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    title: Mechanical Digitizing
    nav_order: 5
    
    mathjax: true
    ---
    
    
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    # Mechanical Digitizers
    
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    ## Table of contents
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    1. TOC
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    # Atomic Force Microscopy
    <p>Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM) or Scanning Probe Microscopy(SPM)</p>
    <p>~ nanometer </p>
    
    <img src="images/atomic_force_microscope_block_diagram.png" alt="AFM">
    
    <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8gCf1sEn0UU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
    
    <iframe width="500" height="400" src="https://youtube.com/embed/F2d4Hq1CBdg" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
    
    <p>Image modes</p>
    <p>Contact mode, Tapping mode, Non-contact mode</p>
    
    <img src="images/scanning_probe_microscopy.png" alt="modes">
    
    Non-contact Mode: Oscillates above the adsorbed fluid layer on the surface during scanning
    
    <ul> <li> <p>References</p> <p><a href="https://www.highspeedscanning.com/">High Speed Scanning with SPM</a><br> <a href="https://www.nanosurf.com/en/support/afm-operating-principle">How does AFM work</a><br> <a href="https://www.nanoworld.com/?gclid=CjwKCAjw-e2EBhAhEiwAJI5jgwRZEaR0sOLoeR1_gK5ZF48CKQmBWZe04e8AGIwI9kFXPUt0MjP1_hoC5JoQAvD_BwE">Nanoworld</a><br></p> </li> <li> <p>AFM Probe</p> </li> </ul>
    <p><a href="https://www.nanoandmore.com/AFM-Probe-USC-F0.3-k0.3">AFM Probe USC-F0.3-k0.3-10, image above, $980 per 10</a>, <a href="https://www.budgetsensors.com/?gclid=CjwKCAjwnPOEBhA0EiwA609RefDrTdyqhnt17UPTZEnNslIPfxV10pRReItfPxQdJLqJY78li9KlWBoCT_AQAvD_BwE">Budgetsensors</a> <a href="https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/slidepresentation/Public/AFM%20Probe%20ManufacturingNanoworld_tip_technologyPRussell07.pdf">Fabrication steps of AFM Probes</a></p>
    
    <p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304399118301797">Tip wear and tip breakage in high-speed atomic force microscopes</a></p>
    
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    # Touch Probes
    
    
    <a href="https://www.marposs.com/eng/application/technologies-touch-probes#:~:text=The%20working%20principle%20is%20quite,called%20the%20probe%20pre%2Dtravel.">Touch Probes</a>
    
    
    <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vJdcbhGa7Jk?si=YeFE7Buf8KPLohNa&amp;start=18" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
    
    <p>Detecting contact by measuring resistance between the balls and rollers.</p>
    
    
    <img src="images/probe_light.png" alt="ProbeLight">
    
    <a href="https://www.blum-novotest.com/en/products/measuring-components/workpiece-probes/tc50-tc60.html">BLUM, The trigger signal is generated via shading of a miniature light barrier</a>
    
    <ul> <li>CNC Machine -&gt; Workspace alignment/present setting / workpiece measurement, digitizing or inspection</li> </ul>
    <iframe src="https://youtube.com/embed/IcVv1So1n_8" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
    
    
    Optical
    Optically tracked touch probes
    
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    <a href="https://www.gom.com/nl/metrology-systems/gom-taster.html">GOM</a>
    
    <img src="images/gom_touch_probe.jpg" alt="GOM touch probe">
    
    
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    <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wt4PLgbwxQI?si=A0yDBFneMn1wFotE&amp;start=98" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
    
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    Bridge Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)
    <img src="images/bridge_cmm.jpg" alt="Bridge CMM">
    
    
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    ### Digitizer Arms
    
    
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    Passive Robot Arm<br>
    <img src="images/portable_robot_arm.png" alt="Portable Robot Arm">
    
    
    <img src="images/gage_faro_arm.png" alt="Gage Faro Arm"><br>
    
    
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    Typically, robotic arms used in manufacturing offer working volumes ranging from 4 to 12 feet, with radial reach extending from 2 to 6 feet. These arms predominantly come in six- or seven-axis configurations, depending on the specific requirements.
    Fixed Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) excel in providing extreme precision, surpassing that of portable CMM arms.
    
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    ### DIY
    
    
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    Universal Robots
    
    
    
    
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    DIY Projects
    
    <p><a href="http://blog.dzl.dk/2018/08/21/3d-digitizer/">Digitizer</a></p>
    <p><a href="https://www.instructables.com/CNC-Manual-Touch-Probe/">Touch Probe</a></p>
    <p><a href="http://www.homemetalshopclub.org/news/12/presentation_1202.pdf">Building a Digitizing Probe</a></p>
    
    
    
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    # Large Scale
    
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    Add Dennis Shelden Dissertation content
    
    <img src="images/gehry_scanning_exterior_model.jpg" alt="Source: Gehry Technologies">
    
    
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    <img src="images/shelden_digital_surface_representation_p299.jpg" alt="Source: Dennis Shelden">
    
    
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    ### Digital Templating
    
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    Wire based templating devices take measurements from rotary encoders
    
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    <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9dd1w9VAxw0?si=9kcd6ggq5RGd8YOL&amp;start=67" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
    
    
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    ### Robotic Survey Prisms
    
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    A survey prism is a glass reflector that is used in surveying and engineering to reflect the Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) beam of a total station.
    
    <img src="images/survey_prism_railroad.jpg" alt="Survey Prism">
    
    [SumPoint](https://www.sumpoint.io/#services)
    
    
    
    [Small Robots and Big Projects](https://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/acadia21_462.pdf), Maria Yablonina & James Coleman, ACADIA 2021
    
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    Labor costs more than steel
    Digital Twins