="613-reflect-image"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.13 Reflect image </h4> <ul> <li>This is arguably your most important step! Stamps create mirrored images of the designs on their faces. That means you need to engrave your original design backwards onto the rubber. <ol> <li>Select all elements of your design (object and cut outline).</li> <li>Choose “reflect” &gt; “reflect horizontally” from the top menu.</li> </ol> </li> <li>All done! You’re ready to cut! Don’t forget to save your file for future use.</li> </ul> <h3 id="7-prepare-laser-cutter"> <a href="#7-prepare-laser-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-prepare-laser-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. Prepare Laser Cutter </h3> <h4 id="71-connect-laser-cutter"> <a href="#71-connect-laser-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="71-connect-laser-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.1 Connect laser cutter </h4> <ul> <li>Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB.</li> <li>Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine.</li> </ul> <h4 id="72-load-stock-material"> <a href="#72-load-stock-material" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="72-load-stock-material"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.2 Load stock material </h4> <ul> <li>Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head over center of stock.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ul> <h4 id="73-auto-focus"> <a href="#73-auto-focus" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="73-auto-focus"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.3 Auto-focus </h4> <ul> <li>With laser head centered over the stock, click the auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box).</li> <li>Wait for machine to focus.</li> <li>Open lid.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head to desired starting position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software.</li> </ul> <h4 id="74-check-framing"> <a href="#74-check-framing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="74-check-framing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7.4 Check framing </h4> <ul> <li>In the XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross (you might want the cross to land on the upper lefthand corner of your design, for example).</li> <li>Select “framing.”</li> <li>When instructed, press the button on the machine. (<em>This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.</em>) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position.</li> </ul> <h3 id="8-laser-cut-stamp-face"> <a href="#8-laser-cut-stamp-face" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="8-laser-cut-stamp-face"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8. Laser Cut Stamp Face </h3> <h4 id="81-run-the-job"> <a href="#81-run-the-job" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="81-run-the-job"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8.1 Run the job </h4> <ul> <li>Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so.</li> <li><strong>Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running!</strong></li> </ul> <h4 id="82-remove-finished-pieces"> <a href="#82-remove-finished-pieces" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="82-remove-finished-pieces"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8.2 Remove finished pieces </h4> <ul> <li>Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.)</li> <li>Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed.</li> <li>Close lid. <h4 id="83-post-process-rubber-pieces"> <a href="#83-post-process-rubber-pieces" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="83-post-process-rubber-pieces"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8.3 Post-process rubber pieces </h4> </li> <li>Use a damp cloth, sponge, or toothbrush to gently rub away soot.</li> </ul> <h3 id="9-design-wooden-handle"> <a href="#9-design-wooden-handle" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="9-design-wooden-handle"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9. Design Wooden Handle </h3> <h4 id="91-configure-material-settings"> <a href="#91-configure-material-settings" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="91-configure-material-settings"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9.1 Configure material settings </h4> <ul> <li>The simplest handles are simple engravings on flat stock. 3mm plywood works nicely. Choose your material from the drop-down menu.</li> </ul> <h4 id="92-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline"> <a href="#92-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="92-turn-off-your-original-cut-outline"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9.2 Turn off your original cut outline </h4> <ul> <li>Toggle its layer to “ignore” under object settings.</li> </ul> <h4 id="93-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design"> <a href="#93-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="93-create-a-new-border-around-your-original-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9.3 Create a new border around your original design </h4> <ul> <li>Geometric shapes are easy and elegant, but you can also apply an outline slightly larger than the original design if you prefer.</li> <li>Move this new outline to a new layer.</li> </ul> <h4 id="94-apply-cut-settings-to-border"> <a href="#94-apply-cut-settings-to-border" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="94-apply-cut-settings-to-border"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9.4 Apply cut settings to border </h4> <ul> <li>With the border layer selected, toggle processing type to “cut.” If you’ve chosen your stock material from the drop-down menu, the appropriate power and speed settings should automatically populate.</li> </ul> <h4 id="95-format-design-treatment"> <a href="#95-format-design-treatment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="95-format-design-treatment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9.5 Format design treatment </h4> <ul> <li>Select the original design and toggle processing type to either “engrave” or “score.” This is a matter of personal preference. (Scoring takes much less machine time, if this is a factor.)</li> </ul> <h4 id="96-reflect-again"> <a href="#96-reflect-again" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="96-reflect-again"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9.6 Reflect (again) </h4> <ul> <li>This time, you want to make sure your design is facing the correct way. Since we reflected it previously, you’ll now want to reflect it again to reverse that.</li> </ul> <h4 id="97-run-job"> <a href="#97-run-job" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="97-run-job"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 9.7 Run job </h4> <ul> <li>Place handle stock onto machine bed.</li> <li>Auto-focus.</li> <li>Frame as needed.</li> <li>Process.</li> <li>Remove finished piece and scrap stock from bed.</li> </ul> <h3 id="10-assemble"> <a href="#10-assemble" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="10-assemble"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 10. Assemble </h3> <ul> <li>Center your rubber stamp on the bottom of the block and glue in place. Ensure that “up” is the same direction on both the face and handle. Wait for the glue to dry, and you’re ready to go!</li> </ul> <h3 id="11-test-and-evaluate"> <a href="#11-test-and-evaluate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="11-test-and-evaluate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 11. Test and Evaluate </h3> <ul> <li>Get to stamping! Try several different colors of ink. How does the ink color affect how your logo is perceived by others?</li> </ul> <h3 id="12-reflect--extend"> <a href="#12-reflect--extend" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="12-reflect--extend"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 12. Reflect &amp; Extend </h3> <ul> <li>How might you use this logo and your brand identity to develop brand recognition? What kinds of marketing might you do?</li> <li>Consider ethical questions relevant to branding and logo design, such as cultural appropriation, and misrepresentation.</li> <li>How does corporate branding influence people’s societal values?</li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="faciltator-guide-laser-cut-a-custom-stamp"> <a href="#faciltator-guide-laser-cut-a-custom-stamp" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="faciltator-guide-laser-cut-a-custom-stamp"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Faciltator Guide: Laser Cut a Custom Stamp </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-laser-cut-a-custom-stamp" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-laser-cut-a-custom-stamp">Faciltator Guide: Laser Cut a Custom Stamp</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-designing-digitally" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-designing-digitally">1. Exposure: Designing Digitally</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-optimizing-hand-drawn-designs" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-optimizing-hand-drawn-designs">2. Exploration: Optimizing Hand-Drawn Designs</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-add-a-press-fit-handle--or--go-deeper-into-logo-design" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-add-a-press-fit-handle--or--go-deeper-into-logo-design">3. Deep Dive: Add a Press-Fit Handle <em>-or-</em> Go Deeper into Logo Design</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-printmaking" id="markdown-toc-extension-printmaking">Extension: Printmaking</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#disciplinary-core-ideas" id="markdown-toc-disciplinary-core-ideas">Disciplinary Core Ideas:</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-batch-processing" id="markdown-toc-2-batch-processing">2. Batch processing</a></li> <li><a href="#3-reflecting" id="markdown-toc-3-reflecting">3. Reflecting</a></li> <li><a href="#4-tips" id="markdown-toc-4-tips">4. Tips</a></li> <li><a href="#5-material-considerations" id="markdown-toc-5-material-considerations">5. Material considerations</a></li> <li><a href="#5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">5. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Learners will use digital fabrication to create a custom stamp featuring a personal design or logo that reflects their unique identities and values.</p> <p>By combining graphic design principles with self-reflection, they will use symbols and typography while designing their stamps, thinking critically about symmetry and composition.</p> <p>This activity offers an introduction into laser cutting, scoring, and engraving, including file prep and machine operation using both laser-safe rubber and wood.</p> <p>Designs can either be <strong>hand-drawn</strong> and digitally optimized for the laser cutter, or designed <strong>entirely digitally</strong>.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>From McDonalds’ golden arches to Nike’s signature swoosh, many of us can recognize hundreds of logos at a glance. This is far from accidental; these symbols were designed to be iconic.</p> <p>Marketing leverages the science of psychology to influence our emotions and behaviors by combining carefully selected color schemes, fonts, and other graphics to convey a message. Logos must also work in monochrome–black and white or a single color–for contexts like screen printing and stamping.</p> <p>A well-crafted logo can do more than look pretty! It can tell a story about a brand’s identity, values, and mission.</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-designing-digitally"> <a href="#1-exposure-designing-digitally" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-designing-digitally"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Designing Digitally </h3> <p>Digitally design a custom stamp design and pair it with a laser-engraved handle.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces XCS software and digital design. <ul> <li>Designs can be size-constrained (~2-3” square)</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: marketing, business, art, psychology <ul> <li>Design a logo for a brand or business idea (research popular logos, analyze the design decisions behind them through the lens of psychology, etc.)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-optimizing-hand-drawn-designs"> <a href="#2-exploration-optimizing-hand-drawn-designs" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-optimizing-hand-drawn-designs"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Optimizing Hand-Drawn Designs </h3> <p>Hand-draw and digitally optimize a custom stamp design for laser cutting, and pair it with a laser-engraved handle.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces optimization from hand-drawn designs to laser-ready files.</li> <li>Incorporates extra brainstorming and discussion steps re: the design process and stamp composition.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: marketing, business, art, psychology <ul> <li>Design a logo for a brand or business idea (research popular logos, analyze the design decisions behind them through the lens of psychology, etc.)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-add-a-press-fit-handle--or--go-deeper-into-logo-design"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-add-a-press-fit-handle--or--go-deeper-into-logo-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-add-a-press-fit-handle--or--go-deeper-into-logo-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Add a Press-Fit Handle <em>-or-</em> Go Deeper into Logo Design </h3> <p>Upgrade from a two-dimensional engraved wooden panel to a three-dimensional press-fit handle -or- dedicate multiple sessions to deeper logo research, design, and reflection.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces kerf and material measurements for press-fit optimization.</li> <li>Pitch a brand idea (or pitch a redesign for an existing brand, like Nike), and design a custom logo that expresses that brand’s unique identity and values. <ul> <li>Pair and share to gather “customer” thoughts about your logo, and refine designs based on feedback collected.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: marketing, business, art, psychology <ul> <li>Design a logo for a brand or business idea (research popular logos, analyze the design decisions behind them through the lens of psychology, etc.)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-printmaking"> <a href="#extension-printmaking" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-printmaking"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Printmaking </h3> <p>Instead of (or in addition to) attaching stamps to wooden handles, lay them on their backs and use paint or markers to color in their faces. Apply a piece of paper over top and use a roller to achieve even pressure across the stampface.</p> <ul> <li>Similar to lithographic printmaking, this process allows multiple colors to be applied at once.</li> <li>Alternatively, learners can produce multiple stamps, each illustrating a different layer of the same scene. These can be stamped over top of each other to achieve the same effect.</li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Printable worksheets</li> <li>Laser cutter</li> <li>XCS software (and/or other two-dimensional design software)</li> <li>Black markers (washable for young learners)</li> <li>Low-odor, laser-safe rubber</li> <li>3mm plywood for handles</li> <li>Adhesive to join rubber to wood (Power Tac, Rubber Cement, or E6000)</li> <li>Soap, water, and soft sponges or toothbrushes to wash soot off of the stamp faces post-cutting.</li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li> <h2 id="disciplinary-core-ideas"> <a href="#disciplinary-core-ideas" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="disciplinary-core-ideas"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Disciplinary Core Ideas: </h2> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Consider shape and composition when designing in 2D.</li> <li>Identify, discuss, and apply key principles of graphic design like balance, symmetry, and negative space to tell a story.</li> <li>Make and explain design choices based on what they wish to convey and to whom.</li> <li>Give, receive, and incorporate constructive feedback.</li> <li>Understand how design can impact consumer perception and brand identity.</li> <li>Relate their learning to real-world companies and entrepreneurs.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Translate an idea into 2D design.</li> <li>Translate a 2D design into a laser-cut file / prepare a file for laser cutting.</li> <li>Engrave, cut, and score on the laser cutter.</li> <li>Post-process laser-cut rubber.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>Learners can work alone or in groups of 2-3.</li> <li>For hand-drawn logos, use our printable worksheets or design your own to keep students’ designs constrained to the proper size. (Work boxes should be scaled to the desired size for the finished stamp faces!) <ul> <li>Younger learners can design on canvases twice or three times the size of the finished stamp, if desired. Their designs can then be scaled digitally before laser cutting.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Consider running some test cuts to determine the limits of your laser cutter on rubber. <ul> <li>Cut the word “test” in different font styles and sizes to demonstrate which work and which are too fine.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-batch-processing"> <a href="#2-batch-processing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-batch-processing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Batch processing </h3> <ul> <li>To save time, learners’ designs can be engraved and cut in small batches or all at once during a break rather than one by one.</li> <li>If batching for a make-and-take where you are less worried about teaching the intricacies of the design software, you may want to configure <strong>hand-drawn</strong> files on the control computer all at once.</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-reflecting"> <a href="#3-reflecting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-reflecting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Reflecting </h3> <ul> <li>Don’t forget to reflect (flip) learners’ designs before engraving! <ul> <li>Stamps create mirrored images of their faces when used. That means words and letters should appear backwards on the stamps themselves!</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="4-tips"> <a href="#4-tips" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-tips"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Tips </h3> <ul> <li>If running the “design a brand logo” version of this activity, consider assigning brands or companies to each group rather than asking learners to create their own. <ul> <li>Give each one a core focus and 2–3 values. You can provide the names or ask learners to come up with their own.</li> <li>Alternatively, consider redesigning logos for existing brands, like Nike. <ul> <li>Ask learners to list 2–3 values they associate with the company before getting started.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="5-material-considerations"> <a href="#5-material-considerations" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-material-considerations"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Material considerations </h3> <ul> <li>This activity works best with laser-safe rubber, but can be replicated using wood (5mm works) or acrylic, or by gluing together cardboard layers. The key here is to ensure that the ink you’re ultimately using will stick to the material.</li> </ul> <h3 id="5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>Details that are too small (or fonts that are too narrow) may essentially disintegrate during the engraving process. <ul> <li>Bold, blocky fonts work best.</li> <li>Consider running a test before starting your design work: engrave “test” in multiple font styles and sizes to determine which work well and which do not.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Remember to reflect designs before cutting! Otherwise, they will appear correctly on the stamp face itself but backwards on stamped materials.</li> <li>Take advantage of the tools in your design software, like patterning, reflecting, and aligning.</li> </ul> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Math (geometries, reflections, patterns)</strong> <ol> <li>How does the concept of symmetry play a role in designing a logo?</li> <li>What geometric shapes are most effective in creating a balanced and visually appealing logo?</li> <li>How can reflections and patterns be used to create a unique and recognizable logo?</li> <li>How do you calculate the area and perimeter of different shapes in your design?</li> <li>What are the mathematical considerations when scaling your hand-drawn design to fit the stamp face size?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Art &amp; Design</strong> <ol> <li>What are the key principles of graphic design, and how do they apply to logo creation?</li> <li>How do balance, contrast, and negative space influence the effectiveness of a logo?</li> <li>What considerations should be made when choosing fonts for a logo?</li> <li>How does color affect a logo, and how can this be used when designing for monochromatic (single-color) applications like stamps?</li> <li>How does the process of receiving and incorporating feedback enhance your design?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>English Language Arts</strong> <ol> <li>How can a logo tell a story about a brand or individual?</li> <li>What emotions or messages do you want your logo to convey, and how can you achieve this through design?</li> <li>How does the use of typography in a logo influence its perception and readability?</li> <li>What are the key elements of a successful brand story, and how can your logo contribute to this narrative?</li> <li>How can you use descriptive language to explain and justify your design choices?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>History &amp; Social Studies</strong> <ol> <li>How have logos evolved over time, and what historical events have influenced their design?</li> <li>What are some examples of rebranding, and what prompted these changes?</li> <li>How do cultural and societal changes impact logo design and branding strategies?</li> <li>What ethical considerations should be taken into account when designing a logo (e.g., avoiding cultural appropriation)?</li> <li>How does globalization affect branding and logo design for different cultural audiences?</li> <li>How can historical and societal changes influence the evolution of brand logos?</li> <li>What are the potential impacts of a logo on societal values and consumer behavior?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Engineering &amp; Technology</strong> <ol> <li>What safety procedures should be followed when operating a laser cutter?</li> <li>How can different laser cutter settings (power, speed, passes) affect the outcome?</li> <li>How have technological advancements influenced the process and style of logo design?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Entrepreneurship &amp; Business</strong> <ol> <li>How does a well-designed logo impact a brand’s identity and consumer perception?</li> <li>hat are some iconic logos you are aware of, and what makes them effective or memorable?</li> <li>How can a logo help in building brand recognition and loyalty?</li> <li>Why is it important for different design elements (shape, color, typography) to work together to create a cohesive brand image?</li> <li>What role do trademarks and copyright laws play in protecting brand logos?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Creativity &amp; Problem Solving</strong> <ol> <li>How did you come up with the initial idea for your logo?</li> <li>What challenges did you encounter during the design and fabrication process, and how did you overcome them?</li> <li>How did feedback from peers influence your final design?</li> <li>What creative techniques did you use to make your logo stand out?</li> <li>How can you apply the skills learned in this activity to other design projects or entrepreneurial ventures?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/" class="nav-list-link">1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.1_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.2_guide_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.1_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.1_invention%20kits/" class="nav-list-link">4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="fab-a-flower-press"> <a href="#fab-a-flower-press" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fab-a-flower-press"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fab a Flower Press </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#fab-a-flower-press" id="markdown-toc-fab-a-flower-press">Fab a Flower Press</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-ideate" id="markdown-toc-1-ideate">1. Ideate</a> <ul> <li><a href="#2-design" id="markdown-toc-2-design">2. Design</a></li> <li><a href="#2a-for-hand-drawn-designs" id="markdown-toc-2a-for-hand-drawn-designs">2a. For hand-drawn designs</a></li> <li><a href="#2b-for-entirely-digital-designs" id="markdown-toc-2b-for-entirely-digital-designs">2b. For entirely digital designs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#3-add-holes" id="markdown-toc-3-add-holes">3. Add holes</a></li> <li><a href="#4-configure-for-cutting-scoring-and-engraving" id="markdown-toc-4-configure-for-cutting-scoring-and-engraving">4. Configure for cutting, scoring, and engraving</a></li> <li><a href="#5-laser-cut-face-plates" id="markdown-toc-5-laser-cut-face-plates">5. Laser cut face plates</a> <ul> <li><a href="#51-connect-laser-cutter" id="markdown-toc-51-connect-laser-cutter">5.1 Connect laser cutter</a></li> <li><a href="#52-auto-focus" id="markdown-toc-52-auto-focus">5.2 Auto-focus</a></li> <li><a href="#53-check-framing" id="markdown-toc-53-check-framing">5.3 Check framing</a></li> <li><a href="#54-run-the-job" id="markdown-toc-54-run-the-job">5.4 Run the job</a></li> <li><a href="#55-remove-finished-pieces" id="markdown-toc-55-remove-finished-pieces">5.5 Remove finished pieces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#6-design--cut-inner-cardboard-layers" id="markdown-toc-6-design--cut-inner-cardboard-layers">6. Design &amp; cut inner cardboard layers</a> <ul> <li><a href="#61-design-inner-layers" id="markdown-toc-61-design-inner-layers">6.1 Design inner layers</a></li> <li><a href="#62-lay-out-inner-layers" id="markdown-toc-62-lay-out-inner-layers">6.2 Lay out inner layers</a></li> <li><a href="#63-laser-cut-inner-layers" id="markdown-toc-63-laser-cut-inner-layers">6.3 Laser cut inner layers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#7-assemble-your-press" id="markdown-toc-7-assemble-your-press">7. Assemble your press</a></li> <li><a href="#8-use-your-press" id="markdown-toc-8-use-your-press">8. Use your press</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Combine art and science: customize and fabricate a botanical press that can be used to preserve leaves, buds, and blossoms for crafts or dissection.</p> <p>This activity highlights the enduring appeal of flower pressing while demonstrating how digital fabrication techniques can be used to replicate or enhance age-old tools.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>For centuries, botanists and hobbyists alike have used flower presses to preserve to document plant species, create art, and preserve botanical specimens for scientific study. During the Victorian era in particular, the practice was a popular pastime with pressed flowers used in scrapbooks, cards, and framed artwork.</p> <p>Today, flower pressing continues to offer a hands-on way to explore plant anatomy, biodiversity, and ecology–or simply to capture memories.</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>(1) 3mm basswood, plywood, or acrylic - enough to accommodate two 5” x 5” cutouts (face plates)</li> <li>(1) sheet of corrugated cardboard - enough to accommodate six 4” x 4” cutouts (inner layers)</li> <li>(4) 35mm bolts</li> <li>(4-8) washers</li> <li>(4) wing nuts (or regular nuts w/ 3D printed wing nut caps)</li> <li>(10) sheets of wax paper for between cardboard - optional</li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <p>Your flower press consists of two key laser-cut parts:</p> <ul> <li>Two rigid outer face plates</li> <li>Numerous inner cardboard layers</li> </ul> <p>You can also further build upon this activity with these optional add-ons:</p> <ul> <li>Creating vinyl-cut “jars” to preserve your specimens, building your very own herbarium.</li> <li>3D-printing wing nuts to aide in easy tightening and loosening of your press.</li> </ul> <h3 id="1-ideate"> <a href="#1-ideate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-ideate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Ideate </h3> <p>Your top and bottom plate are fully customizable. They should share the same shape, be large enough to accommodate a few flowers and leaves per layer, and have room for at least three (ideally four) bolt holes spread evenly around their edges. Beyond these constraints, you can score or engrave whatever decorative elements you like!</p> <ul> <li>Consider incorporating <strong>text</strong> (typography, calligraphy, quotes, poetry, song lyrics) and <strong>graphics</strong> (botanical imagery, brand logos, images, signatures, etc.)</li> <li>Remember to design around the holes in each corner for the bolts that will hold your press together.</li> </ul> <h4 id="2-design"> <a href="#2-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Design </h4> <p>You have two options for your designs:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Option #1</strong>: You can sketch or hand-draw your design and scan it (or send a photo) into the XCS software.</li> <li><strong>Option #2</strong>: You can create your design entirely digitally.</li> </ul> <h4 id="2a-for-hand-drawn-designs"> <a href="#2a-for-hand-drawn-designs" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2a-for-hand-drawn-designs"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2a. For hand-drawn designs </h4> <ol> <li>Send Your Sketch to the Computer <ul> <li>Scan your final design or snap a quick photo from directly above it.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Cell phone cameras work fine for this! - Send the file to your computer.</li> <li>USB, email, or airdrop are all fine options.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Import image into XCS: <ul> <li>Click on “image” in the upper lefthand corner and import your design.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>This works best with an SVG, but you can use any image you want, including jpg or png.</li> <li>Note: If your image is too large, select “yes, scale to fit on canvas.” We’ll be cropping and resizing anyway.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Crop away unneeded area: <ul> <li>Click “edit image.”</li> <li>Click the “crop” icon and draw a box around the area you want to keep. You can adjust this box after you place it, so don’t worry about being too precise to start with.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Important: when you’re satisfied, <strong>click the small checkmark</strong> at the bottom of the screen. - Click “save.”</li> </ul> </li> <li>Convert to black-and-white: <ul> <li>You need to do this even if you used black marker on a white background, as there is likely to be some residual color from the scanning process.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Select “black-and-white” from the bitmap image menu.</li> <li>Adjust the sharpness as desired, and slide the “greyscale” slider all the way to the right (the maximum setting).</li> </ul> </li> <li>Trace image to get its outline: <ul> <li>Select your design. In the “bitmap image” menu, click the bottom button: “trace.”</li> <li>Adjust the sliders until you’re satisfied.</li> <li>Click “save.” (It’s usually fine to use the preset settings here.) This creates an outline of your design on a new layer.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><strong>Note: In order to see this outline, you will need to turn off visibility in the original image layer, which we will do in the next step.</strong></li> </ul> </li> <li>Ignore and hide the original image: <ul> <li>In the “layer” menu, select Layer 1. This is your original image.</li> <li>Under the “object setting” menu, click “ignore.”</li> <li>Turn off visibility for Layer 1. You should only see your traced outline remaining.</li> <li>(Note: you could just delete this image or the layer it’s on instead of hiding it, but you will not be able to go back and edit it later if desired.)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Resize object(s): <ul> <li>Select all elements of your design and resize by entering a value in millimeters into the “size” box. You can adjust the width (W) or height (H).</li> <li>Note: by default, the width-to-height ratio will be locked to prevent distortions; click the padlock icon to unlock this if needed.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Add a bounding box if needed: <ul> <li>If your original sketch didn’t include an outer bounding box (the overall shape of your face plates), you should add one now.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><strong>Option 1</strong>: Use a simple geometric shape from the shape library.</li> <li><strong>Option 2</strong>: Draw your own outline using vector lines.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="2b-for-entirely-digital-designs"> <a href="#2b-for-entirely-digital-designs" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2b-for-entirely-digital-designs"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2b. For entirely digital designs </h4> <ol> <li>You may want to start with your bounding box and then add decorative elements from the XCS shape library or from online.</li> <li>Consider using the design tools to your advantage: <ul> <li><strong>Outline</strong>: Select your desired offset in millimeters. A positive number will give an outline larger than the original object. A negative number will give an outline smaller than the original object.</li> <li><strong>Array</strong>: Create a gridded or circular pattern of an object.</li> <li><strong>Group</strong>: Combine multiple objects or design elements to easily move or resize them all at once.</li> <li><strong>Align</strong>: Control the positions of objects relative to one another. Useful for centering things.</li> <li><strong>Combine</strong>: Unite or subtract objects to create a visually layered effect.</li> <li><strong>Reflect</strong>: Flip an object horizontally or vertically.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="3-add-holes"> <a href="#3-add-holes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-add-holes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Add holes </h3> <p>Don’t forget to add the holes for your bolts! These should be evenly spaced around the perimeter of your face plate to apply even pressure to your botanicals.</p> <ol> <li>Using the “shapes” menu, select a circle.</li> <li>Resize this circle to the appropriate diameter for your bolts. (<em>Note: make sure it is slightly larger than the bolt itself–you want a tiny bit of wiggle room so its easy to insert them through multiple layers.</em>)</li> <li>Position this where you would like one of your holes; this should be somewhere where it will not impede your ability to lay out your botanicals. (Ideally, in a corner).</li> <li>Copy and paste this circle several times, moving each new hole to an appropriate location. <ul> <li>You may wish to consider using the “array” function to achieve perfect spacing if your design is a regular, symmetrical shape.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Select the outer perimeter and all holes, and navigate to “combine” &gt; “subtract.”</li> </ol> <h3 id="4-configure-for-cutting-scoring-and-engraving"> <a href="#4-configure-for-cutting-scoring-and-engraving" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-configure-for-cutting-scoring-and-engraving"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Configure for cutting, scoring, and engraving </h3> <p>Some of your design elements will likely be engraved (fully rastered), while others may be scored (outlined). The outer edge and holes will need to be cut.</p> <ol> <li>Select your material type from the main menu. (We recommend using 3mm plywood for flower presses.)</li> <li>Select the <strong>outline</strong> and <strong>holes</strong> for your face plate. In the object setting menu, select “cut” as your processing type.</li> <li>Select all elements to be engraved. In the object setting menu, select “engrave.” (Everything that appears black will be engraved; everything white will stay raised.)</li> <li>Select all elements to be scored (outlined). In the object setting menu, select “score.” <ul> <li><strong>Note: You may wish to place each of these categories onto a separate layer for easy reference. With the objects selected, click “move to” and choose a new color. This will move those objects to that layer.</strong></li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="5-laser-cut-face-plates"> <a href="#5-laser-cut-face-plates" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-laser-cut-face-plates"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Laser cut face plates </h3> <h4 id="51-connect-laser-cutter"> <a href="#51-connect-laser-cutter" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="51-connect-laser-cutter"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.1 Connect laser cutter </h4> <ol> <li>Turn on the laser cutter and connect it to the computer via USB.</li> <li>Click “connect device” and select the appropriate machine.</li> <li>Load stock material: <ul> <li>Open laser cutter lid and place stock onto honeycomb.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head over center of stock.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="52-auto-focus"> <a href="#52-auto-focus" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="52-auto-focus"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.2 Auto-focus </h4> <ol> <li>Click auto-focus button (this looks like a crosshair symbol next to the distance box).</li> <li>Wait for machine to focus.</li> <li>Open lid.</li> <li>Manually drag laser head to desired position on stock. The red cross will act as a reference point, also appearing in the XCS software.</li> </ol> <h4 id="53-check-framing"> <a href="#53-check-framing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="53-check-framing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.3 Check framing </h4> <ol> <li>In XCS software, position your design files as desired relative to the red cross.</li> <li>Select “framing.” When instructed, press the button on the machine. (This can be done with the machine lid open - there is no laser running during framing.) The laser head will move to map the outer perimeter of the design’s processing area. If this does not fit on the stock or overlaps a previous cut, manually adjust the stock or digitally adjust the design’s position.</li> </ol> <h4 id="54-run-the-job"> <a href="#54-run-the-job" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="54-run-the-job"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.4 Run the job </h4> <ul> <li>Click “process” in XCS, followed by the button on the machine when instructed to do so.</li> <li><strong>Important: Never leave the machine unattended while it is running!</strong></li> </ul> <h4 id="55-remove-finished-pieces"> <a href="#55-remove-finished-pieces" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="55-remove-finished-pieces"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5.5 Remove finished pieces </h4> <ol> <li>Gently check to make sure all pieces cut through. If they haven’t quite released, you can close the lid and run another cut pass. (Toggle the layer with the engraved design to “ignore” first.)</li> <li>Remove workpieces and scrap stock from machine bed.</li> <li>Close lid.</li> </ol> <h3 id="6-design--cut-inner-cardboard-layers"> <a href="#6-design--cut-inner-cardboard-layers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-design--cut-inner-cardboard-layers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Design &amp; cut inner cardboard layers </h3> <p>The inner layers of your press are made of compressible cardboard that will gently squeeze flowers flat.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Option #1</strong>: These layers can be sized and shaped identically to your press, in which case they will thread over your bolts and need to be removed one at a time.</li> <li><strong>Option #2</strong>: These layers can be slightly smaller than your press, with narrow margins around the bolt holes.</li> </ul> <p>Either option is fine!</p> <h4 id="61-design-inner-layers"> <a href="#61-design-inner-layers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="61-design-inner-layers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.1 Design inner layers </h4> <ol> <li>If your inner layers will perfectly match your face plates, simply toggle any decorative elements (engravings &amp; score lines) to “ignore” in the output settings.</li> <li>If you wish to create smaller inner layers, you can select a new shape from the library, draw your own, or use the “outline” function an enter a negative number for “offset distance”. <ul> <li>Make sure your inner layers don’t interfere or overlap with the bolt holes in your face plates.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="62-lay-out-inner-layers"> <a href="#62-lay-out-inner-layers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="62-lay-out-inner-layers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.2 Lay out inner layers </h4> <ol> <li>Copy &amp; paste or use the pattern function to lay out an array of this inner layer shape on your raw material.</li> </ol> <h4 id="63-laser-cut-inner-layers"> <a href="#63-laser-cut-inner-layers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="63-laser-cut-inner-layers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.3 Laser cut inner layers </h4> <ol> <li>Make sure to switch your material to “3.5mm corrugated paper.”</li> <li>Follow the same instructions as above to re-focus the machine and run the job.</li> </ol> <h3 id="7-assemble-your-press"> <a href="#7-assemble-your-press" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-assemble-your-press"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. Assemble your press </h3> <p>Assemble your flower press by stacking all its layers together on top of your bolts.</p> <ol> <li>Thread a washer onto each bolt.</li> <li>Thread the bolts upward through the holes in the bottom face plate.</li> <li>Add your cardboard inner layers on top of the bottom plate.</li> <li>Finish by threading the top plate onto the bolts.</li> <li>Screw wingnuts onto each bolt and tighten against the face plate, applying even pressure across the press.</li> </ol> <h3 id="8-use-your-press"> <a href="#8-use-your-press" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="8-use-your-press"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8. Use your press </h3> <p>Follow the one-in-twenty rule: if there are 20 of a specific flower in bloom, it’s generally okay to take one—if it’s a species that’s not endangered or protected.</p> <ol> <li>Arrange your flowers or foliage, ensuring they are spaced evenly and not overlapping. <ul> <li>Multiple specimens can be pressed at once if they’re of similar thickness.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Add another layer of paper on top of the flowers, followed by another layer of cardboard. You can repeat this process until all of your flowers are sandwiched between layers, or you near the end of your bolts.</li> <li>Once your flowers are arranged, tighten the bolts (or velcro straps, or secure the rubber bands in place) on the flower press to apply even pressure across the face plates.</li> <li>Let the flowers dry for approximately two weeks. (Exact drying time will depend on the thickness of the specimens, the ambient temperature and humidity, and your desired level of drying.)</li> <li>After two weeks, remove the wing nuts, washers and top plate. Then remove your cardboard and paper, layer by layer, to reveal the pressed botanicals between them. Use tweezers to remove these.</li> </ol> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-flower-press"> <a href="#faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-flower-press" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-flower-press"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Flower Press </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of Contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-flower-press" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-fabricate-a-flower-press">Faciltator Guide: Fabricate a Flower Press</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-customize-a-flower-press" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-customize-a-flower-press">1. Exposure: Customize a Flower Press</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-add-3d-print-jumbo-wing-nuts" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-add-3d-print-jumbo-wing-nuts">2. Exploration: Add 3D-Print Jumbo Wing Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-add-vinyl-cut-specimen-jars" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-add-vinyl-cut-specimen-jars">3. Deep Dive: Add Vinyl Cut “Specimen Jars”</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-build-an-herbarium" id="markdown-toc-extension-build-an-herbarium">Extension: Build an Herbarium</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#disciplinary-core-ideas" id="markdown-toc-disciplinary-core-ideas">Disciplinary Core Ideas:</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-batch-processing" id="markdown-toc-2-batch-processing">2. Batch processing</a></li> <li><a href="#3-time-savers" id="markdown-toc-3-time-savers">3. Time-savers</a></li> <li><a href="#4-adjustments" id="markdown-toc-4-adjustments">4. Adjustments</a></li> <li><a href="#5-material-considerations" id="markdown-toc-5-material-considerations">5. Material considerations</a></li> <li><a href="#6-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-6-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">6. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> <li><a href="#7-best-practices-for-collecting-botanicals" id="markdown-toc-7-best-practices-for-collecting-botanicals">7. Best practices for collecting botanicals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#extensions" id="markdown-toc-extensions">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>In this activity, learners will use digital fabrication tools to make an analog tool of their own: a botanical press that can be used to preserve leaves, buds, and blossoms.</p> <p>Presses consist of two wooden face plates with layers of cardboard sandwiched between them, held together using wing nuts and bolts. Their outer shapes and engraved details are fully customizable.</p> <p>This activity offers an introduction to 2D design, laser cutting, and laser engraving for both plywood and cardboard, along with assembling a system.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>For centuries, botanists and hobbyists alike have used flower presses to preserve to document plant species, create art, and preserve botanical specimens for scientific study. During the Victorian era in particular, the practice was a popular pastime with pressed flowers used in scrapbooks, cards, and framed artwork.</p> <p>Today, flower pressing continues to offer a hands-on way to explore plant anatomy, biodiversity, and ecology–or simply to capture memories.</p> <p>Pressed botanicals can be used for dissection or in artwork and crafts.</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-customize-a-flower-press"> <a href="#1-exposure-customize-a-flower-press" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-customize-a-flower-press"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Customize a Flower Press </h3> <p>Digitally design parts for a custom flower press, including both engraved wooden face plates and inner cardboard layers.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces XCS software and digital design. <ul> <li>Design constraints can be introduced to limit learners to decorating a templated square faceplate with engraved details (simplest option), or kept more open-ended for learners to fully custom the shapes of their face plates (more in-depth). <ul> <li>Design and format engraved details.</li> <li>Design and format wooden face plates.</li> <li>Design and format interior cardboard layers.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Designs can be <strong>hand-drawn</strong> and digitally optimized, or designed <strong>entirely digitally</strong> based on your preference.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: art, design, biology, natural history, environmental science <ul> <li>Picture book tie-in: <em>Hector the Collector</em></li> <li>Create an herbarium.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-add-3d-print-jumbo-wing-nuts"> <a href="#2-exploration-add-3d-print-jumbo-wing-nuts" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-add-3d-print-jumbo-wing-nuts"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Add 3D-Print Jumbo Wing Nuts </h3> <p>Fabricate your press as normal, and then design 3D-printed, press-fit caps to upgrade off-the-shelf nuts into jumbo wing nuts.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces design for 3D printing (modeling a real-world object; using one model to “cut” another).</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: art, design, biology, natural history, engineering, environmental science <ul> <li>Discuss creative problem-solving</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-add-vinyl-cut-specimen-jars"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-add-vinyl-cut-specimen-jars" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-add-vinyl-cut-specimen-jars"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Add Vinyl Cut “Specimen Jars” </h3> <p>Design and vinyl cut clear “specimen jars,” ornaments, or other artistic creations to show off pressed botanicals.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces vinyl cutting.</li> <li>Can make ornaments, bookmarks, jewelry, suncatchers, greeting cards, and more.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: art, design, biology, natural history, environmental science <ul> <li>Picture book tie-in: <em>Hector the Collector</em></li> <li>Create an herbarium.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-build-an-herbarium"> <a href="#extension-build-an-herbarium" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-build-an-herbarium"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Build an Herbarium </h3> <ul> <li>A multi-week or season-long unit that asks learners to collect various stages and varieties of botanicals in their localities and stage them for presentation. <ul> <li>Specimens should be labeled, with short descriptions of their characteristics, where they were found, and when.</li> <li>Learners should identify whether specimens are native, non-native, or invasive species and research their traditional, historical, and/or cultural uses (if any).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>(1/3) sheet of 3mm basswood, plywood, or acrylic - enough to accommodate two 5” x 5” cutouts (face plates)</li> <li>(1) sheet of corrugated cardboard - enough to accommodate six 4” x 4” cutouts (inner layers)</li> <li>(4) 35mm bolts</li> <li>(4-8) washers</li> <li>(4) wing nuts (or regular nuts w/ 3D printed wing nut caps)</li> <li>(10) sheets of paper for inner layers (can be newspaper / 2x inner layers + 2)</li> <li>Extensions: <ul> <li>Vinyl cut preservations jars: clear vinyl (must be clear!)</li> <li>Winged nut caps: 3D printer filament in a color of your choice</li> </ul> </li> <li>Optional modifications: instead of bolts and wing nuts, you can use velcro straps or rubber bands to compress the two outer faces of the press.</li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li> <h2 id="disciplinary-core-ideas"> <a href="#disciplinary-core-ideas" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="disciplinary-core-ideas"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Disciplinary Core Ideas: </h2> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Explore the integration of art and science.</li> <li>Exercise design thinking to brainstorm, plan, and execute a design that reflects their personal interests or aesthetic preferences.</li> <li>Understand the scientific basis and historical context of botanical preservation.</li> <li>Define and understand the importance of invasive versus native species.</li> <li>Explain ecological concepts / demonstrate an understanding of plants’ roles in our ecosystem and their significance to environmental science / our food chain.</li> <li>Translate a concept into a digital design suitable for fabrication technologies.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Translate an idea into 2D design for engraving.</li> <li>Translate a 2D design into a digital file.</li> <li>Prepare a file for the laser cutter.</li> <li>Use the laser cutter to cut and engrave.</li> <li>(Optional) Design in 3D and 3D print a file.</li> <li>(Optional) Format files for vinyl cutting &amp; use the vinyl cutter.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>Learners can work alone or in groups of 2-3.</li> <li>Pre-sort materials (nuts, bolts, washers) into kits for each learner or table. <ul> <li> <ul> <li>For one-off workshops or younger learners, consider pre-printing jumbo wing nut caps and adding them to the kits. They are easier for little fingers to manipulate.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>If learners will be hand-drawing their decorative designs, print or design a worksheet for each of them. Ask them to constrain their designs to the dedicated template boxes provided. These show the real size of the finished face plates and the placement of the bolt holes.</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-batch-processing"> <a href="#2-batch-processing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-batch-processing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Batch processing </h3> <ul> <li>Designs can be cut multiple at a time (3 learners’ sets / 6 frames)instead of one by one.</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-time-savers"> <a href="#3-time-savers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-time-savers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Time-savers </h3> <ul> <li>If constraining all learners to the same size/shape face plates, you can <strong>pre-cut and distribute the cardboard inner layers</strong> and have them design and cut only the plates themselves.</li> <li>If constraining the size and shape of the face plates, you can also <strong>pre-cut and distribute the bottom plates</strong> and have learners customize only their top plates. <ul> <li>This also allows for easy branding of bottom plates if in a workshop setting.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="4-adjustments"> <a href="#4-adjustments" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-adjustments"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Adjustments </h3> <ul> <li>For young learners or those with disabilities affecting their fine motor skills, consider swapping out the nuts and bolts for rubber bands or velcro straps. <ul> <li>Indents can be laser cut into the sides of the face plates to keep these aligned.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="5-material-considerations"> <a href="#5-material-considerations" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-material-considerations"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Material considerations </h3> <ul> <li>Acrylic can also be used for face plates if desired.</li> <li>Inner layers should be corrugated (compressible) cardboard.</li> </ul> <h3 id="6-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#6-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>Remember you will need a minimum of three holes placed around the perimeter of your face plates, roughly equidistant from one another in order to provide even pressure when the press is screwed shut. <ul> <li>Add these first so you don’t risk interfering with your engraving designs later.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="7-best-practices-for-collecting-botanicals"> <a href="#7-best-practices-for-collecting-botanicals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-best-practices-for-collecting-botanicals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. Best practices for collecting botanicals </h3> <ul> <li>Follow the one-in-twenty rule: if there are 20 of a specific flower in bloom, it’s generally okay to take one—if it’s a species that’s not endangered or protected.</li> <li>Science tip: Keep your press somewhere cool to speed up drying and help preserve color.</li> </ul> <h2 id="extensions"> <a href="#extensions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extensions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extensions </h2> <ol> <li><strong>Make an herbarium</strong>: Natural history museums catalog different species of flora in collections called herbariums. To create your own herbarium of local native or invasive flora, mount dried flora to cardboard or sheets of cardstock. Traditionally, these would have been sewn in place. <ul> <li>Arrange specimens as naturally as possible (in a way similar to how they might be found in nature)</li> <li>Show both sides of the leaves; characteristic coloring or markings might only be identifiable on one side. (For things with fronds, bend one backward.)</li> <li>Add minimalistic identifying information: the plant’s scientific name, the date it was collected, and where it was found.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Montessori</strong>: Take learners on a nature walk and ask them to identify and pick local flora. Give them a limit on the number they can choose, and emphasize the importance of leaving sensitive or endangered species untouched. (Review these together before setting out.)</li> <li><strong>Science</strong>: Can start the lesson with a dissection. Fold the front petals of a flower down before pressing it to expose the pistils and stamen hiding in its center. Once it’s dry, use glue or pins to mount it to cardboard and create an anatomical diagram labeling its parts.</li> <li><strong>History &amp; social studies</strong>: Discuss how indigenous peoples used dried plants for medicinal purposes and to create colorful dyes.</li> <li><strong>Art</strong>: Glue your pressed botanicals down to make a collage-style self-portrait.</li> </ol> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>General</strong>: <ol> <li>Why do scientists collect objects from nature?</li> <li>What could we learn from a plant collection?</li> <li>What information should botanists include on an herbarium label? Why?</li> <li>If you were to start a natural history collection, what would you collect? Why?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Art &amp; Design</strong>: <ol> <li>How could/did you incorporate artistic elements into the design of your botanical press?</li> <li>What are some creative ways to display your pressed botanicals once they are preserved?</li> <li>How can pressed botanicals be used in different forms of artwork?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>History &amp; Social Studies</strong>: <ol> <li>How has the practice of botanical preservation evolved over time?</li> <li>In what ways did historical botanists contribute to our understanding of plant species?</li> <li>How can preserving plants help in understanding the historical and cultural significance of different species?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Science (biology, environmental science)</strong>: <ol> <li>What are the differences between native and invasive plant species, and why is it important to understand these differences?</li> <li>How does pressing flowers and leaves help in studying plant biology?</li> <li>What role do plants play in our ecosystem, and why is it important to preserve them?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Creativity &amp; Problem Solving</strong>: <ol> <li>What challenges did you encounter during the design and fabrication process, and how did you overcome them?</li> <li>What creative techniques or tools did you use to when designing your press, or when using specimens from it?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Vinyl-Cut Stickers Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/1.2_guide_stickers/" class="nav-list-link">1. Vinyl-Cut Stickers Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.1_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2. Paper Pop-Ups Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/2.2_guide_popups/" class="nav-list-link">2 Paper Pop-Ups Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.1_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/3.2_guide_pinwheels/" class="nav-list-link">3. Pinwheels Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.1_invention%20kits/" class="nav-list-link">4. Cardboard Invention Kits Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/4.2_guide_invention_kits/" class="nav-list-link">4 Cardboard Invention Kits Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.1_digitally_designed_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5a. Laser Cut Rubber Stamps (Digitally Designed) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.2_hand_drawn_stamp/" class="nav-list-link">5b. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps (Hand-Drawn) Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/5.3_guide_stamps/" class="nav-list-link">5. Laser-Cut Rubber Stamps Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.1_flower_press/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Press Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/6.2_guide_flower_presses/" class="nav-list-link">6. Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 class="no_toc" id="3d-print-a-spinning-top"> <a href="#3d-print-a-spinning-top" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3d-print-a-spinning-top"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3D Print a Spinning Top </h1> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a> <ul> <li><a href="#forces-forces-everywhere" id="markdown-toc-forces-forces-everywhere">Forces, forces everywhere!</a></li> <li><a href="#in-the-real-world" id="markdown-toc-in-the-real-world">In the Real World</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-ideate" id="markdown-toc-1-ideate">1. Ideate</a> <ul> <li><a href="#11-sketch-some-ideas-in-three-dimensions" id="markdown-toc-11-sketch-some-ideas-in-three-dimensions">1.1 Sketch some ideas in three dimensions</a></li> <li><a href="#12-translate-your-designs-into-profiles" id="markdown-toc-12-translate-your-designs-into-profiles">1.2 Translate your designs into profiles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#2-design" id="markdown-toc-2-design">2. Design</a> <ul> <li><a href="#21-draw-your-tops-profile" id="markdown-toc-21-draw-your-tops-profile">2.1 Draw your top’s profile</a></li> <li><a href="#22-revolve-around-the-z-axis" id="markdown-toc-22-revolve-around-the-z-axis">2.2 Revolve around the z-axis</a></li> <li><a href="#23-save-your-file" id="markdown-toc-23-save-your-file">2.3 Save your file</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#3-prepare--slice-files" id="markdown-toc-3-prepare--slice-files">3. Prepare &amp; slice files</a></li> <li><a href="#4-launch-print" id="markdown-toc-4-launch-print">4. Launch print</a></li> <li><a href="#5-retrieve-finished-tops" id="markdown-toc-5-retrieve-finished-tops">5. Retrieve finished tops</a></li> <li><a href="#6-give-em-a-spin" id="markdown-toc-6-give-em-a-spin">6. Give ‘em a spin!</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Give engineering a spin: experiment with physics while designing and fabricating a custom spinning top!</p> <p>Get hands-on with energy, force, and momentum.</p> <p>How long can your top spin before falling?</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>As long as it’s spinning, a top can remain upright and stable–but eventually, it will begin to wobble and shake. As it slows, it will eventually fall.</p> <p>This is due to a delicate balance of forces: <strong>angular momentum</strong> works to keep a top spinning, while <strong>gravity</strong> and <strong>friction</strong> work to destabilize it.</p> <h4 id="forces-forces-everywhere"> <a href="#forces-forces-everywhere" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="forces-forces-everywhere"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Forces, forces everywhere! </h4> <p>Several key physics concepts affecting a top’s performance:</p> <p>At the most basic level, tops convert <strong>linear motion</strong> (<em>movement along a straight line</em>) into <strong>rotational motion</strong> (<em>movement around an axis</em>).</p> <ul> <li><strong>Rotational motion</strong>: An object’s movement around a central axis. In this case: the top’s spinning motion around its central spindle.</li> <li><strong>Angular Momentum</strong>: The rotational motion of an object around a fixed axis. In this context, it refers to the measure of the top’s tendency to continue rotating about its central axis.</li> <li><strong>Gravity</strong>: A downward force pulling objects toward the ground. If a top spins quickly enough, it can generate enough angular momentum to counteract gravity’s force and remain upright.</li> <li><strong>Friction</strong>: The resistance one objects experiences when rubbing over or against another. Tops experience friction between their points and the surfaces upon which they spin.</li> <li><strong>Precession</strong>: A phenomenon where the axis of rotation of a spinning object gradually changes direction in response to an external torque. In the case of a spinning top, precession occurs as a result of gravity. This causes the top to “wobble” slightly as it spins and slows, eventually throwing it off balance.</li> </ul> <h4 id="in-the-real-world"> <a href="#in-the-real-world" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="in-the-real-world"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> In the Real World </h4> <p>From engines to whirlpools, spinning is ubiquitous in the real world. Let’s look at two examples:</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Figure Skating</strong>: When a figure skater performs a spin, they draw their arms close to their chest to increase their rotational speed, much like how a spinning top’s angular momentum increases when you give it a quick twist. By pulling their arms in, the skater reduces their moment of inertia, which is a measure of how mass is distributed around an axis of rotation. This reduction in moment of inertia allows them to spin faster while conserving angular momentum, just like how a spinning top maintains its rotation despite external forces.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>The International Space Station (ISS)</strong>: The ISS, like a spinning top, utilizes the principles of angular momentum to maintain its orientation and stability in space. Much like how a spinning top experiences precession due to external forces, the ISS occasionally experiences outside gravitational forces, (as well as interference from solar radiation pressure and atmospheric drag), and requires adjustments to its orientation to counteract.</p> </li> </ul> <p>In both figure skating and space, <strong>conservation of angular momentum</strong> plays a crucial role in helping achieve and maintain a powerful spin. By manipulating their moments of inertia and making precise adjustments, individuals and spacecraft alike can maintain stability in their respective environments.</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Computer with CAD software</li> <li>3D printer</li> <li>PLA filament in a color of your choice</li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <h3 id="1-ideate"> <a href="#1-ideate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-ideate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Ideate </h3> <h4 id="11-sketch-some-ideas-in-three-dimensions"> <a href="#11-sketch-some-ideas-in-three-dimensions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="11-sketch-some-ideas-in-three-dimensions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.1 Sketch some ideas in three dimensions </h4> <ol> <li>Label the <strong>features</strong> you think will help your top perform well (brim width, spindle length, etc.)</li> <li>Label approximate <strong>dimensions</strong> for each of these features.</li> </ol> <h4 id="12-translate-your-designs-into-profiles"> <a href="#12-translate-your-designs-into-profiles" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="12-translate-your-designs-into-profiles"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.2 Translate your designs into profiles </h4> <ol> <li>First, draw a dotted line to represent your z-axis.</li> <li>Then, sketch a single line representing the half-profile view of your design. - You may find it easier to draw the whole silhouette rather than just half. That’s fine! Just make sure it doesn’t intersect with the dotted axis line more than twice: once at the top and once at the bottom. Anything more than that will create multiple bodies.</li> <li>Pay attention to the shape of your spindle’s <strong>bottom point</strong>. - If your point is too sharp, it may be difficult for the top to balance with any stability; if it’s too flat, it may create too much friction against the surface. Small, slightly rounded points work best.</li> <li>Consider making your design <strong>hollow</strong>. - This keeps the mass toward the outer walls, increasing angular momentum to help your top spin longer.</li> </ol> <h3 id="2-design"> <a href="#2-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Design </h3> <p>You can use any CAD or 3D design software you like for these steps. While specifics will depend on which software you choose, the steps outlined below offer a high-level overview of the design process.</p> <h4 id="21-draw-your-tops-profile"> <a href="#21-draw-your-tops-profile" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="21-draw-your-tops-profile"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.1 Draw your top’s profile </h4> <ol> <li>Create a new front-view sketch.</li> <li>Using the line or spline tools, sketch the shape of the half-profile your top, using the z-axis as your center line. Don’t close the sketch; leave the z-axis open.</li> <li>To create a nicely rounded point at the bottom of your spindle, you may want to consider adding a tiny circle using the “circle” tool in CAD, and erasing any extra line segments. <ul> <li>It can be tricky getting the placement right; make sure the center of your circle lands on the z-axis.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="22-revolve-around-the-z-axis"> <a href="#22-revolve-around-the-z-axis" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="22-revolve-around-the-z-axis"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.2 Revolve around the z-axis </h4> <ol> <li>Select the “revolve” tool in your CAD software.</li> <li>Select the profile line you just drew as your tool, and the z-axis as your axis. Click okay. This should have created a three-dimensional version of your drawing! Congratulations; you’ve just designed a top!</li> </ol> <h4 id="23-save-your-file"> <a href="#23-save-your-file" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="23-save-your-file"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.3 Save your file </h4> <ol> <li>Save your finished top as a .stl file. <ul> <li>This is the file format most commonly used for 3D printing. Often referred to as a “mesh,” it is an intricate three-dimensional web made up of thousands upon thousands of tiny triangles. (<em>STL stands for stereolithography, but you can think of it as “standard triangle language” or “standard tessellation language” instead.</em>)</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="3-prepare--slice-files"> <a href="#3-prepare--slice-files" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-prepare--slice-files"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Prepare &amp; slice files </h3> <ol> <li>Open your slicing software: Bambu Studio <ul> <li><em>Note: Slicing softwares, often called “slicers,” are used to prepare .stl files for 3D printing. They offer tools and workflows to help you lay out multiple bodies on a single print bed, add supports, and more.</em></li> </ul> </li> <li>Import your design into the slicer: drag and drop!</li> <li>Select the type of printer you’re using (P1S).</li> <li>Select the bed type.</li> <li>Select the filament type being used (PLA).</li> <li>Select the slicing settings.</li> <li>Click “slice.” This will create a .3mf file and take you to a preview window that shows you what your finished design looks. Your dice is now ready to print!</li> </ol> <h3 id="4-launch-print"> <a href="#4-launch-print" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-launch-print"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Launch print </h3> <p>You have two options to launch your print: 1) send it wirelessly, or 2) us an SD card.</p> <ol> <li>Load filament (skip this step if already loaded): <ul> <li>Hang filament spool on holder on back of machine so that filament unwinds clockwise.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Insert filament into the PTFE tupe on the top back side of the machine.</li> <li>On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → – → bed heat, and head the nozzle to the recommended temperature for the filament (for PLA).</li> <li>Wait for the nozzle to heat up.</li> <li>On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → E → downward arrow several times until the filament comes out of the nozzle.</li> <li>Load file: Select the file icon and select your file to start the print. <ul> <li>Note: The printer will likely run an automatic leveling check before printing. This usually takes a few minutes.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="5-retrieve-finished-tops"> <a href="#5-retrieve-finished-tops" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-retrieve-finished-tops"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Retrieve finished tops </h3> <p>Once the printer is done, pop your dice off the bed.</p> <ul> <li>If they seem stuck, you can either: using a soft prying tool (a 3D printed one works well!), or remove the magnetic bed entirely and gently flex it to help the objects release.</li> </ul> <h3 id="6-give-em-a-spin"> <a href="#6-give-em-a-spin" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-give-em-a-spin"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Give ‘em a spin! </h3> <p>Give your finished tops a test spin! You may have more luck spinning them just a few millimeters above your test surface and dropping them.</p> <ul> <li>Try them out on different surfaces. How do different textures affect their performance? Why?</li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="faciltator-guide-3d-print-a-spinning-top"> <a href="#faciltator-guide-3d-print-a-spinning-top" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="faciltator-guide-3d-print-a-spinning-top"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Faciltator Guide: 3D Print a Spinning Top </h1> <p>By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-3d-print-a-spinning-top" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-3d-print-a-spinning-top">Faciltator Guide: 3D Print a Spinning Top</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a> <ul> <li><a href="#forces-forces-everywhere" id="markdown-toc-forces-forces-everywhere">Forces, forces everywhere!</a></li> <li><a href="#in-the-real-world" id="markdown-toc-in-the-real-world">In the Real World</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-single-piece-revolved-tops" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-single-piece-revolved-tops">1. Exposure: Single-Piece Revolved Tops</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-multi-piece-stackable-tops" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-multi-piece-stackable-tops">2. Exploration: Multi-Piece Stackable Tops</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-mechanically-launchable-or-asymmetrical-tops" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-mechanically-launchable-or-asymmetrical-tops">3. Deep Dive: Mechanically Launchable or Asymmetrical Tops</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-optical-illusions" id="markdown-toc-extension-optical-illusions">Extension: Optical Illusions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-batch-processing" id="markdown-toc-2-batch-processing">2. Batch processing</a></li> <li><a href="#3-time-savers" id="markdown-toc-3-time-savers">3. Time-savers</a></li> <li><a href="#4-material-considerations" id="markdown-toc-4-material-considerations">4. Material considerations</a></li> <li><a href="#5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">5. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#extension-ideas" id="markdown-toc-extension-ideas">Extension ideas</a></li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Learners will experiment with physics while designing and fabricating custom spinning tops!</p> <p>This activity introduces the “extrude” and/or “revolve” commands in CAD software as well as how to use a slicer to prep files for 3D printing. It also offers a hands-on way to explore the topics of energy, Forces, and momentum while practicing iterative design in digital fabrication.</p> <p>Learners will be challenged to design tops that can spin as long as possible, requiring careful engineering to achieve a balance of speed and stability.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>As long as it’s spinning, a top can remain upright and stable–but eventually, it will begin to wobble and shake. As it slows, it will eventually fall.</p> <p>This is due to a delicate balance of forces: <strong>angular momentum</strong> works to keep a top spinning, while <strong>gravity</strong> and <strong>friction</strong> work to destabilize it.</p> <h4 id="forces-forces-everywhere"> <a href="#forces-forces-everywhere" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="forces-forces-everywhere"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Forces, forces everywhere! </h4> <p>Several key physics concepts affecting a top’s performance:</p> <p>At the most basic level, tops convert <strong>linear motion</strong> (<em>movement along a straight line</em>) into <strong>rotational motion</strong> (<em>movement around an axis</em>).</p> <ul> <li><strong>Rotational motion</strong>: An object’s movement around a central axis. In this case: the top’s spinning motion around its central spindle.</li> <li><strong>Angular Momentum</strong>: The rotational motion of an object around a fixed axis. In this context, it refers to the measure of the top’s tendency to continue rotating about its central axis.</li> <li><strong>Gravity</strong>: A downward force pulling objects toward the ground. If a top spins quickly enough, it can generate enough angular momentum to counteract gravity’s force and remain upright.</li> <li><strong>Friction</strong>: The resistance one objects experiences when rubbing over or against another. Tops experience friction between their points and the surfaces upon which they spin.</li> <li><strong>Precession</strong>: A phenomenon where the axis of rotation of a spinning object gradually changes direction in response to an external torque. In the case of a spinning top, precession occurs as a result of gravity. This causes the top to “wobble” slightly as it spins and slows, eventually throwing it off balance.</li> </ul> <h4 id="in-the-real-world"> <a href="#in-the-real-world" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="in-the-real-world"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> In the Real World </h4> <p>From engines to whirlpools, spinning is ubiquitous in the real world. Let’s look at two examples:</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Figure Skating</strong>: When a figure skater performs a spin, they draw their arms close to their chest to increase their rotational speed, much like how a spinning top’s angular momentum increases when you give it a quick twist. By pulling their arms in, the skater reduces their moment of inertia, which is a measure of how mass is distributed around an axis of rotation. This reduction in moment of inertia allows them to spin faster while conserving angular momentum, just like how a spinning top maintains its rotation despite external forces.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>The International Space Station (ISS)</strong>: The ISS, like a spinning top, utilizes the principles of angular momentum to maintain its orientation and stability in space. Much like how a spinning top experiences precession due to external forces, the ISS occasionally experiences outside gravitational forces, (as well as interference from solar radiation pressure and atmospheric drag), and requires adjustments to its orientation to counteract.</p> </li> </ul> <p>In both figure skating and space, <strong>conservation of angular momentum</strong> plays a crucial role in helping achieve and maintain a powerful spin. By manipulating their moments of inertia and making precise adjustments, individuals and spacecraft alike can maintain stability in their respective environments.</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-single-piece-revolved-tops"> <a href="#1-exposure-single-piece-revolved-tops" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-single-piece-revolved-tops"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Single-Piece Revolved Tops </h3> <p>Design, slice, and 3D print single-piece tops using the “revolve” command in CAD.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces the “revolve” command.</li> <li>Optional focus on hollow designs.</li> <li>Single print per learner (batch printing is an option).</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, math <ul> <li>Forces, angular momentum, geometry of spindle point.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-multi-piece-stackable-tops"> <a href="#2-exploration-multi-piece-stackable-tops" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-multi-piece-stackable-tops"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Multi-Piece Stackable Tops </h3> <p>Design and fabricate multi-piece tops with disks that stack interchangeably onto a spindle to facilitate iterative experimentation.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces multi-piece design for iterative testing. <ul> <li>Square spindles with tiny support platforms and removable, stackable layers.</li> <li>All components within each learner’s set can be 3D printed at once (batch printing for multiple students at once is an option) while still allowing them to test out multiple designs via manual reconfiguration.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, math <ul> <li>Forces, angular momentum, geometry of spindle point.</li> <li>Investigation of how different arrangements of the same layers can change the distribution of mass around a rotational axis to affect the center of gravity.</li> <li>Can run, document, and graph the results from experiments with different designs while still only running one set of prints per learner.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-mechanically-launchable-or-asymmetrical-tops"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-mechanically-launchable-or-asymmetrical-tops" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-mechanically-launchable-or-asymmetrical-tops"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Mechanically Launchable or Asymmetrical Tops </h3> <p>Design fabricate tops that can be launched like BeyBlades <em>-or-</em> asymmetrical tops that are still able to find their balance.</p> <ul> <li>More complex CAD design work.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: engineering, math <ul> <li>Forces, angular momentum, geometry of spindle point</li> <li>Symmetry</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-optical-illusions"> <a href="#extension-optical-illusions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-optical-illusions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Optical Illusions </h3> <ul> <li>Learners can add hand-drawn or vinyl-cut decorative elements to the tops of their tops to investigate optical illusions as they spin. <ul> <li>Color-blending</li> <li>Movement (zoetrope-style)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Computer with CAD software</li> <li>3D printer</li> <li>PLA filament in a color of your choice</li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li>Disciplinary Core Ideas</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Identify the forces acting upon a spinning top.</li> <li>Understand how a top’s shape, weight distribution, and center of gravity affect how it spins.</li> <li>Define angular momentum and articulate its relevance.</li> <li>Develop and test hypotheses around how to optimize the longevity and stability of a top’s spin.</li> <li>Evaluate their own designs.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Use the “revolve” and/or pattern functions in CAD to create three-dimensional forms around a central axis.</li> <li>Gauge tolerances for 3D printing press-fit designs (optional).</li> <li>Prepare &amp; slice a file for 3D printing.</li> <li>Add supports as needed for 3D printing.</li> <li>Use the 3D printer to fabricate an object of their own design.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>Print optional handouts for each learner to help with brainstorming.</li> <li>Bring examples to compare and discuss different tops or spinners before starting the brainstorming and design process: ideally, several of different designs (tall and narrow, short and squat, etc.) <ul> <li>Ask learners why they think different tops spin at different speeds; why they spin for different lengths of time; and what factors they think affect a top’s stability while spinning.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Practice drawing profiles of three-dimensional objects. <ul> <li>Assemble a handful of irregularly shaped but rotationally symmetrical three-dimensional objects, like vases.</li> <li>Ask learners to line-sketch front views (profiles) of these objects.</li> <li>Ask learners to add a dotted line to their sketches to illustrate their z-axis.</li> <li>Ask learners to trace over half of their drawings—the portion on just the right side of the vertical axis line—using a bolder penstroke or different color. This shows the design that gets revolved.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Optional: practice paper fan-art to illustrate how revolving a shape around a central axis can result in a 3D object.</li> <li>To facilitate experimentation and design comparisons when multiple rounds of printing aren’t feasible, consider running option #2, “Exploration.” In this version of the activity, learners can design and print multiple options (different shapes, for example) all at once instead of in successive rounds.</li> <li>When designing multi-piece stackable tops, the spindle must be an angled shape (like a square) when viewed top-down, with the holes in the stackable pieces matching this shape. A round spindle would simply spin freely in a round hole.</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-batch-processing"> <a href="#2-batch-processing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-batch-processing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Batch processing </h3> <ul> <li>Learners’ designs can be batched together for printing, with the prints launched during a reflection period or overnight. Depending on their sizes, up to 25 individual tops or roughly 6 sets of multi-piece kits can fit on a single print bed.</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-time-savers"> <a href="#3-time-savers" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-time-savers"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Time-savers </h3> <ul> <li>If 3D printing is not an option during the lesson, spindles can be pre-printed ahead of time and distributed to learners and stackable layers can be laser-cut out of acrylic or wood.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-material-considerations"> <a href="#4-material-considerations" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-material-considerations"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Material considerations </h3> <ul> <li>Stackable layers can also be laser cut out of acrylic or wood and stacked onto 3D printed spindles.</li> </ul> <h3 id="5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>When designing multi-piece stackable tops, the spindle must be an angled shape (like a square) when viewed top-down, with the holes in the stackable pieces matching this shape. A round spindle would simply spin freely in a round hole.</li> <li>Center of gravity: The center of gravity plays a crucial role in determining the stability of a spinning top. For a top to spin smoothly and remain upright, its center of gravity must align with the axis of rotation. This alignment ensures that the gravitational force acting upon it balanced. A lower center of gravity can enhance stability. Engineers can design tops with features like weighted bases to help prolong spin times.</li> <li>Balanced rotation: Symmetry can help contribute to balanced rotation. A symmetrically shaped top distributes its mass evenly around its axis of rotation, reducing wobbling and vibration during spinning.</li> </ul> <h2 id="extension-ideas"> <a href="#extension-ideas" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-ideas"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension ideas </h2> <ol> <li><strong>Weight comparisons within a geometrically identical design</strong>: Print two tops with different infills (or different wall thicknesses, if hollow) but identical shapes. <ul> <li>One is lighter than the other. Which will stay spinning longer?</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Shape/size comparison</strong>: Design an experiment to test tops of different shapes (circle, square, triangle) or sizes (small, medium, large). <ul> <li>Make predictions about which will spin the longest, travel the farthest, or have the most stability.</li> <li>Test out the different designs and compare the results to your predictions.</li> <li>Why do you think the different designs perform differently?</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>General</strong> <ol> <li>What observations did you make during your first test spin of the top, and how (if at all) did you adjust your design based on these observations?</li> <li>What criteria did you use to evaluate the success of your spinning top design?</li> <li>How could you design an experiment to test the effects of different shapes, sizes, or weights on the spin performance of your tops?</li> <li>What hypotheses did you form about the factors that influence the longevity and stability of a top’s spin, and how did you test them?</li> <li>How can documenting and graphing the results of your experiments help you understand the physics of spinning tops better?</li> <li>Beyond ice skating and the ISS, can you think of other real-world objects or systems that rely on the principles of angular momentum and rotational motion to function effectively?</li> <li>How might engineers use the concepts learned in this activity to solve practical problems in various fields?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Science: Physics &amp; Engineering</strong> <ol> <li>How does the shape and weight distribution of a spinning top affect its stability and spin time?</li> <li>What is angular momentum, and why is it important for the spinning top to maintain its motion?</li> <li>How do gravity and friction influence the performance of a spinning top?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Creativity &amp; Problem Solving</strong> <ol> <li>What challenges did you encounter during the design and fabrication process, and how did you overcome them?</li> <li>What creative techniques or tools did you use to when designing your tops?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="3d-print-custom-or-weighted-dice"> <a href="#3d-print-custom-or-weighted-dice" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3d-print-custom-or-weighted-dice"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3D Print Custom (or Weighted!) Dice </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#3d-print-custom-or-weighted-dice" id="markdown-toc-3d-print-custom-or-weighted-dice">3D Print Custom (or Weighted!) Dice</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-ideate" id="markdown-toc-1-ideate">1. Ideate</a> <ul> <li><a href="#11-choose-a-geometry" id="markdown-toc-11-choose-a-geometry">1.1 Choose a geometry</a></li> <li><a href="#12-select-a-theme" id="markdown-toc-12-select-a-theme">1.2 Select a theme</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#2-design" id="markdown-toc-2-design">2. Design</a> <ul> <li><a href="#21-model-your-dies-geometry" id="markdown-toc-21-model-your-dies-geometry">2.1 Model your die’s geometry</a></li> <li><a href="#22-add-design-features-to-your-faces" id="markdown-toc-22-add-design-features-to-your-faces">2.2 Add design features to your faces</a></li> <li><a href="#23-extrude-design-features" id="markdown-toc-23-extrude-design-features">2.3 Extrude design features</a></li> <li><a href="#24-save-your-file" id="markdown-toc-24-save-your-file">2.4 Save your file</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#3-prepare-and-slice-files" id="markdown-toc-3-prepare-and-slice-files">3. Prepare and slice files</a></li> <li><a href="#4-launch-print" id="markdown-toc-4-launch-print">4. Launch Print</a></li> <li><a href="#5-retrieve-finished-dice" id="markdown-toc-5-retrieve-finished-dice">5. Retrieve finished dice</a></li> <li><a href="#6-give-your-dice-a-roll" id="markdown-toc-6-give-your-dice-a-roll">6. Give your dice a roll!</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Design your own 3D-printable dice!</p> <p>Use CAD (computer-aided design) software to build out an idea in three dimensions.</p> <p>Choose your dice geometry and decide what to put on each face. Print a cubic, numbered design or a polyhedral, text-based one—or make your die weighted to skew the odds!</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>The earliest known dice, excavated from Mesopotamian tombs and dating back to around 3000 BCE, were made from materials like bone, wood, and stone. Historians speculate that these were used not only in games of chance, but also for decision-making. Later, in ancient Greece and Rome, dice games were popular pastimes.</p> <p>The fairness and randomness of dice are crucial to maintaining the integrity of games of chance. A fair die is one that has an equal probability of landing on any of its faces. A standard six-sided die should have a 1 in 6 chance of landing on any outcome on any given roll. This requires significant precision in modern-day manufacturing processes to balance the weight and shape of the die. Any imperfections, such as asymmetrical faces, uneven weight distribution, or air bubbles within the material can bias the roll, making certain outcomes more likely than others.</p> <p>To assess whether dice are truly fair and random, statistical tests and experiments are often conducted. These involve rolling the dice a large number of times and recording the results to determine whether each face appears with roughly equal frequency.</p> <p>Beyond gaming, the principles of probability explored through dice have practical applications in fields like computer science, where random numbers must be generated for simulations and to encode messages.</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Computer with CAD software</li> <li>3D printer</li> <li>PLA filament in a color of your choice</li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <h3 id="1-ideate"> <a href="#1-ideate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-ideate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Ideate </h3> <h4 id="11-choose-a-geometry"> <a href="#11-choose-a-geometry" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="11-choose-a-geometry"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.1 Choose a geometry </h4> <p>Like other polyhedra, dice have three features:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Faces</strong>: the sides of a three-dimensional body.</li> <li><strong>Edges</strong>: Straight runs where two sides meet.</li> <li><strong>Vertices</strong>: Points, where multiple sides meet.</li> </ol> <p>A standard cubic has six faces, but polyhedral dice have more—sometimes many more. Dice used in games like Dungeons and Dragons, can have up to 20 faces! Do a little research to identify the name of your chosen geometry.</p> <p><strong>Start by determining the number of sides your die will have.</strong> Then work backwards to figure out its geometry. Some quick research will help you figure out its name.</p> <p>Some things to note:</p> <ul> <li>On <em>regular</em> polyhedra, all faces are equivalent to each other, as are all</li> <li>On <em>mirror-symmetric</em> polyhedra, two identical, many-sided pyramids appear joined at their bases.</li> </ul> <p>There are many other geometries, too. These are just the most common!</p> <h4 id="12-select-a-theme"> <a href="#12-select-a-theme" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="12-select-a-theme"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1.2 Select a theme </h4> <p>Dice can sport more than just numbers. Their faces can feature words or symbols instead!</p> <ol> <li>Choose a theme for your die. Will its faces feature numbers? Colors? Phrases? Here are some ideas to help you get started: <ul> <li><strong>Story starters</strong>: Dedicate multiple dice to different story components (genres, settings, characters, conflicts, heroes, villains) or parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs). Then roll the dice and build a story using the results.</li> <li><strong>Decision makers</strong>: Take inspiration from the Magic 8-Ball! Write a different decision word on each face and let the dice decide for you: yes, no, maybe, roll again.</li> <li><strong>Mindfulness aids</strong>: Describe a different breathing exercise or calming technique on each face.</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>List out the specific features. Make sure you have one per side. (It can help to start with a numbered list.)</p> </li> <li>Map out which features will appear where (on adjacent faces versus opposite ones, for example). Sketching the die in three dimensions from a few different perspectives may help you visualize this.</li> </ol> <h3 id="2-design"> <a href="#2-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Design </h3> <p>You can use any CAD or 3D design software you like for these steps. While specifics will depend on which software you choose, the steps outlined below offer a high-level overview of the design process for a traditional <strong>cubic</strong> (six-sided) die.</p> <h4 id="21-model-your-dies-geometry"> <a href="#21-model-your-dies-geometry" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="21-model-your-dies-geometry"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.1 Model your die’s geometry </h4> <ol> <li>Start with a square. Use the sketch function to lay this out in two dimensions. <ul> <li>The dimensions of each side should be equal to your desired dimensions for the finished object. (<em>Standard dice are 16mm or .66 inches cubed, but you can also go for an oversized option like 25mm or 1 inch.</em>)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Extrude your square into a cube. Select your square and use the extrude command, entering your desired side dimension into the distance box. <ul> <li>To “extrude” something means to pull or push it in a set direction. (When you squeeze a tube of toothpaste, you’re extruding it through the hole in the tube.)</li> <li>In CAD, you can extrude (a) enclosed, two-dimensional shapes or (b) faces of a three-dimensional object.</li> </ul> </li> <li>If you’d like to round the corners or edges of your dice, you can use the “fillet” command. Fillets replace an angle with a curved arc. You can determine the curve by selecting its radius. Play around with this until you get a shape you like. Apply it to all edges or corners.</li> </ol> <h4 id="22-add-design-features-to-your-faces"> <a href="#22-add-design-features-to-your-faces" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="22-add-design-features-to-your-faces"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.2 Add design features to your faces </h4> <p>You will design each face individually now that your body is done.</p> <ol> <li>Click the first face and choose “create sketch.” You will now be able to design in two dimensions directly on the face you’ve selected.</li> <li>Use the CAD tools to add or design your text, numbers, or symbols as desired.</li> <li>Repeat this process until you have designed all six sides of your dice.</li> </ol> <h4 id="23-extrude-design-features"> <a href="#23-extrude-design-features" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="23-extrude-design-features"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.3 Extrude design features </h4> <p>Since you’ll be 3D printing these dice, its features must be three dimensional. That means we need to extrude again.</p> <p>You have a choice to make here. Your features can either be 1) proud, meaning they are raised off the dice’s surface, or 2) recessed, meaning they will look engraved or cut into its surface.</p> <p>Keep in mind that raised features might affect how your dice rolls or bounces off a tabletop!</p> <ol> <li>Select your designs (hold command to select them all at once!).</li> <li>Choose the extrude command again.</li> <li>Under “distance,”” enter either a positive or negative number (we recommend 2-3mm, or about 0.08inches). <ul> <li>A positive value will create raised features; a negative one will create recessed features.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Choose “join” for a positive number or “cut” for a negative number.</li> </ol> <h4 id="24-save-your-file"> <a href="#24-save-your-file" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="24-save-your-file"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.4 Save your file </h4> <ol> <li>Save your finished dice as a .stl file. <ul> <li>This is the file format most commonly used for 3D printing. Often referred to as a “mesh,” it is an intricate three-dimensional web made up of thousands upon thousands of tiny triangles. (<em>STL stands for stereolithography, but you can think of it as “standard triangle language” or “standard tesslelation language” instead.</em>)</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="3-prepare-and-slice-files"> <a href="#3-prepare-and-slice-files" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-prepare-and-slice-files"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Prepare and slice files </h3> <p>Slicing softwares, often called “slicers,” are used to prepare .stl files for 3D printing. They offer tools and workflows to help you lay out multiple bodies on a single print bed, add supports, and more. You cannot skip this step!</p> <ol> <li>Open your slicing software: Bambu Studio</li> <li>Import your file into the software. (Use the file icon, or simply drag and drop.)</li> <li>Select the type of printer you’re using (P1S).</li> <li>Select the filament type being used: likely PLA.</li> <li>Select the slicing settings. <ul> <li>You may need to add supports here.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Click “slice.” This will create a .3mf file and take you to a preview window that shows you what your finished design looks.</li> </ol> <p>Your die is now ready to print!</p> <h3 id="4-launch-print"> <a href="#4-launch-print" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-launch-print"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Launch Print </h3> <p>You have two options to launch your print: 1) send it wirelessly, or 2) us an SD card.</p> <ol> <li>Load filament (skip this step if already loaded): <ul> <li>Hang filament spool on holder on back of machine so that filament unwinds clockwise.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Insert filament into the PTFE tupe on the top back side of the machine.</li> <li>On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → – → bed heat, and head the nozzle to the recommended temperature for the filament (for PLA).</li> <li>Wait for the nozzle to heat up.</li> <li>On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → E → downward arrow several times until the filament comes out of the nozzle.</li> <li>Load file: Select the file icon and select your file to start the print. <ul> <li>Note: The printer will likely run an automatic leveling check before printing. This usually takes a few minutes.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="5-retrieve-finished-dice"> <a href="#5-retrieve-finished-dice" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-retrieve-finished-dice"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Retrieve finished dice </h3> <p>Once the printer is done, pop your dice off the bed.</p> <p>If they seem stuck, you can either use a soft prying tool (a 3D printed one works well!), or remove the magnetic bed and gently flex it to help the objects release.</p> <p>Use pliers to remove any supports.</p> <h3 id="6-give-your-dice-a-roll"> <a href="#6-give-your-dice-a-roll" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-give-your-dice-a-roll"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Give your dice a roll! </h3> <p>Give your finished die a roll! Does seem to land randomly, or to favor one result over the others? How might you adjust your design to change this?</p> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Dice </h1> <p>By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-print-custom-or-weighted-dice" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-print-custom-or-weighted-dice">Faciltator Guide: Print Custom (or Weighted!) Dice</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-custom-cubic-dice" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-custom-cubic-dice">1. Exposure: Custom Cubic Dice</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-complex-geometries--polyhedra" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-complex-geometries--polyhedra">2. Exploration: Complex Geometries &amp; Polyhedra</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-engineering-weighted-trick-dice" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-engineering-weighted-trick-dice">3. Deep Dive: Engineering Weighted “Trick” Dice</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-accessible-game-design" id="markdown-toc-extension-accessible-game-design">Extension: Accessible Game Design</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-brainstorming--paper-prototyping" id="markdown-toc-2-brainstorming--paper-prototyping">2. Brainstorming &amp; paper prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="#3-batch-processing" id="markdown-toc-3-batch-processing">3. Batch processing</a></li> <li><a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">4. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> <li><a href="#5-themes" id="markdown-toc-5-themes">5. Themes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#extension-ideas" id="markdown-toc-extension-ideas">Extension ideas</a></li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h1 class="no_toc" id="3d-print-custom-or-weighted-dice"> <a href="#3d-print-custom-or-weighted-dice" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3d-print-custom-or-weighted-dice"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3D Print Custom (or Weighted!) Dice </h1> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Learners will design their own 3D-printable dice.</p> <p>They will first choose their die’s geometry (cubic or polyhedral), and then decide what to put on each face. Dice can be either traditional (numbered) or creatively themed (decorated with text or symbols).</p> <p>This activity introduces learners to the “extrude” command in CAD software, as well as to slicer software to format 3D print files. Advanced learners can experiment with adding hidden asymmetry inside a hollow object to create weighted “trick” dice.</p> <p>Finished dice can be used as story-starters in English class, to run experiments investigating statistics, or as part of a larger activity on game design.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>The earliest known dice, excavated from Mesopotamian tombs and dating back to around 3000 BCE, were made from materials like bone, wood, and stone. Historians speculate that these were used not only in games of chance, but also for decision-making. Later, in ancient Greece and Rome, dice games were popular pastimes.</p> <p>The fairness and randomness of dice are crucial to maintaining the integrity of games of chance. A fair die is one that has an equal probability of landing on any of its faces. A standard six-sided die should have a 1 in 6 chance of landing on any outcome on any given roll. This requires significant precision in modern-day manufacturing processes to balance the weight and shape of the die. Any imperfections, such as asymmetrical faces, uneven weight distribution, or air bubbles within the material can bias the roll, making certain outcomes more likely than others.</p> <p>To assess whether dice are truly fair and random, statistical tests and experiments are often conducted. These involve rolling the dice a large number of times and recording the results to determine whether each face appears with roughly equal frequency.</p> <p>Beyond gaming, the principles of probability explored through dice have practical applications in fields like computer science, where random numbers must be generated for simulations and to encode messages.</p> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-custom-cubic-dice"> <a href="#1-exposure-custom-cubic-dice" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-custom-cubic-dice"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Custom Cubic Dice </h3> <p>Design and customize traditional, cubic dice.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces the “extrude” and “fillet” commands in CAD (and optionally “draft” and “fillet”).</li> <li>Investigates and compares both proud (positive distance) and recessed (negative distance) extrusions.</li> <li>Plays with the surface features of dice.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: math, geometry, statistics, english language arts, social-emotional learning <ul> <li>Use dice as story-starters, with different words or parts of speech on each face as creative prompts for English lessons.</li> <li>Invite learners to create their own mindfulness aids, with different meditation techniques or breathing exercises on each face.</li> <li>Explore the probability of different outcomes when rolling dice, and ask learners to calculate and analyze the likelihood of rolling specific numbers or combinations.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-complex-geometries--polyhedra"> <a href="#2-exploration-complex-geometries--polyhedra" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-complex-geometries--polyhedra"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Complex Geometries &amp; Polyhedra </h3> <p>Design complex polyhedral dice with many sides and learn about their geometries.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces designing complex three-dimensional geometries in CAD.</li> <li>Introduces polyhedra, including how to name polyhedra.</li> <li>Investigates and compares both proud (positive distance) and recessed (negative distance) extrusions.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: math, geometry, statistics <ul> <li>Consider (or calculate) how the odds change when additional faces are added to a die’s geometry.</li> <li>Introduce Euler’s formula, which states that the number of Faces (F) and vertices (V) added together will always be exactly two more than the number of edges (E) a polyhedra has.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-engineering-weighted-trick-dice"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-engineering-weighted-trick-dice" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-engineering-weighted-trick-dice"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Engineering Weighted “Trick” Dice </h3> <p>Design custom “loaded” dice with invisible internal weights to skew the odds.</p> <ul> <li>Encourage learners to be intentional about which face(s) they want to favor, and to design accordingly. <ul> <li>Include a cutaway image or sketch in deliverables to that show the design’s interior.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Run probability tests (multiple trials) to see how successfully learners have skewed the odds. <ul> <li>Have them identify a goal probability before beginning the assignment (just enough to favor their odds; not enough to be 100%) and then test to see whether their real-world results match this target. If time allows, invite iterative design to try to meet the target.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: math, probability, statistics <ul> <li>Explore experimental vs. theoretical probability: compare the outcomes of experimental data (actual rolls) with theoretical predictions.</li> <li>Ask learners to swap their dice without revealing which outcome is weighted, and see if their partners can guess based on 3, 5, or 10 rolls. Have them consider (or calculate) how many rolls, at a minimum, they would need in order to correctly ascertain which outcome is weighted.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-accessible-game-design"> <a href="#extension-accessible-game-design" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-accessible-game-design"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Accessible Game Design </h3> <p>Dice can be woven into a larger, multi-session unit about accessibility, where learners can (re)design board games, in general or for someone with a disability.</p> <ul> <li>Session 1: Design game board or game cards</li> <li>Session 2: Fabricate game pieces</li> <li>Session 3: 3D print dice</li> <li>Session 4: Vinyl cut packaging / box / card decals</li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Computer with CAD software</li> <li>3D printer</li> <li>PLA filament in a color of your choice</li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li>Disciplinary Core Ideas</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Design an object in three dimensions.</li> <li>Think critically and creatively about how to lay out their dice.</li> <li>Make decisions about what features to include on each face.</li> <li>Determine the probability of an occurrence based on multiple trials.</li> <li>Calculate probability as a fraction, decimal, and percentage.</li> <li>Compare theoretical with experimental outcomes through testing.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Use CAD to translate an idea into 3D design for 3D printing.</li> <li>Add design elements to a 3D body’s faces.</li> <li>Prepare &amp; slice a file for 3D printing.</li> <li>Add supports as needed for 3D printing.</li> <li>Use the 3D printer to fabricate an object of their own design.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>Collect a variety of dice and/or other polyhedra to look at together as examples. <ul> <li>Practice naming 2D geometries and the 3D polyhedra comprising them.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Print or design optional handouts for each learner to help with brainstorming.</li> <li>Discuss polyhedra and the relationships between two-dimensional and three-dimensional ones.</li> <li>For older or more advanced learners, this activity could be run iteratively, with learners printing two or more designs to experiment with different weights and weight distributions (infills) and design features (proud versus engraved designs, rounded corners, etc.)</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-brainstorming--paper-prototyping"> <a href="#2-brainstorming--paper-prototyping" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-brainstorming--paper-prototyping"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Brainstorming &amp; paper prototyping </h3> <ul> <li>Have learners list the design elements they want to include on their die’s faces (use a numbered list with as many lines as there are faces).</li> <li>Since three-dimensional geometries can be tricky to visualize, it can be helpful to start by creating paper prototypes. <ul> <li>Provide or have learners make 2D, flattened views to map layout of faces so they can visualize which ones will be next to one another. They can then cut these out and fold them into dice. <ul> <li>Alternatively, if no 2D maps are available, learners can cut out as many shapes as their final die will have and tape them together one-by-one.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ask learners to sketch multiple perspectives of the finished, 3D product. <ul> <li>This helps teach spatial thinking.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="3-batch-processing"> <a href="#3-batch-processing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-batch-processing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Batch processing </h3> <ul> <li>Learners’ designs can be batched together for printing, with the prints launched during a reflection period or overnight. Depending on their sizes, 25+ dice can typically fit on a single bed.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>How the the numbers/features on a face are extruded (whether they are proud and sticking up from the face or recessed down into it) can effect how the die will roll. <ul> <li>Proud features may interfere with the rolling.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="5-themes"> <a href="#5-themes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-themes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Themes </h3> <ul> <li>Dice can be used for more than numbers! Incorporate this activity into your existing curricula by adjusting its theme accordingly. <ul> <li><strong>Story starters</strong>: Make a set of multiple dice, with one dedicated to a different story component (genre, setting, character, conflict, hero, villain) or part of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs). Once fabricated, roll the dice and write, tell, or act out a short story that incorporates the words and concepts that appear. (Stories should include a beginning, middle, and end!)</li> <li><strong>Decision makers</strong>: Take inspiration from the Magic 8-Ball! Write a different decision on each face and let the dice decide for you: yes, no, maybe, roll again, etc.</li> <li><strong>Mindfulness aids</strong>: Put a different breathing exercise or calming technique on each face.</li> <li><strong>Tricksters</strong>: How might you adjust your design to favor one or two outcomes over the others? Can you make this invisible? What about undetectable entirely? What happens if you put a small sphere or other weight into your cube as it prints?</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="extension-ideas"> <a href="#extension-ideas" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-ideas"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension ideas </h2> <ol> <li><strong>Experimental inquiry</strong>: <ul> <li>Ask learners to design experiments to compare theoretical (expected) versus experimental (real-world) results from their dice, rolling a set number of times and recording and/or graphing the results.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Trickery Revealed</strong>: <ul> <li>Have learners swap their weighted dice without revealing to one another which face is weighted.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Challenge them to determine the weighted side in as many rolls as possible, and to then test their theories.</li> <li>Discuss the math behind the fewest rolls needed to determine probability.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>A Delicate Balance</strong> <ul> <li>Offer advanced learners to an iterative design challenge: to design and fabricate a weighted die that lands on the weighted side with only a specific degree of frequency. This requires subtle manipulation of the interior weight distribution, and much iterative testing to match real-world statistical results to the goal frequency.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>General</strong> <ol> <li>How could iterative testing improve the functionality and fairness of your custom dice?</li> <li>What criteria did you use to evaluate the success of your dice design?</li> <li>How do the principles of geometry and probability apply to real-world scenarios like games and decision-making tools?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Math &amp; Geometry</strong> <ol> <li>How does the shape and number of faces on a die affect the probability of rolling a specific number or symbol?</li> <li>What are the differences in probability between rolling a standard six-sided die versus a polyhedral die with more faces (for example, 10)?</li> <li>How can you calculate the theoretical probability of each outcome for your custom die?</li> <li>What is the minimum number of rolls needed to statistically determine if a die is fair or loaded?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Experimental Design</strong> <ol> <li>How did/could you design and conduct an experiment to compare the theoretical probability of each outcome with the experimental results?</li> <li>How can you use statistical methods to determine if your dice are fair or biased?</li> <li>How can you represent the data from your dice rolls using graphs or charts to visualize the probability distribution?nd friction influence the performance of a spinning top?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Creativity &amp; Problem Solving</strong> <ol> <li>What challenges did you encounter during the design and fabrication process, and how did you overcome them?</li> <li>What creative techniques or tools did you use to when designing your dice?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Botanical Presses Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.1_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7. Spinning Tops Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/7.2_guide_spinning_tops/" class="nav-list-link">7 Spinning Tops Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.1_3D-Printed%20Dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/8.2_guide_dice/" class="nav-list-link">8. Custom Dice Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.1_casting%20&%20molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/9.2_guide_casting_molding/" class="nav-list-link">9. Casting & Molding Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.1_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/10.2_guide_gliders/" class="nav-list-link">10. Balsa Gliders Facilitator Guide</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.1_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Activity Steps</a></li><li class="nav-list-item"><a href="/topics/11.2_guide_automata/" class="nav-list-link">11. Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="3d-printing-for-casting--molding"> <a href="#3d-printing-for-casting--molding" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3d-printing-for-casting--molding"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3D Printing for Casting &amp; Molding </h1> <p class="no_toc">By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#3d-printing-for-casting--molding" id="markdown-toc-3d-printing-for-casting--molding">3D Printing for Casting &amp; Molding</a> <ul> <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a> <ul> <li><a href="#in-the-real-world" id="markdown-toc-in-the-real-world">In the Real World</a></li> <li><a href="#key-concepts" id="markdown-toc-key-concepts">Key Concepts:</a> <ul> <li><a href="#key-terms" id="markdown-toc-key-terms">Key Terms:</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#activity-steps" id="markdown-toc-activity-steps">Activity Steps</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-ideate" id="markdown-toc-1-ideate">1. Ideate</a></li> <li><a href="#2-design-mold" id="markdown-toc-2-design-mold">2. Design mold</a> <ul> <li><a href="#21-model-the-finished-object" id="markdown-toc-21-model-the-finished-object">2.1 Model the finished object</a></li> <li><a href="#22-model-a-mold-around-the-object" id="markdown-toc-22-model-a-mold-around-the-object">2.2 Model a mold around the object</a> <ul> <li><a href="#22a-for-a-one-part-one-step-mold" id="markdown-toc-22a-for-a-one-part-one-step-mold">2.2a For a <em>one-part, one-step</em> mold</a></li> <li><a href="#22b-for-a-two-part-one-step-mold" id="markdown-toc-22b-for-a-two-part-one-step-mold">2.2b For a <em>two-part, one-step</em> mold</a></li> <li><a href="#22c-for-a-one-part-two-step-mold" id="markdown-toc-22c-for-a-one-part-two-step-mold">2.2c For a <em>one-part, two-step</em> mold</a></li> <li><a href="#22d-for-a-two-part-two-step-mold" id="markdown-toc-22d-for-a-two-part-two-step-mold">2.2d For a <em>two-part, two-step</em> mold</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#3-prepare--slice-files" id="markdown-toc-3-prepare--slice-files">3. Prepare &amp; slice files</a></li> <li><a href="#4-3d-print-mold" id="markdown-toc-4-3d-print-mold">4. 3D print mold</a></li> <li><a href="#5-prepare-mold-for-casting" id="markdown-toc-5-prepare-mold-for-casting">5. Prepare mold for casting</a></li> <li><a href="#6-cast" id="markdown-toc-6-cast">6. Cast</a> <ul> <li><a href="#61-prepare-workspace" id="markdown-toc-61-prepare-workspace">6.1 Prepare workspace</a></li> <li><a href="#62-choose-your-casting-medium" id="markdown-toc-62-choose-your-casting-medium">6.2 Choose your casting medium</a></li> <li><a href="#63-mix-your-casting-medium" id="markdown-toc-63-mix-your-casting-medium">6.3 Mix your casting medium</a></li> <li><a href="#64-pour" id="markdown-toc-64-pour">6.4 Pour</a></li> <li><a href="#65-clean-up" id="markdown-toc-65-clean-up">6.5 Clean up</a></li> <li><a href="#66-wait-to-cure" id="markdown-toc-66-wait-to-cure">6.6 Wait to cure</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#7-de-mold" id="markdown-toc-7-de-mold">7. De-mold</a></li> <li><a href="#8-for-multi-step-molds-casting-a-finished-product" id="markdown-toc-8-for-multi-step-molds-casting-a-finished-product">8. For multi-step molds: casting a finished product</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Design and 3D print your very own one- or two-part molds! Use these to cast objects directly, or create a secondary, flexible mold to cast large batches of a design.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid is poured or injected into a rigid structure called a <strong>mold</strong> and allowed to cure or solidify. It takes advantage of the properties of liquids; specifically, their ability to conform to the shape of a vessel into which they’re poured.</p> <p>The special liquids that are poured into molds are called <strong>casting mediums</strong>. These are typically two-part mixtures that undergo a thermal or chemical change called <em>curing</em> to harden into a solid, creating items like:</p> <ul> <li>Specially-shaped bars of soap</li> <li>Action figures and other plastic toys</li> <li>Fancy chocolates</li> </ul> <p>The individual components must be precisely measured, combined at specific ratios, and mixed together fully in order to work correctly. Otherwise, the mixture will not cure properly, resulting in a wet or soft end product.</p> <h4 id="in-the-real-world"> <a href="#in-the-real-world" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="in-the-real-world"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> In the Real World </h4> <p>Sand castles are often made using molds. Wet sand is packed into the forms, which are then carefully removed to leave behind castles in their shapes.</p> <p>Ice cubes and popsicles are also made made from molds. Water or juice is poured into the forms, which are then frozen.</p> <p>Plastic toys, clothes hangers, and utensils are also made from casting polymers into specially-designed molds.</p> <h4 id="key-concepts"> <a href="#key-concepts" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="key-concepts"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Key Concepts: </h4> <p>There are two types of molds relevant to this activity (and many more used in real-world manufacturing!).</p> <ol> <li><strong>Single-part molds</strong>: Simple shapes without undercuts can be cast in single-part molds. <ul> <li>Straightforward to design, produce, and use</li> <li>Use less material and require less production time</li> <li>Easy to pour and demold</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Multi-part molds</strong>: Some shapes are too complex to cast using a single-part mold. These require multi-part molds, in which two or more parts fit together like three-dimensional puzzles, encompassing the object to be cast. Small funnels and air vents allow a casting medium to be poured in, and air bubbles to escape. Once the casting medium has cured, the multiple pieces of the mold are disassembled to provide access to the finished part inside. <ul> <li>Allow for complex shapes, undercuts, and intricate details</li> <li>Provide better access to all surfaces of the object</li> <li>Can be designed along natural seams or edges for the object being cast to minimize visible lines on the finished casting</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h5 id="key-terms"> <a href="#key-terms" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="key-terms"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Key Terms: </h5> <ul> <li><strong>Mold</strong>: The rigid frame into which a casting medium is poured.</li> <li><strong>Casting Medium</strong>: The material you are pouring into a mold. This undergoes a chemical or physical change to harden from a liquid into a solid, and often gets mixed together from two parts.</li> <li><strong>Cast</strong>: To pour a casting medium into a mold; the solid form that comes out of a mold.</li> <li><strong>Curing</strong>: The chemical process a casting medium undergoes while hardening.</li> <li><strong>Registers</strong>: In multi-part molds, registers are design features that interlock to keep the mold precisely aligned during pouring and curing.</li> <li><strong>Sprue</strong>: In multi-part molds, sprues are like small, funnel-like openings into which the casting medium is poured.</li> <li><strong>Vent</strong>: In multi part molds, vents are small air shafts that allow air bubbles to escape from the interior cavity, preventing empty spaces in the finished product.</li> </ul> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Computer with CAD software</li> <li>3D printer</li> <li>PLA in a color of your choice</li> <li>Casting mediums (any or all) <ul> <li>Playdough</li> <li>Hydrostone</li> <li>Oomoo</li> <li>Wax - will also require a crucible or pan and hotplate</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mold release agent (optional)</li> <li>Mixing tools: <ul> <li>Stirring sticks (popsicle sticks or tongue depressors)</li> <li>Mixing cups (paper cups) -Measuring tools:</li> <li>Small scales</li> <li>Disposable volumetric measuring cups</li> </ul> </li> <li>Safety equipment: <ul> <li>Gloves</li> <li>Eye protection</li> <li>Lab coats or aprons</li> <li>Close-toed shoes for all participants</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="activity-steps"> <a href="#activity-steps" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="activity-steps"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Activity Steps </h2> <p>There are a few different options for this activity.</p> <h3 id="1-ideate"> <a href="#1-ideate" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-ideate"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Ideate </h3> <p>First, determine what you will cast and how.</p> <ol> <li>Choose an object you wish to cast. This can be something you will model CAD (or downloaded from the internet, with requisite copyright permissions), or a real-world item you want to replicate.</li> <li>Consider the object’s geometry. Does it have undercuts that will necessitate a multi-part mold?</li> <li>If you are making a mold of an existing object, determine what it is made of. <ul> <li>Some plastics will react with or otherwise inhibit the curing process for certain casting mediums. (For example, Sortaclear will meld with Oomoo). Be sure to read your data sheet!</li> <li>Determine whether your object floats or sinks in the casting material, and develop a plan for how to keep it in place during casting. (Fine thread or fishing line can help you suspend or submerge an object as needed).</li> </ul> </li> <li>Determine how many <strong>parts</strong> and how many <strong>steps</strong> your mold will require. <ul> <li>Single-part molds have only once piece, with the casting agent poured directly into their top.</li> <li>Multi-part molds have multiple pieces (usually two halves) that fit together with small, funnel-like sprues and vents left open to accommodate the casting agent and release displaced air.</li> <li>Single-step molds are 3D prints that are cast directly into.</li> <li>Multi-step molds will require you to 3D print a mold that is then used to cast a second, more flexible mold from. It can be easier to remove objects from this secondary mold, but creating it will require you to think critically about your design geometries along the way.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="2-design-mold"> <a href="#2-design-mold" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-design-mold"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Design mold </h3> <p>You can use any CAD or 3D design software you like for these steps. While specifics will depend on which software you choose, the steps outlined below offer a high-level overview of the design process.</p> <p><strong>Note</strong>: While the initial steps are the same, later steps vary slightly depending on whether you are creating a <strong>one-step</strong> or <strong>two-step</strong> mold.</p> <h4 id="21-model-the-finished-object"> <a href="#21-model-the-finished-object" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="21-model-the-finished-object"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.1 Model the finished object </h4> <ol> <li>First, create (or import) a CAD representation of the object you wish to cast. We will design the mold around this.</li> </ol> <h4 id="22-model-a-mold-around-the-object"> <a href="#22-model-a-mold-around-the-object" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="22-model-a-mold-around-the-object"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.2 Model a mold around the object </h4> <p>Steps here vary slightly, depending on whether you are creating a multi-step or multi-part mold. Please note the subsection labels.</p> <h5 id="22a-for-a-one-part-one-step-mold"> <a href="#22a-for-a-one-part-one-step-mold" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="22a-for-a-one-part-one-step-mold"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.2a For a <em>one-part, one-step</em> mold </h5> <ol> <li>Model a three-dimensional box that fully encompasses the face of the object you wish to replicate and is slightly larger in each dimension.</li> <li>Use the original object to “cut” into this box.</li> </ol> <h5 id="22b-for-a-two-part-one-step-mold"> <a href="#22b-for-a-two-part-one-step-mold" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="22b-for-a-two-part-one-step-mold"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.2b For a <em>two-part, one-step</em> mold </h5> <ol> <li>Model a box slightly larger than the object (~1cm in in each direction) with the object centered within it.</li> <li>Select the object and use it as a tool to “cut” the box. This will leave you with a cavity inside.</li> <li>Create a center plane between two faces of the box so that it splits your object—and the box—in half.</li> <li>Use the plane you just created to “cut” or split apart both the object and the box.</li> <li>Add a sprue and vent. Choose the side of the mold you wish to pour your casting medium into, and add two small, parallel cylinders (no smaller than~3mm in diameter) running from the inner cavity to the outside of the mold.</li> <li>Use these cylinders as tools to “cut” both halves of the mold. You should be left with small channels.</li> <li>You may wish to add registers to help the two halves of your mold fit together more precisely. <ul> <li>Small hemispheres in diagonally opposite corners works well for this. The hemispheres on one half of the mold should be positive (<em>convex</em>) while those on the other should be negative (<em>concave</em>). Consider making the concave hemispheres ~.5mm larger in diameter than the convex ones to add a little buffer.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h5 id="22c-for-a-one-part-two-step-mold"> <a href="#22c-for-a-one-part-two-step-mold" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="22c-for-a-one-part-two-step-mold"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.2c For a <em>one-part, two-step</em> mold </h5> <ol> <li>Create a plane or new sketch on the opposite side of the face you wish to replicate.</li> <li>Sketch a rectangle slightly larger han the object’s footprint.</li> <li>Create an offset line approximately 3mm outside of the rectangle you just made. This should create a margin all the way around your object.</li> <li>Extrude the margin a distance slightly greater than the object’s height. (~3-5mm).</li> <li>Extrude the back of the box (margin included) ~3-5mm.</li> <li>Join all of the bodies together. You should now have a hollow box with your object on the bottom.</li> </ol> <h5 id="22d-for-a-two-part-two-step-mold"> <a href="#22d-for-a-two-part-two-step-mold" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="22d-for-a-two-part-two-step-mold"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2.2d For a <em>two-part, two-step</em> mold </h5> <ol> <li>Create a center plane between two faces of your object, splitting it in half alone your desired seam.</li> <li>Use the plane you just created to “cut” the object, dividing it into two halves. Rotate one of these halves so that both are side-by-side on the same plane.</li> <li>For each half of your object, create a “bed.” This should be a box around it with ~3mm-5mm-thick walls.</li> <li>Add a sprue and vent. Choose the side of the mold you wish to pour your casting medium into and add two small, parallel cylinders (no smaller than~3mm in diameter) running from the object to the outside of the mold. <ul> <li>Make sure these are in the same spots on both halves!</li> </ul> </li> <li>Use these cylinders as tools to “cut” both halves of the mold. You should be left with small channels.</li> <li>You may wish to add registers to help the two halves of your mold fit together more precisely. <ul> <li>Small hemispheres in diagonally opposite corners works well for this. The hemispheres on one half should be positive (<em>convex</em>) while those on the other should be negative (<em>concave</em>). Consider making the concave hemispheres ~.5mm larger in diameter than the convex ones to add a little buffer.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="3-prepare--slice-files"> <a href="#3-prepare--slice-files" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-prepare--slice-files"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Prepare &amp; slice files </h3> <ol> <li>Open your slicing software: Bambu Studio <ul> <li>Slicing softwares, often called “slicers,” are used to prepare .stl files for 3D printing. They offer tools and workflows to help you lay out multiple bodies on a single print bed, add supports, and more.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Import your design into the slicer. Use the file icon or drag and drop.</li> <li>Select the type of printer you’re using (P1S).</li> <li>Select the bed type.</li> <li>Select the filament type being used (PLA).</li> <li>Select the slicing settings.</li> <li>Click “slice.” This will create a .3mf file and take you to a preview window that shows you what your finished design looks.</li> </ol> <p>Your dice is now ready to print!</p> <h3 id="4-3d-print-mold"> <a href="#4-3d-print-mold" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-3d-print-mold"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. 3D print mold </h3> <p>You have two options to launch your print: 1) send it wirelessly, or 2) us an SD card.</p> <ol> <li>Load filament (skip this step if already loaded): <ul> <li>Hang filament spool on holder on back of machine so that filament unwinds clockwise.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Insert filament into the PTFE tupe on the top back side of the machine.</li> <li>On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → – → bed heat, and head the nozzle to the recommended temperature for the filament (for PLA).</li> <li>Wait for the nozzle to heat up.</li> <li>On the machine’s screen, select nozzle → E → downward arrow several times until the filament comes out of the nozzle.</li> <li>Load file: Select the file icon and select your file to start the print. <ul> <li>Note: The printer will likely run an automatic leveling check before printing. This usually takes a few minutes.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Once the printer is done, pop your mold off the bed. If it seems stuck, gently use a soft prying tool (a 3D printed one works well!), or remove the magnetic bed from the printer and gently flex it to help the mold release.</li> </ol> <h3 id="5-prepare-mold-for-casting"> <a href="#5-prepare-mold-for-casting" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-prepare-mold-for-casting"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. Prepare mold for casting </h3> <p>There is some setup required before casting.</p> <ol> <li>Although not required, you may wish you spray a mold-release agent into your mold. This can help the finished product slide out more easily.</li> <li>If using a multi-part mold, fit both halves together. Use clamps or rubber bands to keep them firmly joined. Make sure your sprue and vents are clear. <ul> <li>Note: if you have many tiny details, you may wish to wait until <em>after</em> mixing your casting medium before assembling your mold. Painting a thin layer of the medium into an nooks and crannies before sealing it up can help prevent air bubbles.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h3 id="6-cast"> <a href="#6-cast" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="6-cast"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6. Cast </h3> <p>Here’s where the (messy) magic happens.</p> <p>A few important notes:</p> <ul> <li>NEVER pour casting materials down the drain or into any plumbing. These can cure and solidify in the pipes, causing extensive (and expensive!) damage.</li> <li>Many curing processes are <strong>exothermic</strong>! That means they get hot; the casting medium releases heat as it solidifies. This can potentially be dangerous if it occurs in a small, confined space or near something flammable.</li> <li><strong>Leave excess mixed mediums alone in their cups to cure fully <em>before</em> disposing of them.</strong></li> </ul> <h4 id="61-prepare-workspace"> <a href="#61-prepare-workspace" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="61-prepare-workspace"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.1 Prepare workspace </h4> <ol> <li>This is a messy process! Lay mats, newspapers, paper towels, or another protective layer across your workspace before beginning.</li> </ol> <h4 id="62-choose-your-casting-medium"> <a href="#62-choose-your-casting-medium" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="62-choose-your-casting-medium"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.2 Choose your casting medium </h4> <ol> <li>Choose your casting material based on the properties you want your finished piece to have. Some examples: <ul> <li>Hydrostone yields a hard, white, brittle finish.</li> <li>Oomoo yields a malleable, soft, bluish finish.</li> <li>Sortaclear ranges in firmness and maleability, but is considered food safe (assuming the rest of the equipment used was also food safe).</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="63-mix-your-casting-medium"> <a href="#63-mix-your-casting-medium" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="63-mix-your-casting-medium"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.3 Mix your casting medium </h4> <ol> <li>Following the instructions on your casting medium’s data sheet, mix together Parts A and B in the ratios directed. <ul> <li>These may be measured by volume (using measuring cups or graduated cylinders) or by weight (using a scale). -You will have a limited amount of time to fully mix the material and pour it into your mold once the two parts combine. On the data sheet, look for “working time.”</li> </ul> </li> <li>Once you’ve combined parts A and B, use a stirring tool like a popsicle stick or tongue depressor to gently mix the two together. <ul> <li>Do this <strong>slowly</strong> to avoid introducing air bubbles.</li> <li>Try to avoid folding the material over onto itself, as this also mixes air in.</li> <li>You will know you’re done when the medium looks <em>homogenous</em>, meaning the same throughout. You shouldn’t have any chunks, or marbling of colors.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h4 id="64-pour"> <a href="#64-pour" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="64-pour"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.4 Pour </h4> <ol> <li>Slowly and carefully, pour your casting medium into your mold through the sprue. If your sprue is large enough, you can also use a funnel.</li> <li>Keep filling until your mold begins to overflow. Then give it a few taps on the table to help any air bubbles rise, and pour a bit more material in if space allows.</li> <li>Repeat this until no further air bubbles surface.</li> </ol> <h4 id="65-clean-up"> <a href="#65-clean-up" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="65-clean-up"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.5 Clean up </h4> <ol> <li>Clean up any spills before they have a chance to cure.</li> <li>Leave excess casting materials in their mixing cups to cure before disposing of them.</li> <li><strong>Remember, NEVER put any casting materials down the drain!</strong></li> </ol> <h4 id="66-wait-to-cure"> <a href="#66-wait-to-cure" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="66-wait-to-cure"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 6.6 Wait to cure </h4> <ol> <li>Now you wait! Your data sheet will tell you the approximate curing time for your casting medium.</li> </ol> <h3 id="7-de-mold"> <a href="#7-de-mold" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="7-de-mold"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 7. De-mold </h3> <ol> <li>After waiting the appropriate curing time, remove any clamps or rubber bands from multi-part molds and carefully open them.</li> <li>Trim off any seams or overfill from the sprue or vent.</li> </ol> <h3 id="8-for-multi-step-molds-casting-a-finished-product"> <a href="#8-for-multi-step-molds-casting-a-finished-product" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="8-for-multi-step-molds-casting-a-finished-product"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 8. For multi-step molds: casting a finished product </h3> <p>You have just used a mold to cast another mold! This new mold is likely more flexible than a rigid 3D print, allowing for easer removal of finished objects.</p> <p>To cast your finished object, repeat the instructions outlined in Step #6.</p> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
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Automata Facilitator Guide</a></li></ul> </nav> <footer class="site-footer"> This site uses <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs">Just the Docs</a>, a documentation theme for Jekyll. </footer> </div> <div class="main" id="top"> <div id="main-header" class="main-header"> <div class="search" role="search"> <div class="search-input-wrap"> <input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" tabindex="0" placeholder="Search Example" aria-label="Search Example" autocomplete="off"> <label for="search-input" class="search-label"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon"><use xlink:href="#svg-search"></use></svg></label> </div> <div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div> </div> <nav aria-label="Auxiliary" class="aux-nav"> <ul class="aux-nav-list"> <li class="aux-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs-template" class="site-button" > Template Repository </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="main-content-wrap"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <main> <h1 id="faciltator-guide-3d-printing-for-casting--molding"> <a href="#faciltator-guide-3d-printing-for-casting--molding" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="faciltator-guide-3d-printing-for-casting--molding"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Faciltator Guide: 3D Printing for Casting &amp; Molding </h1> <p>By Claire Dorsett</p> <h2 class="no_toc text-delta" id="table-of-contents"> <a href="#table-of-contents" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="table-of-contents"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Table of contents </h2> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#faciltator-guide-3d-printing-for-casting--molding" id="markdown-toc-faciltator-guide-3d-printing-for-casting--molding">Faciltator Guide: 3D Printing for Casting &amp; Molding</a> <ul> <li><a href="#context" id="markdown-toc-context">Context</a> <ul> <li><a href="#in-the-real-world" id="markdown-toc-in-the-real-world">In the Real World</a></li> <li><a href="#key-concepts" id="markdown-toc-key-concepts">Key Concepts:</a> <ul> <li><a href="#key-terms" id="markdown-toc-key-terms">Key Terms:</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#scalability" id="markdown-toc-scalability">Scalability</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-exposure-single-part-single-step-molds" id="markdown-toc-1-exposure-single-part-single-step-molds">1. Exposure: Single-Part, Single-Step Molds</a></li> <li><a href="#2-exploration-single-part-two-step-molds--or--two-part-single-step-molds" id="markdown-toc-2-exploration-single-part-two-step-molds--or--two-part-single-step-molds">2. Exploration: Single-Part, Two-Step Molds <em>-or-</em> Two-Part, Single-Step Molds</a></li> <li><a href="#3-deep-dive-two-part-two-step-molds" id="markdown-toc-3-deep-dive-two-part-two-step-molds">3. Deep Dive: Two-Part, Two-Step Molds</a></li> <li><a href="#extension-multi-part-2-molds" id="markdown-toc-extension-multi-part-2-molds">Extension: Multi-Part (&gt;2) Molds</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#materials" id="markdown-toc-materials">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="#standards-alignment" id="markdown-toc-standards-alignment">Standards Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#common-core-standards" id="markdown-toc-common-core-standards">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#iste-standards" id="markdown-toc-iste-standards">ISTE Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#learning-outcomes" id="markdown-toc-learning-outcomes">Learning Outcomes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#general-goals" id="markdown-toc-general-goals">General goals</a></li> <li><a href="#fabrication-goals" id="markdown-toc-fabrication-goals">Fabrication goals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#facilitator-notes" id="markdown-toc-facilitator-notes">Facilitator Notes</a> <ul> <li><a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" id="markdown-toc-1-setup--pre-preparation">1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation</a></li> <li><a href="#2-safety--logistics" id="markdown-toc-2-safety--logistics">2. Safety &amp; Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="#3-batch-processing" id="markdown-toc-3-batch-processing">3. Batch processing</a></li> <li><a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" id="markdown-toc-4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners">4. Design considerations to share with learners</a></li> <li><a href="#5-de-molding-tips" id="markdown-toc-5-de-molding-tips">5. De-molding tips</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#discussion-questions" id="markdown-toc-discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 class="no_toc" id="overview"> <a href="#overview" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="overview"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Overview </h2> <p>Learners will design and 3D print their very own one- or two-part molds!</p> <p>These can then be used to cast objects directly, or to create secondary, more flexible molds to cast large batches of a design.</p> <p>This activity offers an introduction to complex, multi-step 3D design including the “cut” and “join” tools as well as an overview of casting and molding.</p> <h3 id="context"> <a href="#context" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="context"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Context </h3> <p>Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid is poured or injected into a rigid structure called a <strong>mold</strong> and allowed to cure or solidify. It takes advantage of the properties of liquids; specifically, their ability to conform to the shape of a vessel into which they’re poured.</p> <p>The special liquids that are poured into molds are called <strong>casting mediums</strong>. These are typically two-part mixtures that undergo a thermal or chemical change called <em>curing</em> to harden into a solid, creating items like:</p> <ul> <li>Specially-shaped bars of soap</li> <li>Action figures and other plastic toys</li> <li>Fancy chocolates</li> </ul> <p>The individual components must be precisely measured, combined at specific ratios, and mixed together fully in order to work correctly. Otherwise, the mixture will not cure properly, resulting in a wet or soft end product.</p> <h4 id="in-the-real-world"> <a href="#in-the-real-world" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="in-the-real-world"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> In the Real World </h4> <p>Sand castles are often made using molds. Wet sand is packed into the forms, which are then carefully removed to leave behind castles in their shapes.</p> <p>Ice cubes and popsicles are also made made from molds. Water or juice is poured into the forms, which are then frozen.</p> <p>Plastic toys, clothes hangers, and utensils are also made from casting polymers into specially-designed molds.</p> <h4 id="key-concepts"> <a href="#key-concepts" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="key-concepts"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Key Concepts: </h4> <p>There are two key types of molds relevant to this activity (and many more used in real-world manufacturing!).</p> <ol> <li><strong>Single-part molds</strong>: Simple shapes without undercuts can be cast in single-part molds. <ul> <li>Straightforward to design, produce, and use.</li> <li>Use less material and require less production time.</li> <li>Easy to pour and de-mold.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Multi-part molds</strong>: Some shapes are too complex to cast using a single-part mold. These require multi-part molds, in which two or more parts fit together like three-dimensional puzzles, encompassing the object to be cast. Small funnels and air vents allow a casting medium to be poured in, and air bubbles to escape. Once the casting medium has cured, the multiple pieces of the mold are disassembled to provide access to the finished part inside. <ul> <li>Allow for complex shapes, undercuts, and intricate details.</li> <li>Provide better access to all surfaces of the object.</li> <li>Can be designed along natural seams or edges for the object being cast to minimize visible lines on the finished casting. Multi-part molds require special surface features called <em>registers</em> to help them lock together precisely, as well as exposed tunnels called <em>sprues</em> and <em>vents</em> to allow material to enter and air to escape.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <h5 id="key-terms"> <a href="#key-terms" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="key-terms"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Key Terms: </h5> <ul> <li><strong>Mold</strong>: The rigid frame into which a casting medium is poured.</li> <li><strong>Casting Medium</strong>: The material you are pouring into a mold. This undergoes a chemical or physical change to harden from a liquid into a solid, and often gets mixed together from two parts.</li> <li><strong>Cast</strong>: To pour a casting medium into a mold; the solid form that comes out of a mold.</li> <li><strong>Curing</strong>: The chemical process a casting medium undergoes while hardening.</li> <li><strong>Registers</strong>: In multi-part molds, registers are design features that interlock to keep the mold precisely aligned during pouring and curing.</li> <li><strong>Sprue</strong>: In multi-part molds, sprues are like small, funnel-like openings into which the casting medium is poured.</li> <li><strong>Vent</strong>: In multi part molds, vents are small air shafts that allow air bubbles to escape from the interior cavity, preventing empty spaces in the finished product.</li> </ul> <h2 id="scalability"> <a href="#scalability" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="scalability"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Scalability </h2> <h3 id="1-exposure-single-part-single-step-molds"> <a href="#1-exposure-single-part-single-step-molds" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-exposure-single-part-single-step-molds"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Exposure: Single-Part, Single-Step Molds </h3> <p>Design and 3D print a custom, single-part mold. In this version of the activity, the 3D print is the final mold and material is poured into the top.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces the “extrude” and “fillet” commands in CAD (and optionally “draft” and “fillet”).</li> <li>Investigates and compares both proud (positive distance) and recessed (negative distance) extrusions.</li> <li>Plays with the surface features of dice.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: art, design, manufacturing</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-exploration-single-part-two-step-molds--or--two-part-single-step-molds"> <a href="#2-exploration-single-part-two-step-molds--or--two-part-single-step-molds" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-exploration-single-part-two-step-molds--or--two-part-single-step-molds"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Exploration: Single-Part, Two-Step Molds <em>-or-</em> Two-Part, Single-Step Molds </h3> <p>Option A) Design and 3D print a custom <strong>single-part, two step mold</strong>: In this version, the 3D print is simply a tool used to create the final mold. A casting agent is poured into the print and allowed to cure. This cured product then represents the final mold, and will be more flexible than the print. (<em>Longer time requirement: two casting steps.</em>)</p> <ul> <li>Allows for experimentation with / comparisons between different casting materials and their characteristics.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: art, design, manufacturing, chemistry</li> </ul> <p>Option B) Design and 3D print a custom <strong>multi-part, single step mold</strong>: In this version, the 3D printed parts assemble into the final mold; however, registers, sprues, and vents must be added to guide the prints’ alignment and allow material to enter and air to exit. (<em>Shorter time requirement: one casting step.</em>)</p> <ul> <li>Introduces more complex spatial reasoning.</li> <li>Requires more complex CAD design.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: art, design, manufacturing</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-deep-dive-two-part-two-step-molds"> <a href="#3-deep-dive-two-part-two-step-molds" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-deep-dive-two-part-two-step-molds"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Deep Dive: Two-Part, Two-Step Molds </h3> <p>Design and 3D print a custom, multi-part mold. In this version the 3D printed parts assemble into the final mold; however, registers, sprues, and vents must be added to guide the prints’ alignment and allow material to enter and air to exit.</p> <ul> <li>Introduces more complex spatial reasoning.</li> <li>Allows learners to experiment with different casting materials or choose a material based on the intended application of their final product.</li> <li><strong>Curricular tie-ins</strong>: art, design, manufacturing</li> </ul> <h3 id="extension-multi-part-2-molds"> <a href="#extension-multi-part-2-molds" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="extension-multi-part-2-molds"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Extension: Multi-Part (&gt;2) Molds </h3> <p>Some complex geometries can’t be cast from just two-part molds. They require too many undercuts or unique details. Challenge learners to create a three- or more-part mold.</p> <h2 id="materials"> <a href="#materials" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="materials"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Materials </h2> <ul> <li>Computer with CAD software</li> <li>3D printer</li> <li>PLA in a color of your choice</li> <li>Casting mediums (any or all) <ul> <li>Playdough</li> <li>Hydrostone</li> <li>Oomoo</li> <li>Wax - will also require a crucible or pan and hotplate</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mold release agent (optional)</li> <li>Mixing tools: <ul> <li>Stirring sticks (popsicle sticks or tongue depressors)</li> <li>Mixing cups (paper cups) -Measuring tools:</li> <li>Small scales</li> <li>Disposable volumetric measuring cups</li> </ul> </li> <li>Safety equipment: <ul> <li>Gloves</li> <li>Eye protection</li> <li>Lab coats or aprons</li> <li>Close-toed shoes for all participants</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="standards-alignment"> <a href="#standards-alignment" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="standards-alignment"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Standards Alignment </h2> <ul> <li>Next Generation Science Standards <ul> <li>Disciplinary Core Ideas</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h2 id="common-core-standards"> <a href="#common-core-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="common-core-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Common Core Standards </h2> </li> <li> <h2 id="iste-standards"> <a href="#iste-standards" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="iste-standards"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> ISTE Standards </h2> </li> </ul> <h2 id="learning-outcomes"> <a href="#learning-outcomes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="learning-outcomes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Learning Outcomes </h2> <h3 id="general-goals"> <a href="#general-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="general-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> General goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Identify basic elements (tools/materials) and purposes of casting.</li> <li>Describe the steps in the casting process.</li> <li>Understand how molds and casting facilitate mass production in manufacturing.</li> <li>Develop an understanding of chemical changes in casting mediums.</li> <li>Compare the volume and/or weight of pre-cured liquid casting materials and post-cured parts.</li> </ol> <h3 id="fabrication-goals"> <a href="#fabrication-goals" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="fabrication-goals"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Fabrication goals </h3> <p>Learners will be able to…</p> <ol> <li>Design in 3D.</li> <li>Read a data sheet for casting mediums.</li> <li>Understand the importance of gloves and eye safety.</li> <li>Determine which casting agents to use based on the material a mold is made from, or the desired properties of the finished product (i.e. not casting sortaclear into oomoo).</li> <li>Successfully mix two-part mixtures by weight or volume (i.e. oomoo, hydrostone).</li> <li>Create a mold of an existing object or design one for an original idea.</li> <li>Cast from a mold.</li> </ol> <h2 id="facilitator-notes"> <a href="#facilitator-notes" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="facilitator-notes"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Facilitator Notes </h2> <h3 id="1-setup--pre-preparation"> <a href="#1-setup--pre-preparation" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="1-setup--pre-preparation"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 1. Setup &amp; pre-preparation </h3> <ul> <li>This is a messy process! Lay newspaper or butcher paper over any work surfaces to help simplify cleanup.</li> <li>Consider blocking off any nearby sinks or lining drains drains with plastic wrap to prevent any accidental discarding of casting mediums into plumbing.</li> <li>Discuss examples: Collect an assortment of plastic items that have been cast and challenge learners to look for their sprue marks, (tiny “belly buttons” that show where the casting material was poured into the mold) or seams (that show where the mold’s halves would have come together). <ul> <li>You can also challenge learners to guess which type of mold/casting was used for various items (i.e. rotary molding for hollow items).</li> </ul> </li> <li>For young learners, it can help to run a pre-activity creating custom ice-cubes or popsicles. This can expose them to the idea of a liquid being poured into a rigid form and hardening into a solid, taking on its shape.</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-safety--logistics"> <a href="#2-safety--logistics" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="2-safety--logistics"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 2. Safety &amp; Logistics </h3> <ul> <li>It’s tempting to run an edible activity here, like molding custom candies. However, note that in order for an activity to be legally considered food-safe, EVERY STEP of its process must be food-safe. That means the 3D printer (nozzle, bed, and all parts) would need to be food-safe; the PLA would need to be replaced with a food-safe medium, etc.</li> <li>Cover safety protocols: Many curing processes are exothermic! That means the casting medium releases heat as it solidifies. This can potentially be dangerous if it occurs in a small, confined space or near something flammable. Leave excess mixed mediums alone in their cups to cure fully before disposing of them.</li> <li>Consider reactions: Some polymers react or otherwise interfere with certain casting mediums during the curing process. Read the data sheet for more details. (For example: It is fine to cast Sortaclear or Oomoo in a PLA print—but for a multi-step piece, you cannot cast Sortaclear in an Oomoo mold, or vice versa, as they will meld together during curing.)</li> <li>Discuss proper disposal procedures: DO NOT pour casting materials down the drain or into any plumbing. When mixed together with their activators (or in the case of hydrostone, with water) they will cure and solidify. This will cause extensive damage to pipes and plumbing. We advise to do this activity far away from plumbing to prevent accidents.</li> </ul> <h3 id="3-batch-processing"> <a href="#3-batch-processing" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="3-batch-processing"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 3. Batch processing </h3> <ul> <li>3D printed molds can be batch printed, but casting must happen individually for each learner. This should be done at the end of a session so that curing can happen overnight / between sessions.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"> <a href="#4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="4-design-considerations-to-share-with-learners"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 4. Design considerations to share with learners </h3> <ul> <li>Start by modeling the thing you want to create a cast of. Then, use that model as a tool to “cut” or “join with” a bounding box, depending on whether you are creating a single- or two-step mold.</li> <li>For two-part molds, you may wish to add registers to help the pieces align more precisely. <ul> <li>Small hemispheres in diagonally opposite corners work well for this. The hemispheres on one half should be positive (convex) while those on the other should be negative (concave).</li> <li>Consider making the concave hemispheres a tiny bit (~.5mm) larger in diameter than the convex ones to add a little buffer.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="5-de-molding-tips"> <a href="#5-de-molding-tips" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="5-de-molding-tips"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 5. De-molding tips </h3> <ul> <li>A flat tool like a paint scraper can help gently pry multi-part molds apart.</li> <li>Scissors can be used to snip off overflow from the sprue.</li> </ul> <h2 id="discussion-questions"> <a href="#discussion-questions" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="discussion-questions"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> Discussion questions </h2> <ul> <li><strong>General</strong> <ol> <li>How are casting and molding processes used in real-world manufacturing? Can you give four examples?</li> <li>What are some advantages and disadvantages of using 3D-printed molds in comparison to those made from a more flexible material?</li> <li>How do undercuts affect the design of a mold, and what strategies can you use to accommodate them in single-part and multi-part molds?</li> <li>What are the advantages and disadvantages of using multi-part molds for complex geometries compared to single-part molds?</li> <li>How do registers, sprues, and vents improve the functionality of multi-part molds?</li> <li>What are some common issues that can arise with casting materials, such as air bubbles or incomplete curing, and how can these be prevented or resolved?</li> <li>How does the choice of mold release agent influence the casting process and the quality of the final product?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Math: Geometry &amp; Volume</strong> <ol> <li>How does the shape of your mold affect the volume of the casting medium required?</li> <li>How can you calculate the volume of the mold cavity to determine how much casting medium you need?</li> <li>What geometric principles are important when designing a single-part versus a multi-part mold?</li> <li>How do the dimensions and tolerances of your mold design affect the final cast object’s accuracy?</li> <li>What is the difference between ratios by weight versus volume? Are they interchangeable in the same proportions? Why or why not?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Chemistry: Properties of Casting Materials</strong> <ol> <li>What are the properties of different casting materials (e.g., Hydrostone, Oomoo, wax) and how do these properties affect the casting process?</li> <li>What factors influence the curing time and final properties of the cast object?</li> <li>Why is it important to mix casting materials at specific ratios, and what can happen if these ratios are not accurately measured?</li> <li>How do exothermic reactions during the curing process affect the choice of materials and the safety precautions needed?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Manufacturing</strong> <ol> <li>How does the use of 3D printing for mold making compare to other mold-making methods in terms of speed, cost, and precision?</li> <li>What are some applications of casting and molding in modern manufacturing, and how do they benefit from advancements in 3D printing technology?</li> <li>How can iterative design and testing improve the efficiency and quality of the manufacturing process when using 3D-printed molds?</li> <li>What are some environmental considerations when using different casting materials, and how can sustainable practices be integrated into the manufacturing process?</li> </ol> </li> <li><strong>Design</strong> <ol> <li>How can you determine the optimal placement of sprues and vents in a multi-part mold to ensure complete filling and minimize defects?</li> <li>What are some techniques for creating complex internal geometries within a mold? How do these techniques influence the final cast object?</li> <li>How can the design of a mold be optimized for repetitive use in mass production?</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </main> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </div> </body> </html>
diff --git a/bin/duplitopics.py b/bin/duplitopics.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 52f4248a2227fa57edff1dc465f6c6b21bcbe876..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/bin/duplitopics.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-import argparse
-import os
-import shutil
-
-def copy_and_rename_directory(topics_file, source_directory, destination_directory):
-    # Read topics from the file
-    with open(topics_file, 'r') as file:
-        topics = file.read().splitlines()
-
-    # Ensure the destination directory exists
-    os.makedirs(destination_directory, exist_ok=True)
-
-    for topic in topics:
-        # Generate the new directory path based on the topic and destination directory
-        new_directory = os.path.join(destination_directory, topic)
-        
-        # Copy the directory
-        shutil.copytree(source_directory, new_directory)
-        print(f"Copied and renamed {source_directory} to {new_directory}")
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    # Setup argument parser
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Copy a directory for each topic listed in a file, placing them in a specified destination directory and renaming accordingly.")
-    parser.add_argument("topics_file", type=str, help="Path to the file containing the list of topics.")
-    parser.add_argument("source_directory", type=str, help="Path to the source directory to be copied.")
-    parser.add_argument("destination_directory", type=str, help="Path to the destination directory where the copies will be placed.")
-
-    # Parse arguments
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    # Execute the main function
-    copy_and_rename_directory(args.topics_file, args.source_directory, args.destination_directory)
-
diff --git a/bin/setup b/bin/setup
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d35d75c7208655829c9c6ba04e71a93321de76d..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/bin/setup
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-
-bundle install
diff --git a/bin/start b/bin/start
deleted file mode 100644
index d8c3e15694b8d80bbca0dbc2ba11a70dd951861b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/bin/start
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-
-bundle exec jekyll serve
diff --git a/bin/topics b/bin/topics
deleted file mode 100644
index aac3ec7161259107d1292606cdf14e45fd68df0f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/bin/topics
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-drivers
-passives
-regulators
-thermals
-transformers
-transistors